Financial hardship after COVID-19 infection among US Veterans: a national prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Research suggests an association between COVID-19 infection and certain financial hardships in the shorter term and among single-state and privately insured samples. Whether COVID-19 is associated with financial hardship in the longer-term or among socially vulnerable populations is unknown. Therefore, we examined whether COVID-19 was associated with a range of financial hardships 18 months after initial infection among a national cohort of Veterans enrolled in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA)-the largest national integrated health system in the US. We additionally explored the association between Veteran characteristics and financial hardship during the pandemic, irrespective of COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, telephone-based survey. Out of 600 Veterans with COVID-19 from October 2020 through April 2021 who were invited to participate, 194 Veterans with COVID-19 and 194 matched comparators without a history of infection participated. Financial hardship outcomes included overall health-related financial strain, two behavioral financial hardships (e.g., taking less medication than prescribed due to cost), and seven material financial hardships (e.g., using up most or all savings). Weighted generalized estimating equations were used to estimate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of financial hardship by COVID-19 status, and to assess the relationship between infection and Veteran age, VHA copay status, and comorbidity score, irrespective of COVID-19 status. RESULTS: Among 388 respondents, 67% reported at least one type of financial hardship since March 2020, with 21% reporting behavioral hardships and 64% material hardships; 8% reported severe-to-extreme health-related financial strain. Compared with uninfected matched comparators, Veterans with a history of COVID-19 had greater risks of severe-to-extreme health-related financial strain (RR: 4.0, CI: 1.4-11.2), taking less medication due to cost (RR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.0-8.6), and having a loved one take time off work to care for them (RR: 1.9, CI: 1.1-3.6). Irrespective of COVID-19 status, Veterans aged < 65 years had a greater risk of most financial hardships compared with Veterans aged ≥ 65 years. CONCLUSIONS: Health-related financial hardships such as taking less medication due to cost and severe-to-extreme health-related financial strain were more common among Veterans with a history of COVID-19 than among matched comparators. Strategies are needed to address health-related financial hardship after COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05394025, registered 05-27-2022.

Social determinants of recovery.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to examine evidence describing the influence of social determinants on recovery following hospitalization with critical illness. In addition, it is meant to provide insight into the several mechanisms through which social factors influence recovery as well as illuminate approaches to addressing these factors at various levels in research, clinical care, and policy. RECENT FINDINGS: Social determinants of health, ranging from individual factors like social support and socioeconomic status to contextual ones like neighborhood deprivation, are associated with disability, cognitive impairment, and mental health after critical illness. Furthermore, many social factors are reciprocally related to recovery wherein the consequences of critical illness such as financial toxicity and caregiver burden can put essential social needs under strain turning them into barriers to recovery. SUMMARY: Recovery after hospitalization for critical illness may be influenced by many social factors. These factors warrant attention by clinicians, health systems, and policymakers to enhance long-term outcomes of critical illness survivors.

Interviews with primary care physicians identify unmet transition needs after ICU.

AIM: We sought to explore unmet needs in transitions of care for critical illness survivors that concern primary care physicians. FINDINGS: Semi-structured interviews with primary care physicians identified three categories of concerns about unmet transition needs after patients' ICU stays: patients' understanding of their ICU stay and potential complications, treatments or support needs not covered by insurance, and starting and maintaining needed rehabilitation and assistance across transitions of care. CONCLUSION: Given current constraints of access to coordinated post-ICU care, efforts to identify and address the post-hospitalization needs of critical illness survivors may be improved through coordinated work across the health system.

