Determinants of anxiety and depression among university teachers during third wave of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: To estimate the determinants of anxiety and depression among university teachers in Lahore, Pakistan, during COVID-19. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted by enrolling 668 teachers from the universities of Lahore, Pakistan. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Chi-square for significance and logistic regression for the association were used. RESULTS: Majorly, the university teachers, with an average age of 35.29 years, had regular jobs (72.8%), job experience of > 6 years (51.2%) and good self-reported health (55.4%). The majority of the teachers were working as lecturers (59.6%), lecturing in arts (33.5%) or general science (42.5%) departments, having MPhil (37.9%) or master (28.9%) degrees, and teaching via synchronous video (59.3%) mode. Anxiety and depression, severe and extremely severe, were higher among lecturers, MPhil or master degree holders, teachers lecturing arts and general science subjects, and in those on contract employment. Anxiety was significantly associated with academic departments; arts (OR;2.5, p = 0.001) and general science (OR;2.9, p = 0.001), poor health status (OR;4.4, p = 0.018), and contractual employment (OR;1.8, p = 0.003). Depression was associated with academic departments; arts (OR;2.7, p = 0.001) and general science (OR;2.5, p = 0.001), and health status (OR;2.3, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Among university teachers, anxiety and depression, severe and extremely severe, were prevalent among lecturers having MPhil or master degrees, belonging to arts and general science departments, and among contract employees. Anxiety and depression were significantly associated with academic disciplines, lower cadre, and poor health status.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Surveillance in the Punjab Province of Pakistan: Findings and Implications.

Background and Objectives: The increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across countries has seriously impacted the effective management of infectious diseases, with subsequent impact on morbidity, mortality and costs. This includes Pakistan. Antimicrobial surveillance activities should be mandatory to continually assess the extent of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the implications for future empiric prescribing. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to monitor the susceptibility pattern of microbes in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: Clinical samples from seven laboratories in Punjab, Pakistan were collected between January 2018 and April 2019, with Punjab being the most populous province in Pakistan. The isolates were identified and their antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay and micro broth dilution methods. The antibiotics assessed were those typically prescribed in Pakistan. Results: In total, 2523 bacterial cultural reports were studied. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (866, 34.3%), followed by Escherichia coli (814, 32.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (454, 18.0%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (269, 10.7%). Most pathogens were isolated from pus (1464, 58.0%), followed by urine (718, 28.5%), blood (164, 6.5%) and sputum (81, 3.2%). Conclusions: The findings suggest that current antimicrobial options are severally restricted in Pakistan due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. This calls for urgent actions including initiating antimicrobial stewardship programs to enhance prudent prescribing of antibiotics. This includes agreeing on appropriate empiric therapy as part of agreed guidelines, in line with the WHO EML and AWaRe book, whilst awaiting culture reports. This is alongside other measures to reduce inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing and reverse the threat of rising AMR.

