Perspectives of bereaved relatives of patients with haematological malignancies concerning preferred place of care and death: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: People with haematological malignancies have different end-of-life care patterns from those with other cancers and are more likely to die in hospital. Little is known about patient and relative preferences at this time and whether these are achieved. AIM: To explore the experiences and reflections of bereaved relatives of patients with leukaemia, lymphoma or myeloma, and examine (1) preferred place of care and death; (2) perceptions of factors influencing attainment of preferences; and (3) changes that could promote achievement of preferences. DESIGN: Qualitative interview study incorporating 'Framework' analysis. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: A total of 10 in-depth interviews with bereaved relatives. RESULTS: Although most people expressed a preference for home death, not all attained this. The influencing factors include disease characteristics (potential for sudden deterioration and death), the occurrence and timing of discussions (treatment cessation, prognosis, place of care/death), family networks (willingness/ability of relatives to provide care, knowledge about services, confidence to advocate) and resource availability (clinical care, hospice beds/policies). Preferences were described as changing over time and some family members retrospectively came to consider hospital as the 'right' place for the patient to have died. Others shared strong preferences with patients for home death and acted to ensure this was achieved. No patients died in a hospice, and relatives identified barriers to death in this setting. CONCLUSION: Preferences were not always achieved due to a series of complex, interrelated factors, some amenable to change and others less so. Death in hospital may be preferred and appropriate, or considered the best option in hindsight.

Impact of novel therapies for mantle cell lymphoma in the real world setting: a report from the UK's Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN).

The treatment landscape for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has changed dramatically in recent years, with findings from clinical trials reporting improvements in survival. Data on the general patient population are, however, sparse; and it is unclear whether the effects observed in clinical trials have translated into the real-world setting. To investigate this, we examined first-line and relapsed/refractory (RR) disease management in 335 MCL patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 in an established population-based patient cohort, along with data on demographic, diagnostic and prognostic factors. Marked treatment and survival changes were observed; first-line rituximab immunotherapy, for example, increased from 32% to 86% over the 11-year period, and median survival increased from 2·0 years among those first treated in 2004-2011 to 3·5 years among those treated in 2012-2015. Outcomes for RR disease also improved, from 8 months in 2004-2011 to 16·8 months in 2012-2015, coinciding with the introduction of agents, such as bendamustine and ibrutinib. Encouragingly, improvements were seen across all ages; 1-year overall survival among patients over 70 years treated for RR disease almost doubled. Our analyses underscore the importance of monitoring the impact of treatment changes in the real-world setting.

Palliative care specialists' perceptions concerning referral of haematology patients to their services: findings from a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Haematological malignancies (leukaemias, lymphomas and myeloma) are complex cancers that are relatively common, affect all ages and have divergent outcomes. Although the symptom burden of these diseases is comparable to other cancers, patients do not access specialist palliative care (SPC) services as often as those with other cancers. To determine the reasons for this, we asked SPC practitioners about their perspectives regarding the barriers and facilitators influencing haematology patient referrals. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study, set within the United Kingdom's (UK's) Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN: www.hmrn.org ), a population-based cohort in the North of England. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 SPC doctors and nurses working in hospital, community and hospice settings between 2012 and 2014. Interviews were digitally audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed for thematic content using the 'Framework' method. RESULTS: Study participants identified a range of barriers and facilitators influencing the referral of patients with haematological malignancies to SPC services. Barriers included: the characteristics and pathways of haematological malignancies; the close patient/haematology team relationship; lack of role clarity; late end of life discussions and SPC referrals; policy issues; and organisational issues. The main facilitators identified were: establishment of inter-disciplinary working patterns (co-working) and enhanced understanding of roles; timely discussions with patients and early SPC referral; access to information platforms able to support information sharing; and use of indicators to 'flag' patients' needs for SPC. Collaboration between haematology and SPC was perceived as beneficial and desirable, and was said to be increasing over time. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first UK study to explore SPC practitioners' perceptions concerning haematology patient referrals. Numerous factors were found to influence the likelihood of referral, some of which related to the organisation and delivery of SPC services, so were amenable to change, and others relating to the complex and unique characteristics and pathways of haematological cancers. Further research is needed to assess the extent to which palliative care is provided by haematology doctors and nurses and other generalists and ways in which clinical uncertainty could be used as a trigger, rather than a barrier, to referral.

Multiple myeloma: routes to diagnosis, clinical characteristics and survival - findings from a UK population-based study.