Financial Toxicity After Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A National Qualitative Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: The financial burdens and subsequent related distress of medical care, referred to as financial toxicity, may limit access to beneficial treatments. However, financial toxicity after acute care is less described-and may be an important but underexplored mechanism preventing full recovery after critical illnesses such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. We sought to identify the mechanisms by which financial toxicity manifested in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, protective factors against such toxicity, and the consequences of financial toxicity to survivors' lives following acute respiratory distress syndrome. DESIGN: We conducted semistructured interviews following patients' hospitalization and during recovery as an ancillary study to a multicenter randomized clinical trial in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Patients were 9-16 months post randomization at the time of interview. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The Reevaluation Of Systemic Early Neuromuscular Blockade trial examined the use of early neuromuscular blockade in mechanically ventilated patients with moderate/severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. We recruited consecutive surviving patients who were English speaking, consented to follow-up, and were randomized between December 11, 2017, and May 4, 2018 (n = 79) from 29 U.S. sites. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We asked about patients' perceptions of financial burden(s) that they associated with their acute respiratory distress syndrome hospitalization. Forty-six of 79 eligible acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors (58%) participated (from 22 sites); their median age was 56 (interquartile range 47-62). Thirty-one of 46 reported at least one acute respiratory distress syndrome-related financial impact. Financial toxicity manifested via medical bills, changes in insurance coverage, and loss of employment income. Respondents reported not working prior to acute respiratory distress syndrome, using Medicaid or Medicare, or, conversely, generous work benefits as factors which may have limited financial burdens. Patients reported multiple consequences of acute respiratory distress syndrome-related financial toxicity, including harms to their mental and physical health, increased reliance on others, and specific material hardships. CONCLUSIONS: Financial toxicity related to critical illness is common and may limit patients' emotional, physical, and social recovery after acute respiratory distress syndrome hospitalization for at least a year.

Reinforcing medical authority: clinical ethics consultation and the resolution of conflicts in treatment decisions.

Despite substantial efforts in the past 15 years to professionalise the field of clinical ethics consultation, sociologists have not re-examined past hypotheses about the role of such services in medical decision-making and their effect on physician authority. In relation to those hypotheses, we explore two questions: (i) What kinds of issues does ethics consultation resolve? and (ii) what is the nature of the resolution afforded by these consults? We examined ethics consultation records created between 2011 and mid-2015 at a large tertiary care US hospital and found that in most cases, the problems addressed are not novel ethical dilemmas as classically conceived, but are instead disagreements between clinicians and patients or their surrogates about treatment. The resolution offered by a typical ethics consultation involves strategies to improve communication rather than the parsing of ethical obligations. In cases where disagreements persist, the proposed solution is most often based on technical clinical judgements, reinforcing the role of physician authority in patient care and the ethical decisions made about that care.

Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Differences in Critical Care Near the End of Life: A Narrative Review.

Patients from groups that are racially/ethnically minoritized or of low socioeconomic status receive more intensive care near the end of life, endorse preferences for more life-sustaining treatments, experience lower quality communication from clinicians, and report worse quality of dying than other patients. There are many contributory factors, including system (eg, lack of intensive outpatient symptom management resources), clinician (eg, low-quality serious illness communication), and patient (eg, cultural norms) factors. System and clinician factors contribute to disparities and ought to be remedied, while patient factors simply reflect differences in care and may not be appropriate targets for intervention.

Inequities in Indirect Cost Rates Between Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Other Institutions.

PURPOSE: Federal research grants provide support for the indirect costs (IDCs) of research infrastructure that are not specific to particular research projects but are nonetheless essential to enable research. Institutions independently negotiate IDC rates. The authors sought to identify whether inequities exist in negotiated IDC rates between historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and other universities (non-HBCUs). METHOD: In 2023, the authors analyzed mean negotiated IDC rates between the top 20 HBCUs (in fiscal year [FY] 2021 research expenditures) and 3 non-HBCU comparison groups: the top 40 non-HBCUs in FY 2021 research expenditures, metropolitan statistical area (MSA)-matched non-HBCUs (among the top 200 institutions by FY 2021 research expenditures), and FY 2021 research expenditure-matched non-HBCUs. RESULTS: The authors found that the top 20 HBCUs' mean IDC rates (50.0%) were, after adjustment, 8.5 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.7, 11.2) lower than those of the top 40 non-HBCUs (58.5%). The mean IDC rates of top HBCUs (n = 14, 48.4%) were, after adjustment, 6.3 percentage points (95% CI 3.1, 9.4) lower than those of MSA-matched non-HBCUs (n = 23, 55.3%). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean IDC rates between the top 20 HBCUs (50.0%) and expenditure-matched non-HBCUs (n = 31; 48.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Inequities in negotiated IDC rates between top HBCUs and non-HBCUs likely both reflect and may contribute to the persistence of institution-level inequities in federally funded research. Proactive investments in HBCUs' research infrastructures are likely needed to ameliorate these funding inequities and support the role of HBCUs in providing opportunity for underrepresented groups in biomedical sciences.