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Sleep Quality and their Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life in People with Epilepsy: A study from Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is one of the most common but manageable neurological disorder. The relation between epilepsy, sleep, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in culturally distinct environment of Pakistan remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence and predictors of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), poor sleep quality (SQ), and to analyze their association with HRQoL in people with epilepsy (PWE). METHODS: A study was conducted among PWE attending two tertiary care hospitals of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The EDS, SQ, and HRQoL were evaluated by Urdu versions of Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31). RESULTS: The study included 200 PWE and 51 healthy controls with mean (SD) ages of 33.1 ±â€¯13.9, 32.9 ±â€¯10.9, and a disease duration of 5.01 ±â€¯6.17, respectively. The majority of the respondents (n = 130, 65%) had poor seizure control, and most of these (n = 88, 68%) were on combination antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. In comparison to controls, a higher number of PWE had EDS by ESS (score ≥ 11, 10% vs. 40%, p-value 0.00), and poor SQ by PSQI (score > 5, 9% vs. 71%, p-value 0.00). A multiple logistic regression analysis reveals that the factors significantly associated with EDS were: female gender; increasing age; seizure control; duration of epilepsy; and combination AED therapy. A second multiple binary logistic regression analysis suggests that factors significantly associated with poor SQ were: increasing age; female gender; poor seizure control; and combination therapy. The Hierarchical multivariate analysis suggests that poor seizure control, EDS, and poor SQ were significant predictors of low HRQoL. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest high prevalence of EDS and poor SQ in PWE in Pakistan. A significant negative association exists between sleep complaints and HRQoL. During routine clinical consultations, awareness about sleep hygiene practices must be provided to enhance HRQoL.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of WHOQOL-HIV Bref among people living with HIV/AIDS in Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Reliable Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) assessment will be useful in identifying health issues and in identifying health care actions. Due to the lack of a psychometrically valid tool in Urdu, we aim to translate and examine the psychometric and cross-cultural adaptation of WHOQOL HIV Bref among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Pakistan. METHODS: The standard forward-backwards translation technique was used to convert English version of the WHOQOL HIV Bref into Urdu. After cognitive debriefing, final Urdu version of instrument was developed. Based on the principle of at least 5 subjects for each item, a sample of 182 patients was used using a universal random sampling technique from the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. The Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were estimated to assess internal validity and reliability of the translated version. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out to determine the factor structure and independent associations between the instrument domains and CD-4T-cell count were assessed using multivariable linear regression RESULTS: High Cronbach alpha 0.93 was found for all WHOQOL HIV Bref facets. The test-retest reliability demonstrated a statistically significant ICC ranged from 0.88 to 0.98 (p < 0.001). In known group validity, lower CD-4 lymphocytes count was significantly related to poor scores for all six domains (p < 0.001). Similarly, symptomatic subjects had significantly lower scores compared to asymptomatic subjects on the physical, psychological, social relationship and independence domains (p < 0.05). Statistically significant positive correlation of all six domains of instrument with CD4 cells count (p < 0.001), exhibiting patients with higher CD-4 cells will have higher mean scores of all domains. Factor analysis revealed 5 domains, including physical health, psychological health, social relationship, environmental, and spiritual health. Multivariable linear regression analysis reported; only physical, psychological health and environment health domains were found significantly associated with higher CD-4 lymphocytes count (Beta = 0.121, p < 0.001, Beta = 0.103, p = 0.002, and Beta = 0.032, p = 0.032). CONCLUSION: Findings suggested that the Urdu version of WHOQOL HIV Bref is a psychometrically valid and culturally well-adapted HRQoL measurement tool for PLWHA in Pakistan.

Association of health literacy and medication adherence with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with ischemic heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Medication Adherence (MA) and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) are two inter-connected concepts, co-influenced by Health Literacy (HL), with significant impact on patient management and care. Thus, we aimed to estimate the association of HL and MA with HRQoL in IHD patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 251 IHD patients recruited from Lahore over 6 months period. HL, MA and HRQoL was assessed using validated questionnaires; 16-items of HL, Morisky Green Levine Scale (MGLS) and SF-12, respectively. Chi-square for significance, logistic-regression for association and linear regression for predictions were used. RESULTS: IHD patients; males (p = 0.0001), having secondary-higher education (p = 0.0001), middle/upper class (p = 0.0001) and employed (p = 0.005) had adequate HL, and were more likely to be adherent (OR; 4.3, p = 0.014). Both physical (PCS-12) and mental (MCS-12) component scores of HRQoL for age, gender, education, area of residence, employment and MA were significantly higher in patients with adequate HL. In multinomial regression, improved PCS-12 scores tend to be higher in subjects having secondary-higher education (OR; 3.5, p = 0.067), employed (OR; 6.1, p = 0.002) and adherent (OR; 2.95, p = 0.218), while MCS-12 scores tend to be higher in patients < 65 years (OR; 2.2, p = 0.032), employed (OR; 3, p = 0.002) and adherent (OR; 4, p = 0.004). In adjusted model, HL (ß;0.383, p = 0.0001) and MA (ß; - 0.133, p = 0.018) were significantly associated with PCS-12, and MCS-12 with MA (ß; - 0.161, p = 0.009) only. CONCLUSION: Data suggested that adequate HL was significantly associated with adherence and both physical and mental dimensions of HRQoL were higher in IHD patients with adequate HL. Besides, HL and MA are independent predictors of HRQoL in IHD patients.

