Higher Donor Apheresis Blood Volumes Are Associated with Reduced Relapse Risk and Improved Survival in Reduced-Intensity Allogeneic Transplantations with Unrelated Donors.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) offers a curative option for patients with hematologic malignancies who are unable to undergo myeloablative conditioning, but its success is limited by high rates of relapse. Several studies have suggested a role for T cell doses in peripheral blood stem cell grafts in RIC HSCT. Because T cell dose is typically not known until after the collection, and apheresis blood volume is easily modifiable, we hypothesized that higher donor apheresis blood volumes would improve transplantation outcomes through an effect on graft composition. Thus, we analyzed the relationships between apheresis volume, graft composition, and transplantation outcomes in 142 consecutive patients undergoing unrelated donor allogeneic RIC HSCT. We found that apheresis volume ≥15 L was associated with a significantly decreased risk of relapse (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], .48; 95% confidence interval [CI], .28 to .84]; P = .01) and improved relapse-free survival (aHR, .56; 95% CI, .35 to .89; P = .02) and overall survival (aHR, .55; 95% CI, .34 to .91; P = .02). A high apheresis volume was not associated with increased rates of acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease. These results demonstrate that an apheresis volume of at least 15 L is independently predictive of improved transplantation outcomes after RIC allogeneic HSCT.

Restoration of immunity in lymphopenic individuals with cancer by vaccination and adoptive T-cell transfer.

Immunodeficiency is a barrier to successful vaccination in individuals with cancer and chronic infection. We performed a randomized phase 1/2 study in lymphopenic individuals after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for myeloma. Combination immunotherapy consisting of a single early post-transplant infusion of in vivo vaccine-primed and ex vivo costimulated autologous T cells followed by post-transplant booster immunizations improved the severe immunodeficiency associated with high-dose chemotherapy and led to the induction of clinically relevant immunity in adults within a month after transplantation. Immune assays showed accelerated restoration of CD4 T-cell numbers and function. Early T-cell infusions also resulted in significantly improved T-cell proliferation in response to antigens that were not contained in the vaccine, as assessed by responses to staphylococcal enterotoxin B and cytomegalovirus antigens (P < 0.05). In the setting of lymphopenia, combined vaccine therapy and adoptive T-cell transfer fosters the development of enhanced memory T-cell responses.

Trisomy 8 in an allogeneic stem cell transplant recipient representative of a donor-derived constitutional abnormality.

Trisomy 8 is a common cytogenetic abnormality in myeloid malignancies. It can also be present constitutionally and is associated with a wide range of phenotypes. We report a case of a 20-year-old woman with acute myelogenous leukemia associated with the 11q23/MLL translocation who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from a healthy, unrelated 26-year-old female. Cytogenetics on a bone marrow biopsy and aspirate performed 71 days after transplant to evaluate pancytopenia identified trisomy 8 in 6 of 7 cells examined. The bone marrow was hypocellular but normal by morphology and flow cytometry. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for the original 11q23/MLL translocation was negative. Chimerism analysis using multiplex polymerase chain reaction to amplify an informative short tandem repeat demonstrated 97% donor cells. These findings were confirmed by repeat bone marrow biopsies at Day 110 after transplant and 1 year after transplant. With resolution of comorbid illness, the patient's peripheral blood counts recovered and remained normal at 1 year after HSCT. FISH analysis of a cryopreserved sample of the donor graft showed trisomy 8 in 120 of 200 cells examined. This represents the first reported case of a person with constitutional trisomy 8 mosaicism serving as a stem cell donor. The case illustrates the importance of identifying donor-derived constitutional abnormalities to avoid the assumption that these cytogenetic abnormalities after HSCT are representative of malignant disease.