Ideal Postdischarge Follow-Up After Severe Pneumonia or Acute Respiratory Failure: A Qualitative Study of Primary Care Clinicians in Diverse Settings.

BACKGROUND: Most patients discharged after hospitalization for severe pneumonia or acute respiratory failure receive follow-up care from primary care clinicians, yet guidelines are sparse. RESEARCH QUESTION: What do primary care clinicians consider to be ideal follow-up care after hospitalization for severe pneumonia or acute respiratory failure and what do they perceive to be barriers and facilitators to providing ideal follow-up? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted, via videoconferencing, semistructured interviews of 20 primary care clinicians working in diverse settings from five US states and Washington, DC. Participants described postdischarge visits, ongoing follow-up, and referrals for patients recovering from hospitalizations for pneumonia or respiratory failure bad enough to be hospitalized and to require significant oxygen support or seeking treatment at the ICU. Barriers and facilitators were probed using the capability, opportunity, motivation, behavior framework. Interview summaries and rigorous and accelerated data reduction analysis techniques were used. RESULTS: Core elements of primary care follow-up after severe pneumonia or acute respiratory failure included safety assessment, medication management, medical specialty follow-up, integrating the hospitalization into the primary care relationship, assessing mental and physical well-being, rehabilitation follow-up, and social context of recovery. Clinicians described specific practices as well as barriers and facilitators at multiple levels to optimal care. INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that at least seven core elements are common in follow-up care after severe pneumonia or acute respiratory failure, and conventional systems include barriers and facilitators to delivering what primary care clinicians consider to be optimal follow-up care. Future research could leverage identified barriers and facilitators to develop implementation tools that enhance the delivery of robust follow-up care for severe pneumonia or acute respiratory failure.

The Association of Pregnancy With Outcomes Among Critically Ill Reproductive-Aged Women: A Propensity Score-Matched Retrospective Cohort Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The maternal mortality rate in the United States is unacceptably high. However, the relative contribution of pregnancy to these outcomes is unknown. Studies comparing outcomes among pregnant vs nonpregnant critically ill patients show mixed results and are limited by small sample sizes. RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the association of pregnancy with critical illness outcomes? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of women 18 to 55 years of age who received invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) on hospital day 0 or 1 or who demonstrated sepsis on admission (infection with organ failure) discharged from Premier Healthcare Database hospitals from 2008 through 2021. The exposure was pregnancy. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. We created propensity scores for pregnancy (using patient and hospital characteristics) and performed 1:1 propensity score matching without replacement within age strata (to ensure exact age matching). We performed multilevel multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression for propensity-matched pairs with pair as a random effect. RESULTS: Three thousand ninety-three pairs were included in the matched MV cohort, and 13,002 pairs were included in the sepsis cohort. The characteristics of both cohorts were well balanced (all standard mean differences, < 0.1). Among matched pairs, unadjusted mortality was 8.0% vs 13.8% for MV and 1.4% vs 2.3% for sepsis among pregnant and nonpregnant patients, respectively. In adjusted regression, pregnancy was associated with lower odds of in-hospital mortality (MV: OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.41-0.60; P < .001; sepsis: OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.40-0.67; P < .001). INTERPRETATION: In this large US cohort, critically ill pregnant women receiving MV or with sepsis showed better survival than propensity score-matched nonpregnant women. These findings must be interpreted in the context of likely residual confounding.

Regional variation in financial hardship among US veterans during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Geographic variation in hardship, especially health-related hardship, was identified prior to and during the pandemic, but we do not know whether this variation is consistent among Veterans Health Administration (VHA)-enrolled veterans, who reported markedly high rates of financial hardship during the pandemic, despite general and veteran-specific federal policy efforts aimed at reducing hardship. In a nationwide, regionally stratified sample of VHA-enrolled veterans, we examined whether the prevalence of financial hardship during the pandemic varied by US Census region. We found veterans in the South, compared with those in other census regions, reported higher rates of severe-to-extreme financial strain, using up all or most of their savings, being unable to pay for necessities, being contacted by collections, and changing their employment due to the kind of work they could perform. Regional variation in veteran financial hardship demonstrates a need for further research about the role and interaction of federal and state financial-assistance policies in shaping risks for financial hardship as well as potential opportunities to mitigate risks among veterans and reduce variation across regions.