Health-related quality of life and its predictors among adults living with HIV/AIDS and receiving antiretroviral therapy in Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is considered to be the fourth 90 of UNAIDS 90-90-90 target to monitor the effects of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART has significantly increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). However, the impact of chronic infection on HRQoL remains unclear, while factors influencing the HRQoL may vary from one country to another. The current study aimed to assess HRQoL and its associated factors among PLWHA receiving ART in Pakistan. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among PLWHA attending an ART centre of a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan. HRQoL was assessed using a validated Urdu version of EuroQol 5 dimensions 3 level (EQ-5D-3L) and its Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS). RESULTS: Of the 602 patients included in the analyses, 59.5% (n = 358) reported no impairment in self-care, while 63.1% (n = 380) were extremely anxious/depressed. The overall mean EQ-5D utility score and visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) score were 0.388 (SD: 0.41) and 66.20 (SD: 17.22), respectively. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that the factors significantly associated with HRQoL were: female gender; age  > 50 years; having primary and secondary education;  > 1 year since HIV diagnosis; HIV serostatus AIDS-converted; higher CD 4 T lymphocytes count; detectable viral load; and increased time to ART. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings have shown that PLWHA in Pakistan adherent to ART had a good overall HRQoL, though with significantly higher depression. Some of the factors identified are amenable to institution-based interventions while mitigating depression to enhance the HRQoL of PLWHA in Pakistan. The HRQoL determined in this study could be useful for future economic evaluation studies for ART and in designing future interventions.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Toward COVID-19 in Primary Healthcare Providers: A Cross-Sectional Study from Three Tertiary Care Hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan.

An online cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among primary health care providers (PHPs) at three tertiary care hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. Data was collected via email and online social media platforms. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25.0 was used for data analysis. Among the total participants (n = 114), 74 (66.7%) were male and 37 (33.3%) were female. The mean scores for knowledge, attitude and practice were 12.7 ± 0.89, 8.9 ± 4.1 and 7.3 ± 1.2, respectively. Most of the participants knew the term COVID-19 and its mode of transmission (90%), signs and symptoms (84%) and risk factors (72%) associated with it. Most of the participants agreed that COVID-19 can be transmitted through coughing and sneezing (74.3%) and 84.6% were in favor that COVID-19 can be prevented by adopting preventive measures. Around 68.8% of the participants disagreed with the use of antibiotics in the prevention of COVID-19. Ninety percent of the respondents were avoiding close contact with the people having cough and flu-like symptoms. Most PHPs had good knowledge, positive attitude and reasonable practices regarding COVID-19. Moreover, focused training programs for PHPs at the Government level can further improve their understanding of risks and preventive strategies related to COVID-19, which will help them to provide appropriate care to their patients as well as to protect themselves from this infection.

Perceptions of and barriers to ethical promotion of pharmaceuticals in Pakistan: perspectives of medical representatives and doctors.

