Non-maintenance intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin induction therapy with eight doses in patients with high- or highest-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a retrospective non-randomized comparative study.

BACKGROUND: To explore possible solutions to overcome chronic Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) shortage affecting seriously the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in Europe and throughout the world, we investigated whether non-maintenance eight-dose induction BCG (iBCG) was comparable to six-dose iBCG plus maintenance BCG (mBCG). METHODS: This observational study evaluated 2669 patients with high- or highest-risk NMIBC who treated with iBCG with or without mBCG during 2000-2019. The patients were classified into five groups according to treatment pattern: 874 (33%) received non-maintenance six-dose iBCG (Group A), 405 (15%) received six-dose iBCG plus mBCG (Group B), 1189 (44%) received non-maintenance seven-/eight-dose iBCG (Group C), 60 (2.2%) received seven-/eight-dose iBCG plus mBCG, and 141 (5.3%) received only ≤5-dose iBCG. Recurrence-free survival (RFS), progression-free survival, and cancer-specific survival were estimated and compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test, respectively. Propensity score-based one-to-one matching was performed using a multivariable logistic regression model based on covariates to obtain balanced groups. To eliminate possible immortal bias, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month conditional landmark analyses of RFS were performed. RESULTS: RFS comparison confirmed that mBCG yielded significant benefit following six-dose iBCG (Group B) in recurrence risk reduction compared to iBCG alone (groups A and C) before (P < 0.001 and P = 0.0016, respectively) and after propensity score matching (P = 0.001 and P = 0.0074, respectively). Propensity score-matched sequential landmark analyses revealed no significant differences between groups B and C at 12, 18, and 24 months, whereas landmark analyses at 6 and 12 months showed a benefit of mBCG following six-dose iBCG compared to non-maintenance six-dose iBCG (P = 0.0055 and P = 0.032, respectively). There were no significant differences in the risks of progression and cancer-specific death in all comparisons of the matched cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Although non-maintenance eight-dose iBCG was inferior to six-dose iBCG plus mBCG, the former might be an alternative remedy in the BCG shortage era. To overcome this challenge, further investigation is warranted to confirm the real clinical value of non-maintenance eight-dose iBCG.

Optimal timing of ureteroscopic lithotripsy after the initial drainage treatment and risk factors for postoperative febrile urinary tract infection in patients with obstructive pyelonephritis: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: A history of preoperative obstructive pyelonephritis has been reported as a risk factor for febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) after ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL). But there is no clear evidence of risk factors for developing fUTI including the optimal timing of URSL after obstructive pyelonephritis treatment. METHODS: Of the 1361 patients, who underwent URSL at our hospital from January 2011 to December 2017, 239 patients had a history of pre-URSL obstructive pyelonephritis. The risk factors were analyzed by comparing the patients' backgrounds with the presence or absence of fUTI after URSL. The factors examined were age, gender, body mass index, comorbidity, presence or absence of preoperative ureteral stent, stone position, stone laterality, stone size, Hounsfield unit (HU) value on computed tomography scan, history of sepsis during obstructive pyelonephritis, period from antipyresis to URSL, ureteral stenting period, operation time, and presence or absence of access sheath at URSL. In addition, the stone components and renal pelvic urinary culture bacterial species during pre-URSL pyelonephritis were also examined. RESULTS: Post-URSL fUTI developed in 32 of 239 patients (13.4%), and 11 of these 32 cases led to sepsis (34.4%). Univariate analysis showed that stone position, stone maximum HU value, presence of sepsis during obstructive pyelonephritis, period from antipyresis to URSL, pre-URSL ureteral stent placement, operation time were risk factors of fUTI. Stone components and urinary cultures during pyelonephritis were not associated with risk of fUTI. Multivariate analysis showed that renal stone position, pre-URSL ureteral stent placement > 21 days, and operation time > 75 min were independent risk factors of fUTI following the URSL. CONCLUSIONS: F-UTI following the URSL could be avoided by ureteral stent placement period 21 days or less and operation time 75 min or less in patients with obstructive pyelonephritis.