Disrupted Lives: Caregivers' Experiences of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survivors' Recovery 5 Years Later.

Background Survivors of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) experience ongoing physical and cognitive impairments, often requiring support from a caregiver at home afterwards. Caregivers are important in the survivor's recovery, yet there is little research specifically focused on their experiences once the survivor is discharged home. In this study, we highlight how caregivers for veteran IHCA survivors described and experienced their caregiver role, the strategies they used to fulfill their role, and the additional needs they still have years after the IHCA event. Methods and Results Between March and July 2019, semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 12 caregivers for veteran IHCA survivors. Interviews were transcribed, and content analysis was performed. Patterns within the data were further analyzed and grouped into themes. A predominant theme of "disruption" was identified across 3 different domains including the following: (1) disruption in caregiver's life, (2) disruption in caregiver-patient relationship, and (3) disruption in caregiver's well-being. Disruption was associated with both positive and negative caregiver experiences. Strategies caregivers used and resources they felt would have helped them adjust to their caregiver role were also identified. Conclusions Caregivers for veteran IHCA survivors experienced a disruption in many facets of their lives. Caregivers felt the veterans' IHCA impacted various aspects of their lives, and they continued to need additional support in order to care for the IHCA survivor and themselves. Although some were able to procure coping strategies, such as counseling and engaging in stress-relieving activities, most indicated additional help and resources were still needed.

Assessment of Symptom, Disability, and Financial Trajectories in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 at 6 Months.

Importance: Individuals who survived COVID-19 often report persistent symptoms, disabilities, and financial consequences. However, national longitudinal estimates of symptom burden remain limited. Objective: To measure the incidence and changes over time in symptoms, disability, and financial status after COVID-19-related hospitalization. Design, Setting, and Participants: A national US multicenter prospective cohort study with 1-, 3-, and 6-month postdischarge visits was conducted at 44 sites participating in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury Network's Biology and Longitudinal Epidemiology: COVID-19 Observational (BLUE CORAL) study. Participants included hospitalized English- or Spanish-speaking adults without severe prehospitalization disabilities or cognitive impairment. Participants were enrolled between August 24, 2020, and July 20, 2021, with follow-up occurring through March 30, 2022. Exposure: Hospitalization for COVID-19 as identified with a positive SARS-CoV-2 molecular test. Main Outcomes and Measures: New or worsened cardiopulmonary symptoms, financial problems, functional impairments, perceived return to baseline health, and quality of life. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with new cardiopulmonary symptoms or financial problems at 6 months. Results: A total of 825 adults (444 [54.0%] were male, and 379 [46.0%] were female) met eligibility criteria and completed at least 1 follow-up survey. Median age was 56 (IQR, 43-66) years; 253 (30.7%) participants were Hispanic, 145 (17.6%) were non-Hispanic Black, and 360 (43.6%) were non-Hispanic White. Symptoms, disabilities, and financial problems remained highly prevalent among hospitalization survivors at month 6. Rates increased between months 1 and 6 for cardiopulmonary symptoms (from 67.3% to 75.4%; P = .001) and fatigue (from 40.7% to 50.8%; P < .001). Decreases were noted over the same interval for prevalent financial problems (from 66.1% to 56.4%; P < .001) and functional limitations (from 55.3% to 47.3%; P = .004). Participants not reporting problems at month 1 often reported new symptoms (60.0%), financial problems (23.7%), disabilities (23.8%), or fatigue (41.4%) at month 6. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cohort study of people discharged after COVID-19 hospitalization suggest that recovery in symptoms, functional status, and fatigue was limited at 6 months, and some participants reported new problems 6 months after hospital discharge.

Whose Good Death? Valuation and Standardization as Mechanisms of Inequality in Hospitals.