BACKGROUND: In Pakistan, drug promotion practices, ethical or unethical, have rarely been in the spotlight. We aimed to assess the perception and barriers of medical representatives (MRs) and doctors (MDs) regarding ethical promotion of pharmaceuticals in Pakistan. METHODS: A cross sectional survey was conducted in seven major cities of Pakistan for 6-months period. Self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Logistic regression and five-point Likert scale scoring was used to estimate the perceptions and barriers. RESULTS: Compared to national companies (NCs), the medical representatives (MRs) of multinational companies (MNCs) strongly believed that their companies follow World Health Organization (WHO) (OR; 5.31, p = 0.0005), International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations (IFPMA) (OR; 6.45, p = 0.0005) and national codes of ethics (OR; 5.84, p = 0.0005). MNCs trained their MRs (OR; 6.68, p = 0.0005), provide accurate and valid scientific data (OR; 4.01, p = 0.007) with adequate system of accountability and controls on product samples (OR; 1.96, p = 0.047), while, NCs sponsor social or entertainment activities, seminars and conferences, and all sort of facilitation in form of gifts of their choice and clinic renovation for medical doctors (MDs). MDs perceptions were similar to MRs mentioned above, yet strongly agreed that companies offer cash payments or equivalents to MDs. The MRs of NCs/MNCs and MDs agreed/strongly agreed that no external accountability, profiteering, pressure on sale targets, job insecurity, condoning unethical promotion by high-ups' and business promotion by junior MDs were the predominant barriers. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, MRs of MNCs and MDs believed that MNCs follow certain codes of ethics in the promotion of pharmaceuticals, while NCs tend to be more profit oriented and even condone unethical promotion. All stakeholders, MRs, MDs and companies, might pose certain barriers, intentionally or unintentionally, in ethical promotion.

Association of breast cancer reporting delays and care intervals with tumor size in patients with advanced disease.

In Pakistan, breast cancer (BC) is frequently diagnosed with advanced disease. We aimed to examine the association of breast tumor size with reasons of reporting delays, care intervals in patients with advanced disease. This cross-sectional study enrolled 392 BC patients from tertiary care hospitals. Data were collected from August 2018-March 2019. Chi-square for significance and logistic regression for association were used. Patients between 31 and 45 years of age (51%), rural residents (39%), lower-class (88.4%), no family history (17.1%), at stage-IV (36%) and patient interval >90 days (70%, p = .034) presented with large tumor size (>5 cm). Tumor size was significantly associated with area of residence (p = .043), social-class (p = .027), family history (p = .004), smoking (p = .021), nipple discharge (p = .004), recurrence (p = .024), and metastasis (p = .007). Patient-interval was associated with poor knowledge (OR;4.3,p = .0001), influence of traditional healers (OR;2.3,p = .05), religion (OR;3.9,p = .0001), finances (OR;2.4,p = .045), and competing life priorities (OR;2.9,p = .026). In-adjusted linear regression model, area of residences, education, social-class, family-history, recurrence, cancer type, and patient interval (ß;0.110,p = .030) were found to be independent predictors of tumor size. In conclusion, education, family history, area of residence, social class, recurrence, cancer stage and patient interval, co-influenced by religion, finances, life priorities, traditional healers, and poor knowledge, were independent predictors of tumor size in BC patients.

Religious Cliché and Stigma: A Brief Response to Overlooked Barriers in COVID-19 Management.

For decades, religion has provided explanations and answers to existential questions and queries that can emerge during a pandemic. This characteristic of religion has helped communities in finding answers and meanings to their confusions. During a pandemic, healthcare professionals are often unprepared in answering the patients' religious beliefs regarding the diseases. Moreover, patients are faced with religious clichés and stigma that results because of religious beliefs and practices. To overcome the religious stigma, a deeper understanding of religious beliefs and values is required so that a perception or practice change can take place. Therefore, the inclusion and collaboration of spiritual leaders with healthcare professionals are needed to ensure a holistic understanding and overcome the stigma that can shape as a barrier for reaching an optimal therapeutic outcome.

Patterns of physicians' knowledge, attitude and prescribing trends against upper respiratory tract infections in Lahore, Pakistan.