Preoperative predictive factors focused on inflammation-, nutrition-, and muscle-status in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma undergoing nephroureterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the clinical relevance of an integrative preoperative assessment of inflammation-, nutrition-, and muscle-based markers for patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) undergoing curative nephroureterectomy (NUx). METHODS: The study enrolled 125 patients and the preoperative variables assessed included age, body mass index, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), serum fibrinogen level (Fib), C-reactive protein (CRP), modified Glasgow prognostic score, serum albumin level (Alb), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), skeletal muscle index (SMI), psoas muscle index (PMI), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). The correlations among the variables and their prognostic values after NUx were evaluated. RESULTS: Five inflammation markers (NLR, MLR, PLR, Fib and CRP) were positively correlated. Fib was positively correlated with NLR, PLR and CRP, but inversely correlated with SMI. PNI was inversely correlated with age and the four inflammation markers (p < 0.001). Age was not significantly correlated with the inflammation markers, but older age was associated with lower Alb, PNI, SMI, PMI, and PEF. Disease-specific survival was independently predicted by preoperative ipsilateral hydronephrosis and low PNI. Overall survival was independently associated with high Fib and low PNI. CONCLUSION: The preoperative inflammation-, nutrition-, and muscle-based markers would be useful risk assessment tools for UTUC.

Clinical benefit of early treatment with bone-modifying agents for preventing skeletal-related events in patients with genitourinary cancer with bone metastasis: A multi-institutional retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical benefit of bone-modifying agents and identify the risk factors of skeletal-related events in patients with genitourinary cancer with newly diagnosed bone metastasis. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study including a total of 650 patients with bone metastasis of the following cancer types: hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (n = 443), castration-resistant prostate cancer (n = 50), renal cell carcinoma (n = 80) and urothelial carcinoma (n = 77). Clinical factors at the time of diagnosis of bone metastasis were analyzed. Early treatment with bone-modifying agents was defined as follows: administration of bone-modifying agents before the development of skeletal-related events and within 6 months from the diagnosis of bone metastasis. RESULTS: During the follow-up period (median 19.0 months, interquartile range 6.0-43.8 months), skeletal-related events were reported in 88 (20%) patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, 17 (34%) patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer, 58 (73%) patients with renal cell carcinoma and 34 (44%) patients with urothelial carcinoma. Early treatment with bone-modifying agents significantly prolonged the time to the first skeletal-related event in castration-resistant prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma, but not in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Bone pain and elevated alkaline phosphatase levels were independent predictive risk factors of the first skeletal-related event. The subgroup analysis showed that early treatment with bone-modifying agents was associated with prolonged time to the first skeletal-related events in patients with bone pain or elevated alkaline phosphatase levels. CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with bone-modifying agents should be considered, especially for patients with bone pain and elevated alkaline phosphatase levels, to prevent skeletal-related events in patients with genitourinary cancer with bone metastasis.

Assessment of bladder function for stabilizing urinary volume overnight with recording of brain waves (ABSORB study).

OBJECTIVES: The bladder urothelium is not always impermeable. During sleep, the bladder might absorb urine in healthy individuals who sleep through the night. This study aimed to determine whether the bladder absorbs urine by using a method other than ultrasonic scanning and to simultaneously evaluate sleeping conditions. METHODS: Eleven participants (five males, six females) aged 20 to 49 years without lower urinary tract symptoms or urination while sleeping were enrolled. Bladder volume was estimated by studying the relationship between dilution and absorbance of indigo carmine dissolved in urine. A 12F Foley catheter was inserted into the bladder before sleep. Urine samples (5 mL) were extracted at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 am sleep stages were monitored with a single-channel portable electroencephalograph device. RESULTS: The estimated bladder volume at 6 am and voided volume immediately after rising were significantly correlated (Spearman's ρ = 0.62, P = .046). Eight participants (three males, five females) showed an absorption pattern of the estimated bladder volume change. In a male participant, the blue dye's strength gradually decreased until 4 am (estimated 859 mL) and increased from 5 am (estimated 455 mL). In another, the blue dye's strength increased at 4 am (estimated 449 mL) vs at 3 am (estimated 757 mL). In all participants, electroencephalograph data demonstrated that sleep was maintained despite having a full bladder. CONCLUSIONS: The bladder absorbs urine and maintains an approximate volume of functional bladder capacity during sleep to avoid incontinence and maintain sleep in adults due to an urge to void urine during the sleep cycle.