Although most clinicians have come to perceive invasive life-sustaining treatments as overly aggressive at the end of life, some of the public and greater proportions of some socially disadvantaged groups have not. Drawing on 1,500+ hours of observation in four intensive care units and 69 interviews with physicians and patients' family members, I find inequality occurs through two mechanisms complementary to the cultural health capital and fundamental causes explanations prevalent in existing health disparities literature: in valuation, as the attitudes and values of the socially disadvantaged are challenged and ignored, and in standardization, as the outcomes preferred by less advantaged groups are defined as inappropriate and made harder to obtain by the informal and formal practices and policies of racialized organizations. I argue inequality is produced in part because wealthier and White elites shape institutional preferences and practices and, therefore, institutions and clinical standards to reflect their cultural tastes.

The Assessment of Social Determinants of Health in Postsepsis Mortality and Readmission: A Scoping Review.

To summarize knowledge and identify gaps in evidence about the relationship between social determinants of health (SDH) and postsepsis outcomes. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed/Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Excerpta Medica database, and the Cochrane Library. STUDY SELECTION: We identified articles that evaluated SDH as risk factors for mortality or readmission after sepsis hospitalization. Two authors independently screened and selected articles for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION: We dual-extracted study characteristics with specific focus on measurement, reporting, and interpretation of SDH variables. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of 2,077 articles screened, 103 articles assessed risk factors for postsepsis mortality or readmission. Of these, 28 (27%) included at least one SDH variable. Inclusion of SDH in studies assessing postsepsis adverse outcomes increased over time. The most common SDH evaluated was race/ethnicity (n = 21, 75%), followed by payer type (n = 10, 36%), and income/wealth (n = 9, 32%). Of the studies including race/ethnicity, nine (32%) evaluated no other SDH. Only one study including race/ethnicity discussed the use of this variable as a surrogate for social disadvantage, and none specifically discussed structural racism. None of the studies specifically addressed methods to validate the accuracy of SDH or handling of missing data. Eight (29%) studies included a general statement that missing data were infrequent. Several studies reported independent associations between SDH and outcomes after sepsis discharge; however, these findings were mixed across studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our review suggests that SDH data are underutilized and of uncertain quality in studies evaluating postsepsis adverse events. Transparent and explicit ontogenesis and data models for SDH data are urgently needed to support research and clinical applications with specific attention to advancing our understanding of the role racism and racial health inequities in postsepsis outcomes.

Hospital Discharge Summaries Are Insufficient Following ICU Stays: A Qualitative Study.

Primary care providers (PCPs) receive limited information about their patients' ICU stays; we sought to understand what additional information PCPs desire to support patients' recovery following critical illness. DESIGN: Semistructured interviews with PCPs conducted between September 2020 and April 2021. SETTING: Academic health system with central quaternary-care hospital and associated Veterans Affairs medical center. SUBJECTS: Fourteen attending internal medicine or family medicine physicians working in seven clinics across Southeast Michigan (median, 10.5 yr in practice). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: We analyzed using a modified Rigorous and Accelerated Data Reduction (RADaR) technique to identify gaps in current discharge summaries for patients with ICU stays, impacts of these gaps, and desired ICU-specific information. We employed RADaR to efficiently consolidate data in Excel Microsoft (Redmond, WA) tables across multiple formats (lists, themes, etc.). RESULTS: PCPs reported receiving limited ICU-specific information in hospital discharge summaries. PCPs often spent significant time reading inpatient records for additional information. Information desired included life-support interventions provided and duration (mechanical ventilation, dialysis, etc.), reasons for treatment decisions (code status changes, medication changes, etc.), and potential complications (delirium, dysphagia, postintensive care syndrome, etc.). Pervasive discharge gaps (ongoing needs, incidental findings, etc.) were described as worse among patients with ICU stays due to more complex illness and required interventions. Insufficient information was felt to lead to incomplete follow-up on critical issues, PCP frustration, and patient harm. PCPs stated that the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated gaps due to decreased staffing, limited visitation policies, and reliance on telehealth follow-up visits. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our results identified key data elements sought by PCPs about patients' ICU stays and suggest opportunities to improve care through developing tools/templates to provide PCPs with ICU-specific information for outpatient follow-up.