Although viruses cause most of upper respiratory tract infections but still antibiotics are irrationally prescribed in mild infections, especially in upper respiratory tract infections. To identify gaps among prescribers, due to lack of standard guidelines and antimicrobial stewardship programs, it is needed to check knowledge, attitude, perception and current prescribing pattern of antibiotics. Based on the data recommendations can be specified to overcome the prescribing deficiencies and increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance. It is inevitable to educate patients about ineffectiveness of antibiotics in viral infections, and to develop guidelines for prescribing antibiotics, running continuing medical education and establishing antibiotic stewardship programs. We conducted a cross-sectional survey-based study by engaging physicians of public and private sector hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. About 66% agreed for semi-structured interview and met the inclusion criteria. Fifty percent of physicians have an understanding that antibiotics should be prescribed in URTIs, otherwise symptoms may get worsen. The only encouraging thing is that 78.8% believe that antibiotics are being misused and are major cause of increasing rate of resistance. Most of prescribers have an understanding that antibiotics should be prescribed in upper respiratory tract infections. They are prescribing antibiotics ignoring Center for Disease Control guidelines for the treatment or prophylaxis of upper respiratory infections.

Cross verification of prescribing trends through loop evaluation of physicians, patients and medical store personnel.

BACKGROUND: Prescription connects physician, patient and community pharmacy personnel who can help in understanding prescribing pattern. The present study was aimed to get an insight of viewpoints of all members involved in progression of events from prescription to drug purchase, i.e., physician, patient and medical-store personals regarding the prescription pattern in Pakistan. METHODS: Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted in four provinces and capital territory (Islamabad) of Pakistan to evaluate the perception of physicians, patients and medical stores/pharmacy personnel of the prescribing trends in Pakistan. RESULTS: Response rate was higher from Punjab and lower in Sindh. Responses of 981 walk-in patients with 393 physicians and 618 medical stores/pharmacies were received and statistically evaluated. The majority of physicians, patients and pharmacists/medical store personnel considered the medicines of multinational manufacturers as more effective. Physicians considered their prescribing cost-effective. However, majority of patients as well as pharmacists/medical store personnel strongly disagreed or disagreed with this notion that physicians prescribe cheap medicines. Furthermore, physicians and patients reported that medicines of local companies were not as effective as the medicines of multinational manufacturers, which were contrary to what pharmacists thought. Majority of physicians disagreed that their prescribing was under the influence of medical stores in their vicinity. The response of most of the patients (40.5%) was in line with that of physicians whereas 32% pharmacist/medical store personnel agreed. Nearly half of the physicians strongly agreed or agreed that patients demand medicines of multinational companies. Contrarily, a majority of patients and medical store personnel denied that patients demand for the medicines of multinational manufacturers. CONCLUSION: The study highlighted that there was a need to develop policy guidelines at the level of Federal Government and Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan in connection with prescribing practices to reduce the variation in perception of key stakholders involved in drug use process.

Metabolomics and marker-based stability studies of methanol extract of seeds of Syzygium cumini L.

Though, herbal medicines are prone to deterioration upon storage due to their complex nature, but less attention has been paid to investigating stability of such products to assign shelf-life. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the accelerated stability of methanolic extract of seeds of Syzygium cumini. The extract was kept at three different storage conditions (30oC/60% RH, 40oC/75% RH and 60oC/85% RH) for a period of 6 months. The samples withdrawn at 0 (before starting the study), 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months were analyzed to get UV-Visible metabolomics fingerprints and determine caffeic acid contents using RP-HPLC. The comparison of metabolomics fingerprints indicated that the extract was stable for 1 month at all the three storage conditions. However, caffeic acid contents were found to be intact for a longer period of time. Following the zero order degradation, caffeic acid was predicted to be stable for more than 3 years, if kept at 25oC. The results of the present study indicate that metabolomes of methanol extract of seeds of Syzygium cumini change very fast, suggesting the development of stable formulations.

