Eight-Year Incidence of Open-Angle Glaucoma in the Tema Eye Survey.

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and its risk factors in the Tema Eye Survey in Ghana, West Africa. DESIGN: Longitudinal, observational population-based study. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand two hundred five of 1500 participants 40 years of age or older selected randomly from 5603 participants originally drawn from the population and who had undergone a baseline examination. METHODS: All participants underwent baseline and follow-up ophthalmologic examinations 8 years apart. Glaucoma diagnosis was determined based on the International Society for Geographical and Epidemiologic Ophthalmology criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence and odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: The response rate was 80.3%. Of 1101 nonglaucomatous participants at baseline who had complete follow-up data, 4.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.7%-5.2%) demonstrated OAG over the 8-year period, or 0.58% (95% CI, 0.4%-0.8%) per year. The 8-year incidence increased with age from 3.1% in those 40 to 49 years old to 7.0% in those 60 to 69 years old. Baseline risk factors for incident OAG were male gender (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-4.0; P = 0.025), older age relative to those 40 to 49 years old (those 50-50 years old: OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2-5.7; those 60-69 years old: OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 2.0-8.8; and for those 70 years of age and older: OR, 6.3; 95% CI, 2.6-15.4; all P < 0.001), higher intraocular pressure (IOP; OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.8; P < 0.001), larger vertical cup-to-disc ratio (OR, 5.8; 95% CI, 5.2-6.6; P < 0.001), and thinner central cornea (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.03-1.5; P = 0.013). A separate analysis performed with central corneal thickness-based IOP correction did not change the outcome of the associative model of incident glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of OAG is higher in this population than reported in nonblack populations outside Africa. This is important not only in Ghana and probably other West African countries but also wherever people of the West African diaspora reside. These data enhance our understanding of the epidemiologic factors of OAG in this setting and may serve as reference for public health policy and planning.

Incidence of Glaucoma Progression and Rate of Visual Field Deterioration in a Cohort of Urban Ghanaians.

PRCIS: The annual incidence of glaucoma progression (9.7%) and rates of visual field mean deviation (MD) change in progressors (-1.02±0.06 dB/y) are high in a small cohort of urban Ghanaians. PURPOSE: To report the incidence of glaucoma progression and the rate of visual field deterioration in a small cohort of Ghanaians. METHODS: One hundred ten subjects (204 eyes) diagnosed with glaucoma at a baseline population-based screening examination were re-examined a mean of 8.3±0.8 years later. Eyes were classified as having progressed if the optic disc alone, visual field alone or both showed significant glaucomatous changes on follow-up. Visual field MD was used to calculate the rate of visual field progression. RESULTS: Progression was observed in 89 (80.9%, 9.7%/year) subjects (130 eyes). Progression occurred in 32 (31.7%, 3.8%/year) subjects by optic disc alone (46 eyes), 38 (44.7%, 5.4%/year) subjects by visual field alone (58 eyes), and 19 (25.0%, 3.0%/year) subjects by both modalities (26 eyes). The average rate of change in MD differed significantly between progressors (-1.02±1.06 dB/y) and nonprogressors (+0.089±0.49 dB/y), P =0.001. The rate of visual field worsening was greater among those who were classified as having progressed by both structure and function (-1.29±0.68 dB/y) and by function alone (-1.21±1.20 dB/y) than by structure alone (-0.55±0.76 dB/y). Progression was significantly associated with older age [odds ratio (OR), 1.42; P <0.001] and higher baseline intraocular pressure (OR, 1.18; P =0.002). Factors associated with rate of MD change were baseline older age (OR, 1.66; P =0.003), higher intraocular pressure (OR, 2.81; P =0.007), better visual field MD (OR, 1.41; P =0.004), and systemic hypertension (OR, 1.15; P =0.029). CONCLUSION: The incidence and rate of visual field progression are high in this longitudinal study of Ghanaian subjects with glaucoma. The findings may have important clinical and public health policy ramifications.

A Collaborative Approach to the Development of Multi-Disciplinary Teams and Services for Child and Adolescent Mental Health in Uganda.