Modification of social determinants of health by critical illness and consequences of that modification for recovery: an international qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: Social determinants of health (SDoH) contribute to health outcomes. We identified SDoH that were modified by critical illness, and the effect of such modifications on recovery from critical illness. DESIGN: In-depth semistructured interviews following hospital discharge. Interview transcripts were mapped against a pre-existing social policy framework: money and work; skills and education; housing, transport and neighbourhoods; and family, friends and social connections. SETTING: 14 hospital sites in the USA, UK and Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Patients and caregivers, who had been admitted to critical care from three continents. RESULTS: 86 interviews were analysed (66 patients and 20 caregivers). SDoH, both financial and non-financial in nature, could be negatively influenced by exposure to critical illness, with a direct impact on health-related outcomes at an individual level. Financial modifications included changes to employment status due to critical illness-related disability, alongside changes to income and insurance status. Negative health impacts included the inability to access essential healthcare and an increase in mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS: Critical illness appears to modify SDoH for survivors and their family members, potentially impacting recovery and health. Our findings suggest that increased attention to issues such as one's social network, economic security and access to healthcare is required following discharge from critical care.

Patients' Adaptations After Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Many patients confront physical, cognitive, and emotional problems after acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). No proven therapies for these problems exist, and many patients manage new disability and recovery with little formal support. Eliciting patients' adaptations to these problems after hospitalization may identify opportunities to improve recovery. OBJECTIVES: To explore how patients adapt to physical, cognitive, and emotional changes related to hospitalization for ARDS. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were conducted after hospitalization in patients with ARDS who had received mechanical ventilation. This was an ancillary study to a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Consecutive surviving patients who spoke English, consented to follow-up, and had been randomized between November 12, 2017, and April 5, 2018 were interviewed 9 to 16 months after that. RESULTS: Forty-six of 79 eligible patients (58%) participated (mean [range] age, 55 [20-84] years). All patients reported using strategies to address physical, emotional, or cognitive problems after hospitalization. For physical and cognitive problems, patients reported accommodative strategies for adapting to new disabilities and recuperative strategies for recovering previous ability. For emotional issues, no clear distinction between accommodative and recuperative strategies emerged. Social support and previous familiarity with the health care system helped patients generate and use many strategies. Thirty-one of 46 patients reported at least 1 persistent problem for which they had no acceptable adaptation. CONCLUSIONS: Patients employed various strategies to manage problems after ARDS. More work is needed to identify and disseminate effective strategies to patients and their families.

Getting better or getting by?: A qualitative study of in-hospital cardiac arrest survivors long-term recovery experiences.

In the United States, approximately 292,000 adults (>18 years old) per year suffer an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Survival rates have increased over the last decade and many survivors return to their communities. IHCA has been recognized as a unique disease entity because the arrest happens in a medical care setting and survivors often have more medical co-morbidities. Although more individuals are surviving IHCA, very little is known about their long-term recovery experiences. Semi-structured interviews with 19 IHCA survivors were conducted to better understand their recovery experiences and identify strategies of adaptation that they felt aided their recovery. Thematic analysis indicated that IHCA survivors experience ongoing challenges to recovery. Reconceptualization of independence was necessary for some participants to re-engage in social and physical activities and a few were able to engage in new activities. Our findings suggest that IHCA survivors often develop their own strategies for adaptation in order to continue participation in their social lives and that their recovery experiences are ongoing. Intervention programs and follow-up care should continuously ask survivors what is important to them and identify resources that will support their goals. Questions should include physical, cognitive, psychological and social goals that extend beyond those specifically related to IHCA since our findings indicate that the effects of IHCA are long-lasting and encompass all aspects of survivors' lives.

Informal and Formal Social Integration Shape Eating and Drinking of Older Black and White Americans.

Objective: Health behaviors are seen as one possible pathway linking race to health outcomes. Social integration has also been consistently linked to important health outcomes but has not been examined as a mechanism accounting for racial differences in health behaviors among older U.S. adults. Method: We use data from the American's Changing Lives (ACL) Study to explore racial differences in measures of social integration and whether they help account for racial differences in several dietary behaviors and alcohol use. Results: We find differences by race and social integration measures in dietary behaviors and alcohol use. Net of socioeconomic status, health status, and reported discrimination, variation in social integration helps to account for racial differences in some health behaviors. Discussion: Our results highlight the nuanced role of social integration in understanding group differences in health behaviors. Interventions should consider such complexities when including aspects of social integration in their design.