Genderwise clinical response of antipsychotics among schizophrenic patients: a prospective observational study from Lahore, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed to evaluate the gender specific response to adherence and occurrence of side effects among schizophrenic patients in Lahore, Pakistan. METHODS: A prospective study was performed for a period of 1 year among 180 newly diagnosed schizophrenics, aged 20-60 years to observe the symptoms, medication adherence and side effects. Morisky-Green-Levine Scale was used to evaluate medication adherence, LUNSER for side effects and PANSS to measure positive and negative symptoms. Data were analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: Positive symptoms (Male: Baseline 36.14 vs. endpoint 23.58, Female: 35.29 vs. 23.74) and negative symptoms (Males 27.9 vs. 20.05, Females 28.41 vs. 20.2) of schizophrenia were equally reduced after a follow up of 1 year in both the genders. Male population suffered more accumulative side effects (11.4 in males vs. 6.40 in females), extrapyramidal symptoms such as tardive dyskinesia and tremors (1.21 in males vs. 0.57 in females) and other side effects as compared to women (p ≤ .005). Males were found poorly adherent to antipsychotic treatment than females (93.3% in males vs. 6.7% in females (p ≤ .005). CONCLUSIONS: Prescribing practices should not overlook sex specific factors like hormonal changes, altered brain morphology and socioeconomic factors that may be responsible for the difference in the response to the course of schizophrenia.

A qualitative study exploring perceptions and attitudes of community pharmacists about extended pharmacy services in Lahore, Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, community pharmacies reported a change of business model, whereby a shift from traditional services to the provision of extended roles was observed. However, such delivery of extended pharmacy services (EPS) is reported from the developed world, and there is scarcity of information from the developing nations. Within this context, the present study was aimed to explore knowledge, perception and attitude of community pharmacists (CPs) about EPS and their readiness and acceptance for practice change in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. METHODS: A qualitative approach was used to gain an in-depth knowledge of the issues. By using a semi-structured interview guide, 12 CPs practicing in the city of Lahore, Pakistan were conveniently selected. All interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, and were then analyzed for thematic contents by the standard content analysis framework. RESULTS: Thematic content analysis yielded five major themes. (1) Familiarity with EPS, (2) current practice of EPS, (3) training needed to provide EPS, (4) acceptance of EPS and (5) barriers toward EPS. Majority of the CPs were unaware of EPS and only a handful had the concept of extended services. Although majority of our study respondents were unaware of pharmaceutical care, they were ready to accept practice change if provided with the required skills and training. Lack of personal knowledge, poor public awareness, inadequate physician-pharmacist collaboration and deprived salary structures were reported as barriers towards the provision of EPS at the practice settings. CONCLUSION: Although the study reported poor awareness towards EPS, the findings indicated a number of key themes that can be used in establishing the concept of EPS in Pakistan. Over all, CPs reported a positive attitude toward practice change provided to the support and facilitation of health and community based agencies in Pakistan.

Impairment of liver synthetic function and the production of plasma proteins in primary breast cancer patients on doxorubicincyclophosphamide (AC) protocol.

Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide (AC protocol) combination is usually considered as a first line therapy in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Thus, a retrospective observational study was conducted to monitor the effect of AC protocol on liver synthetic functions and production of plasma proteins in breast cancer patients, reporting to specialized cancer care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 75 patients (n=75) on AC protocol with breast cancer were observed in this study. The patient data including age, gender, body surface area, dosage, disease status and laboratory biochemical values were recorded by reviewing historical treatment records. Pre-treatment values were taken as baseline values for albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio and total proteins. The baseline values were compared after each cycle of by applying ANOVA using statistical tool SPSS® version 21. The plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein and globulin dropped significantly (p<0.05) in patients of all age groups. However, the albumin levels were not significantly changed (p>0.05). The A/G ratio level increased (p<0.05) as a result of reduction in globulin levels. Significant changes in plasma protein levels were observed in the elderly patients (50 to 65 years) than patients between 20 to 50 years of age. AC protocol impairs liver synthetic functions as observed by decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma protein levels.