Background: Children and adolescents are especially vulnerable to mental, neurological and substance use disorders during various stages of their growth and development. They often require specialized personnel whose training is time consuming and costly. Consequently many children and adolescents remain untreated in developing countries. This paper describes steps Uganda is taking to develop local capacity for child and adolescent mental health services through training of multi-disciplinary teams. Methods: A 2 year training programme was introduced in accordance with the Ugandan Ministry of Health Child and Adolescent Mental Health Strategy. This had been jointly developed in 2008 by Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Makerere University, the Uganda Ministry of Health and East London Foundation NHS Trust, United Kingdom (UK). The initial funding for the programme focused on monitoring and evaluation of the training, quality of clinical practice and clinical activity data. Results: Fifty health workers have been trained and are now working at regional referral hospitals and non-governmental organizations. Monitoring and evaluation demonstrated major increases in the range of disorders and client numbers (2,184-31,034) over 6 years. There was increased confidence, knowledge and skills in assessment. Learning in a multidisciplinary environment was interesting and helpful. Assessments were more thorough and child centred and more psychological treatments were being used. Programme graduates are now contributing as trainers. Conclusion: The clinically focused multidisciplinary training has yielded rewarding outcomes across Uganda. Ongoing support and collaborative work can expand service capacity in child and adolescent mental health for Uganda and other developing countries.

Longitudinal Change in Central Corneal Thickness in the Tema Eye Survey.

PURPOSE: To determine the change and rate of change in central corneal thickness (CCT) and their determinants. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational population-based study. METHODS: A total of 758 normal and 58 glaucomatous subjects underwent complete eye examination, with CCT measurements at 2 separate visits. Change and rate of change in CCT were determined. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with change and rate of change. RESULTS: The mean follow-up duration was 8.4 ± 0.7 years. The overall change was -8.9 ± 16.7 µm in OD and -9.8 ± 16.2 µm in OS, both P < .0001. Changes in glaucomatous and normal subjects were -14.1 ± 2.2 µm vs -8.6 ± 0.6 µm in OD (P = .02) and -14.5 ± 2.2 µm vs -9.5 ± 0.6 µm in OS (P = .03), respectively. The overall rate of thinning was -1.1 µm/year (OD) and -1.2 µm/year (OS). Rates in glaucomatous and normal eyes were -1.7 ± 0.3 µm/year vs -1.0 ± 0.1 µm/year in OD (P = .02) and -1.7 ± 0.3 µm/year vs -1.1 ± 0.1 µm/year in OS (P = .03), respectively. Change and rate of change were associated with baseline CCT (ß = -0.1 to -0.09 and -0.011, respectively, all P < .001) and glaucoma (ß = -6.8 to -5.6, P ≤ .009, and -0.75 to -0.69, P ≤ .007, respectively). CONCLUSION: CCT decreased significantly over time. The change and rate of change were greater in glaucomatous than normal eyes, and were greater than described in cross-sectional studies.

Case identification in psychiatric epidemiology: a review.

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric epidemiologic surveys since 1980 have relied heavily on a small number of survey diagnostic instruments for case ascertainment, which encode reports of respondents to highly structured interview questions delivered by interviewers without clinical training. Many validations of these survey diagnostic instruments have been carried out. OBJECTIVE: This paper reviews the success of the survey diagnostic instruments, for eight diagnostic categories, in validations with a psychiatrist examination as the gold standard. METHOD: Public databases were searched for potentially relevant publications, of which more than 1000 were located. Tables show sensitivity, specificity, Kappa, sample source and size, survey instrument and validation method. RESULTS: The number of validation studies relevant to the eight disorders ranged from 8 for schizophrenia to 29 for major depressive disorder. Reported sensitivities ranged from zero to 100%, and specificities from 22% to 100%. CONCLUSION: Results for common mental disorders such as major depressive disorder, alcohol disorder, drug disorder, and agoraphobic disorder are better than for panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. The validity of case ascertainment in psychiatric epidemiology is still in question.

Assessing cardiovascular reactivity in working women with the social competence interview.

The Social Competence Interview (SCI), an interview to induce cardiovascular reactivity through recounting a stressful life experience, was used with a sample of 120 working women employed as childcare providers. Women recounted their most stressful work factor while cardiovascular reactions were monitored at 2-minute intervals (data points included 4 baseline, 6 SCI, and 3 recovery). Increases were found when comparing mean baseline and SCI measures: systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased 10.00 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure (DBP)increased 10.63 mmHg; and heart rate increased 4.57 beats per minute. Consistent with the literature SBP and DBP were higher for some subgroups of women (those who were 50 years or older, were obese, or had 4 or more risk factors) across all data points. There were no time by individual difference interactions, indicating that the patterns of change over time were the same across groups. In a logistic regression, comparing women who reached SBP > or = 140 mmHg and/or DBP > or = 90 mmHg during the SCI versus those who did not, higher BP was associated with being older and obese, having a higher level of acceptance coping, and a lower level of suppression of competing activities coping.