Clinical significance of subepithelial growth patterns in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the clinical significance and prognostic value of histopathological features of bladder cancer, such as subepithelial growth patterns and tumor growth pattern at the invasion front. METHODS: In total, 130 patients newly diagnosed with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and underwent transurethral resection between 1998 and 2009 were enrolled. Subepithelial growth patterns consisting of endophytic growth pattern (EGP) and von Brunn's nest involvement (VBNI) were investigated using hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides, and their frequency of occurrence, prognostic value, and correlation with other clinicopathological features was evaluated. RESULTS: EGP and VBNI were found in 40 (30.8%) and 5 (3.9%) of the 130 cases, respectively. Of the 26 pT1 tumors, the growth pattern at the invasion front was trabecular in 17 (65.4%) and infiltrative in 9 (34.6%). Although 8 (47.1%) of 17 trabecular tumors coexisted with EGP, no cases with infiltrative tumors had EGP (p = 0.023). VBNI correlated with high tumor grades (p = 0.006) and lymphovascular involvement (p = 0.026). The multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that tumor diameter less than 3 cm (p = 0.04) and intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy (p = 0.004) were independent favorable prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival, whereas tumor stage was an independent poor prognostic factor for disease progression (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Subepithelial growth patterns were not a significant prognostic factor in this study. Additionally, no tumors with an infiltrative growth pattern coexisted with EGP, suggesting that determining the presence of EGP might be helpful for managing non-muscle invasive bladder cancers.

Rapid multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in genitourinary samples: A 30-minute assay.

We developed a rapid multiplex PCR assay available in bedside for the simultaneous detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, which enables diagnosis in less than 30 minutes. In this study, we validated the clinical utility of this assay including its sensitivity and specificity for NG and CT detection.

External validation of a genitourinary cancer-specific prognostic scoring system to predict survival for patients with bone metastasis (modified B-FOM scoring model): Comparison with other scoring models in terms of accuracy.

OBJECTIVE: We previously developed genitourinary (GU) cancer-specific scoring system for prediction of survival in patients with bone metastasis (the Bone-Fujimoto-Owari-Miyake [B-FOM] scoring model) based on five prognostic factors: the type of primary tumor (prostate cancer (PCa) vs renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and PCa vs urothelial carcinoma (UC)), poor performance status (PS), visceral metastasis, high Glasgow-prognostic score (GPS), elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). The aim of this study was to externally validate and further improve the performance of the B-FOM score. METHODS: The external validation cohort comprised 309 patients with GU cancer with bone metastasis from multiple institutions. Clinical factors were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and COX regression hazard model. Performance of a modified B-FOM score was compared to that of other scoring models by the Kaplan-Meier method and the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: The median follow-up period of development and validation cohort were 25 and 17 months, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated that the type of primary tumor (RCC and UC vs PCa), poor PS, presence of visceral metastasis, high GPS, elevated NLR were significantly associated with shorter cancer-specific survival. Risk groups were successfully stratified by the modified B-FOM score classification. Moreover, the AUC of the modified B-FOM scoring model for predicting mortality at 6, 12, and 24 months were 0.895, 0.856, and 0.815, respectively, which were the highest among evaluated models. CONCLUSIONS: The B-FOM scoring model is a simple and accurate prediction tool. By using this scoring model at the time of the diagnosis of bone metastasis in patients with GU cancers, an individualized optimal treatment strategy can be selected.

[A case of segmental testicular infarction].

A 39-year-old man presented with left scrotal pain which lasted for 3 days. The laboratory test showed slightly elevated C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase whereas α-fetoprotein and ß-human chorionic gonadotropin were normal. Scrotal Doppler ultrasound test demonstrated an oval-shaped hypoechoic lesion and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging revealed an avascular lesion in the left testis with the rim enhancement. He underwent left high orchiectomy. The histopathological examination revealed segmental testicular infarction with partial necrosis.

[Bilateral adrenal metastases from renal cell carcinoma: a case report].

We report a case of renal cell carcinoma with bilateral adrenal metastases. A 57-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for a left renal mass. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 4.5 cm left renal tumor and bilateral adrenal masses (3.0 cm on the right side and 2.0 cm on the left). A left nephrectomy and bilateral adrenalectomies were performed. The pathological findings showed clear cell carcinoma, G2 of left kidney metastasizing to both adrenal glands. The patient was administered supplementary hydrocortisone and was well 8 months after the nephrectomy and adrenalectomies without evidence of recurrence. Bilateral adrenal metastases from renal cell carcinoma are relatively rare. Our case seems to be the thirteenth case in the Japanese literature.

The optimal number of initial prostate biopsy cores in daily practice: a prospective study using the Nara Urological Research and Treatment Group nomogram.