Analytical, nutritional and biological evaluation of various brands of fortified and non-fortified wheat flour.

In Pakistan, a funded flour fortification program was launched for malnourished population, residing mainly in rural low income areas, but the urban population having comparatively better nutritional as well as economic status was focused wherein excessive intake of fortificants might cause complications. Therefore, the present study describes the physicochemical properties, elemental composition, nutritional components and hemoglobin/ferritin increasing potential of fortified and non-fortified flour. Domesticated chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), either sex, age one month, weight 380 ± 18.28 g, were randomly segregated into 4 groups (n=6). The group I, II and III were fed on fortified flour, whereas group IV was fed on non-fortified flour for 30 days. The birds were weighed and blood samples of each of the birds were analyzed for determination of markers of iron status, hemoglobin (Hb) and serum ferritin (SF). Moisture, ash and iron contents were found to be lower in non-fortified flour than that of the fortified samples. Hb and SF levels in groups fed on fortified flour were significantly higher than the one received non-fortified flour (P < 0.05). The consumption of iron-fortified flour increases iron stores in the body without any further complication but long-term usage needs to be monitored.

Qualitative assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of oncologists about precision medicine in cancer patients- study from Lahore, Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Precision medicine (PM) is in great progressive stages in the West and allows healthcare practitioners (HCPs) to give treatment according to the patient's genetic findings, physiological and environmental characteristics. PM is a relatively new treatment approach in Pakistan Therefore, it is important to investigate the level of awareness, attitude, and challenges faced by oncology physicians while practicing PM for various therapies, especially cancer treatment. OBJECTIVES: The present study aims to explore the level of awareness, attitude, and practice of PM in Pakistan along with the challenges faced by the oncologists for the treatment of cancer using the PM approach. METHODS: Phenomenology-based qualitative approach was used. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted using the purposive sampling approach among oncologists in Lahore, Pakistan. The data were analyzed using thematic content analysis to identify themes and sub-themes. RESULTS: Out of 14 physicians interviewed 11 were aware of PM. They were keen on training to hone their skills and agreed on providing PM. Oncologists believed PM was expensive and given to affluent patients only. Other impeding factors include cost, lack of knowledge, and drug unavailability. CONCLUSIONS: Despite basic knowledge and will to practice, resource and cost constraints were marked as significant barriers. Additional training programs and inclusion into the curriculum may help to pave the way to PM implementation in the future. In addition, health authorities and policymakers need to ensure a cheaper PM treatment can be made available for all cancer patients.

Academia-pharmaceutical industry linkage: An academic perspective.

Background: The pharmaceutical sector in Pakistan has grown over a period, however, there are several barriers in the framework governing the growth of the country's pharmaceuticals. The lack of academia-industry linkage (AIL) is among the critical barriers; hence the focus of the study is to find out the reasons for the lack in the above collaboration. Understanding barriers may help their redressal. Method: This qualitative phenomenology-based study has been conducted in the most prominent pharmacy institutes, located in Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, Sargodha, and Quetta. Academic participants, with a minimum experience of 10 years and designation of assistant professor or above were recruited with a two-stage selection process, purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with academic experts. Thematic content analysis was employed to conclude the data. Results: Analysis of data yielded 8 themes with 18 codes. The main reasons for neglected AIL were explained by a partial or complete lack of industrial research and development activities. Other key factors for the scarcity of AILs were the lack of positive attitude from both industry and academia, applied research in academics, and the research and development of the new molecules in the pharmaceutical industry. Support by the government and the drug regulatory authority of Pakistan in terms of regulatory and academic policies was also perceived to be absent. New horizons in research and development could be opened by providing applied research to industry, including but not limited to new molecule development. Conclusion: Academia-industry linkage could be boosted with government-backed funded projects and policies. Academia should focus on the industrial-demanded applied research.