Cortical neurons are a prominent source of the proinflammatory cytokine osteopontin in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.

The proinflammatory cytokine osteopontin (OPN) is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and remains so in those on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. To understand the pathophysiological significance of elevated OPN in the CNS, we sought to determine the cellular source of this cytokine. As HIV-1 replicates productively in macrophages/microglia, we tested whether these cells are the predominant producers of OPN in the brain. Stringent patient selection criteria, which excluded brain tissues from those with evidence of drug abuse and dependence, were used. Uninfected normal controls, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), HIV+ asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), and HIV+ mild neurocognitive disorder (MND)/HIV-associated dementia (HAD) groups were included. Double-label immunohistochemistry for CNS cells and OPN was used to quantify OPN expression in astrocytes, macrophages/microglia, and neurons. While resident macrophages/microglia expressed OPN, astrocytes and unexpectedly neurons were also a major source of OPN. OPN levels in ionized Ca(2+)-binding adapter 1 (Iba1)/allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1)+ microglia in HIV+ ANI and MND/HAD exceeded those of HIV-negative controls and were comparable to expression seen in ALS. Moreover, in neurons, OPN was expressed at the highest levels in the HIV+ ANI group. These findings suggest that while infiltrating HIV-infected macrophages are most likely the initial source of OPN, resident CNS cells become activated and also express this inflammatory cytokine at significant levels. Moreover, as OPN levels are elevated compared to uninfected individuals and increases with the severity of impairment, it appears that the expression of OPN is persistent and sustained within the brain parenchyma in those that progress to HAND.

A traumatic pandemic: High acuity pediatric trauma in the COVID19 era.

OBJECTIVE: Gaps remain in our understanding on how COVID19 affects trends in pediatric trauma, the leading cause of mortality and morbidity during childhood and adolescence. METHODS: We compared high acuity trauma visits (requiring admission, surgery, or fatality) presenting between March through February 2021 to corresponding months in 2017-2019. We evaluated the differences in mechanisms of injury, age, and Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a measure of socioeconomic disadvantage, during this time period. Data were analyzed using longitudinal time series analyses and t-tests. RESULTS: Of 687 traumas presenting from March 2020 through February 2021, 322 were high acuity traumas. High acuity traumas declined significantly to a nadir of 16 in April 2020. High acuity traumas increased and surpassed previous years to a peak of 40 visits in August 2020 and from October through December 2020. There were more visits for high acuity assaults and confirmed or suspected physical child abuse but fewer for falls, drownings, and motor vehicle accidents from March to August 2020 and from October through December 2020 compared to prior years. High acuity assaults and physical child abuse cases on average were from the most disadvantaged areas, and physical child abuse patients were younger during the peak of the Pandemic compared to Pre-Pandemic months. CONCLUSION: This analysis provides insight into how the COVID19 pandemic has affected high acuity trauma in an inner-city pediatric population. Findings may be used to guide public health measures on safety and injury prevention as the pandemic continues.

Speaking in Tongues: What Parents Really Think About Tongue-Tie Surgery for Their Infants.

We evaluate maternal perspectives of frenotomy for ankyloglossia in newborns. We searched highly frequented forums like babycenter.com for comments related to frenotomy posted from 2012 to 2017. We applied modified grounded theory, reviewed posts for thematic synthesis, and calculated frequencies for each theme. High decisional conflict, low discussion of surgical complications, and an overall moderate positive experience were noted. Mothers posted about breastfeeding issues (n = 227, 74.7%) and overall experience (n = 229, 75.3%). Posts related to breastfeeding include discomfort ("I can no longer physically take the pain"; n = 93, 30.6%). Parents posted frequently about a satisfactory outcome ("It was so worth it to improve our nursing relationship"; n = 133, 43.8%), but dissatisfactory outcome ("I'm still having problems latching and am pumping. It's brutal"; n = 31) was present in 10.2%. These results aid in understanding parental thoughts of frenotomy. Physicians can use these self-reported maternal perspectives on frenotomy to guide counseling and improve shared decision making for parents.

Evaluation of Parental Perspectives and Concerns About Pediatric Tonsillectomy in Social Media.

Importance: Tonsillectomy is common in children, but little is known about parental preferences and values concerning this surgical procedure. Twitter offers an opportunity to evaluate parental understanding and experience of tonsillectomy care. Objective: To identify parental perspectives about tonsillectomy in children that may not be apparent in a routine clinical encounter. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this qualitative study, social media platform Twitter was searched for posts (tweets) published between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2017, by US-based parents about their child's tonsillectomy. Modified grounded theory was applied to develop a coding taxonomy to classify the tweets. Tweets were assessed for thematic synthesis and classification, and descriptive statistics were obtained for each theme. Main Outcomes and Measures: Themes of parental experiences and perspectives about their child's tonsillectomy. Results: Of the 5801 total tweets retrieved, 782 (13.5%) satisfied the inclusion criteria. Tweets were categorized under 2 overarching themes: procedural concerns (549 tweets [70.2%]) and attitudes or experiences (498 [63.7%]). Common tweets under procedural concerns mentioned surgical indication for tonsillectomy (55 tweets [7.0%]); eg, "strep-I think it's tonsil removing time…") and recovery (227 tweets [29.0%]), including child's attitude (89 tweets [11.4%]; eg, "so hard to get my daughter to eat") and parental experience (87 tweets [11.1%]; eg, "tonsillectomy recovery sucks for the parent as much as the kid!"). Common tweets regarding attitudes or experiences included the tenor of overall care (225 tweets [28.6%]; eg, "Tonsillectomy is a bear") and fears or apprehensions (209 tweets [26.6%]). Conclusions and Relevance: These social media findings may be used to guide clinicians in educating and counseling parents as well as further engaging parents and children in shared decision making for tonsillectomy.