BACKGROUND: To elucidate the optimal number of prostate biopsy cores using a nomogram allocating 6-12 biopsy cores, the number generally used in daily practice, based on age and prostate volume (PV). METHODS: We enrolled 936 patients who received an initial prostate biopsy from April 2006 to January 2009. A number of 6-12 biopsy cores was allocated based on age and PV Nara Urological Research and Treatment Group (NURTG) nomogram. To elucidate the predictive parameters of cancer detection in patients with a prostate specific antigen (PSA) value in the gray zone, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were carried out. RESULTS: The total cancer detection rate and the cancer detection rate in the PSA gray zone (4.1-10.0 ng/mL) were 48.0 and 37.6 %, respectively. The cancer detection rates in the gray zone stratified by patient age of ≤59, 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, and ≥80 years were 28.4, 35.0, 26.9, 37.9, 45.7, and 54.8 %, respectively. The significant predictive parameters of cancer detection in the gray zone were age, volume biopsy ratio (VBR: PV divided by number of biopsy cores), PSA density (PSAD), digital rectal examination findings, and transrectal ultrasound findings in univariate analyses. Finally, age, VBR, and PSAD were independent parameters to predict cancer detection in the gray zone. The adverse event profile was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: Our present study revealed that the cancer detection rate using the NURTG nomogram allocating 6-12 biopsy cores, the number generally used in daily practice, based on age and PV, could provide similar efficacy as previous studies involving more biopsy cores. In older patients the number of biopsy cores could be reduced.

Tumor suppression effect using NK4, a molecule acting as an antagonist of HGF, on human gastric carcinomas.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is involved in malignant behavior of cancers as a mediator of tumor-stromal interactions, facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis. We have investigated whether a blockade of HGF using recombinant NK4, an HGF antagonist, would lead to growth inhibition of the human gastric carcinoma cell line, TMK1. To evaluate the function of endogenous NK4 and investigate its potential inhibitory effect, TMK1 cells were transfected with NK4 plasmid. After selection, NK4-expressing cells (T11) were obtained, and cell growth was evaluated. Significant growth inhibition was observed in the T11-group compared to the control both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we investigated the effect of exogenous NK4 transferred by an adenovirus vector (AdCMV.NK4). Cell proliferation of AdCMV.NK4 infected TMK1 cells was significantly inhibited compared with the control group. We also assessed the in vivo tumor suppression effect of AdCMV.NK4. The tumor volume following treatment with AdCMV.NK4 was significantly inhibited compared to that of the control group. These findings indicate that NK4 gene expression has a potential role in controlling proliferation of cancer cells. In conclusion, NK4 is a promising therapeutic agent and its gene delivery may be a new approach to treating patients with advanced gastric cancer.

Amplification/overexpression of Aurora-A in human gastric carcinoma: potential role in differentiated type gastric carcinogenesis.

Aurora-A encodes a cell cycle regulated serine/threonine kinase that has essential functions for centrosome maturation and chromosome segregation. Aurora-A is amplified and overexpressed in various human carcinomas and is suggested to be a potential oncogene. To clarify the potential role of Aurora-A in human gastric carcinoma, we examined the amplification and expression in both tumor cell lines and primary carcinoma. We examined the amplification and overexpression of Aurora-A in 9 gastric carcinoma cell lines and 88 primary gastric carcinomas using Southern and Northern blot analysis, and confirmed a protein expression by immunohistochemical staining. We also investigated the relationship between Aurora-A overexpression and clinicopathological features of the tumors. Aurora-A amplification and overexpression was observed in 29% and 44.4% of cell lines and 12.5% and 41% of primary carcinomas, respectively. There was discordance between gene amplification and transcript expression, since in a previous study DNA amplification was the main mechanism for Aurora-A activation. Aurora-A overexpression exhibited significant association with increasing age and differentiated type gastric carcinoma. It was also detected in early stage gastric cancer as well as in gastric intestinal metaplasia, which is considered as a common precursor lesion for the differentiated type gastric carcinoma, and severe dysplastic cells showed stronger protein expression. We concluded that Aurora-A overexpression may well be involved in differentiated type gastric carcinogenesis. Further evaluation of the possible roles of Aurora-A and the regulation of Aurora-A expression in malignant cells will be critically important for the development of new strategies aimed at controlling the growth of malignant cells.

TP53 alterations and patterns of carcinogen exposure in a U.S. population-based study of bladder cancer.

The molecular pathology of bladder cancer has been the subject of considerable interest, and current efforts are targeted toward elucidating the interrelationships between individual somatic gene loss and both etiologic and prognostic factors. Mutation of the TP53 gene has been associated with more invasive bladder cancer, and evidence suggests that TP53 mutation, independent of stage, may be predictive of outcome in this disease. However, there is no consensus in the literature that bladder carcinogen exposure is associated with inactivation of the TP53 gene. Work to date has been primarily hospital based and, as such, subject to possible bias associated with selection of more advanced cases for study. We examined exposure relationships with both TP53 gene mutation and TP53 protein alterations in a population-based study of 330 bladder cancer cases in New Hampshire. Tobacco smoking was not associated with TP53 alterations. We found a higher prevalence of TP53 inactivation (i.e., mutation and nuclear accumulation) among hair dye users (odd ratio [OR] = 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-14.7), and the majority of these mutations were transversions. Men who had "at risk" occupations were more likely to have mutated TP53 tumors (OR = 2.9; 95% CI 1.1-7.6). There also was a relative absence of TP53 mutation (OR = 0.4; 95% CI 0.0-2.9) and TP53 protein alterations (OR = 0.6; 95% CI 0.3-1.4) in bladder cancers from individuals with higher arsenic exposure. Our data suggest that there is exposure-specific heterogeneity in inactivation of the TP53 pathway in bladder cancers and that integration of the spectrum of pathway alterations in population-based approaches (capturing the full range of exposures to bladder carcinogens) may provide important insights into bladder tumorigenesis.

Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9q and p53 alterations in human bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Somatic loss of the 9q allele as well as alteration of the tumor suppressor p53 occurs commonly in bladder cancers. Although alteration of p53 has been strongly associated with invasive stage disease, the prognostic significance of 9q loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and the relations between these alterations are less well defined. METHODS: The 9q LOH was examined at five microsatellites and p53 alterations (mutation and persistent immunohistochemical staining) in a population-based case series of 271 newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients. Loss of heterozygosity was scored quantitatively and p53 mutation completed using single-strand conformation polymorphism screening followed by sequencing. RESULTS: Overall, allelic loss at 9q was detected in 74.5% (202/271) of cases and allele loss was associated with invasive disease (P < 0.05). Although based on small numbers, all nine in situ lesions contained 9q LOH. Age, gender, and smoking were not significantly associated with chromosome 9q allele loss. Both intense persistent p53 staining and LOH at 9q were independently associated with invasive disease (P < 10(-14) and P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These data, using a population-based sample, suggest a relation between 9q LOH and invasive stage bladder cancer, and thereby suggests that a tumor suppressor gene at this loci, in addition to p53, may be important in the development of this more aggressive form of the disease.

The prognostic significance of overexpression of the decoy receptor for Fas ligand (DcR3) in patients with gastric carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: The FasL-Fas system has an important role in mediating immune-cytotoxic killing of cells such as virus-infected or tumor cells. It was recently reported that there is a soluble decoy receptor (DcR3), which binds to FasL and inhibits FasL-induced apoptosis, and certain tumors may escape FasL-dependent immune-cytotoxic attack by expressing a decoy receptor that blocks FasL. We evaluated whether DcR3 has clinical relevance in actual human gastric cancers. METHODS: : The expression of DcR3 was investigated by Northern blot analysis in a series of 84 primary gastric carcinomas and compared with clinicopathological features and prognosis. The DcR3 expression level was analyzed and quantified densitometrically. The location of DcR3 mRNA in gastric carcinoma tissue was detected by in situ hybridization. RESULTS: The frequency of DcR3 overexpression was 26% (22 of 84 surgical specimens). The DcR3 expression level was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and pathological stage, but did not correlate with tumor size, metastatic status, or histological type. In situ hybridization demonstrated that DcR3 mRNA was expressed in tumor cells. When the patients were followed up for 63 months, DcR3 overexpression was found to be associated with a significantly shortened duration of overall survival compared with findings in patients having normal DcR3 expression. CONCLUSION: The DcR3 decoy receptor for FasL may be involved in the progression of gastric cancer. Further evaluation of these possible roles of DcR3 and the regulation of DcR3 expression in malignant cells will be critically important for the development of new strategies for controlling the growth of malignant cells that escape host immune surveillance.