Prompt cancer diagnosis may align UK survival with European averages. We examined the impact of route to diagnosis on survival for multiple myeloma patients diagnosed 2012-2013 using data from our population-based patient cohort that links to national death notifications and collects details on treatment and response (n = 441). Emergency presentation was associated with advanced disease and poorer outcomes, and was the commonest route to diagnosis (28·1%) followed by General Practitioner urgent (19·0%) and two-week wait (17·2%) referrals. CRAB (elevated Calcium, Renal failure, Anaemia, Bone lesions) distribution varied by route (P < 0·001), with patients with emergency presentations most likely to have ≥2 features and significantly worse survival (log-rank test χ2  = 13·8, P = 0·0002).

Risk factors and time to symptomatic presentation in leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma.

BACKGROUND: UK policy aims to improve cancer outcomes by promoting early diagnosis, which for many haematological malignancies is particularly challenging as the pathways leading to diagnosis can be difficult and prolonged. METHODS: A survey about symptoms was sent to patients in England with acute leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Symptoms and barriers to first help seeking were examined for each subtype, along with the relative risk of waiting >3 months' time from symptom onset to first presentation to a doctor, controlling for age, sex and deprivation. RESULTS: Of the 785 respondents, 654 (83.3%) reported symptoms; most commonly for NHL (95%) and least commonly for CLL (67.9%). Some symptoms were frequent across diseases while others were more disease-specific. Overall, 16% of patients (n=114) waited >3 months before presentation; most often in CML (24%) and least in acute leukaemia (9%). Significant risk factors for >3 months to presentation were: night sweats (particularly CLL and NHL), thirst, abdominal pain/discomfort, looking pale (particularly acute leukaemias), and extreme fatigue/tiredness (particularly CML and NHL); and not realising symptom(s) were serious. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate important differences by subtype, which should be considered in strategies promoting early presentation. Not realising the seriousness of some symptoms indicates a worrying lack of public awareness.

Caring for terminal patients in haematology: the urgent need of a new research agenda.

Although major therapeutic advances have led to improved survival for many hematologic malignancies in recent years, survival remains poor for some disease subtypes and a substantial proportion of patients are ultimately destined to die from their disease and/or related complications. Despite this, there is evidence that patients are not always referred to palliative/home care services as often as those with other cancers, although this situation may be improving in some areas. More research is needed, however, to explore reasons for this and identify whether patients may consequently have unmet needs that impact on their quality of life at this time.

Change in physiological variables in the last 2 weeks of life: an observational study of hospital in-patients with cancer.

BACKGROUND: Recognising dying remains a difficult clinical skill which has gained increasing importance in the United Kingdom since the Neuberger review. Clinical and research methods exist to aid recognition of dying but do not exhibit the level of accuracy required for such an important decision. AIM: To explore change in key clinical parameters as cancer patients near the end of life. DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study of terminally ill patients. Data were collected from hospital case-notes. Case-note data were analysed using multilevel modelling to explore absolute values and rates of change of given variables. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Hospital in-patients who died from solid-tumour malignancies within a 3-month period in 2009 formed the cohort. The setting was an acute hospital trust in the North of England. RESULTS: A total of 15,337 data points from the case-notes of 102 patients were analysed. There was a clinically and statistically significant deterioration in respiratory function and renal function over the last 2 weeks of life. Heart rate and serum sodium also changed but did not vary greatly from normal limits. White cell parameters, haemoglobin and albumin showed evidence for change over longer periods. CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate statistically and clinically significant change in routinely measured respiratory and renal function variables during the final 2 weeks of life in people dying with cancer. Although useful in acute early warning scores, in a terminally ill patient, relative haemodynamic stability should not be interpreted as reassuring. Further work is needed to understand how these findings apply to the individual or inform other prognostic work.

Long-term medical costs and life expectancy of acute myeloid leukemia: a probabilistic decision model.

BACKGROUND: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can be diagnosed at any age and treatment, which can be given with supportive and/or curative intent, is considered expensive compared with that for other cancers. Despite this, no long-term predictive models have been developed for AML, mainly because of the complexities associated with this disease. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current study was to develop a model (based on a UK cohort) to predict cost and life expectancy at a population level. METHODS: The model developed in this study combined a decision tree with several Markov models to reflect the complexity of the prognostic factors and treatments of AML. The model was simulated with a cycle length of 1 month for a time period of 5 years and further simulated until age 100 years or death. Results were compared for two age groups and five different initial treatment intents and responses. Transition probabilities, life expectancies, and costs were derived from a UK population-based specialist registry-the Haematological Malignancy Research Network (www.hmrn.org). RESULTS: Overall, expected 5-year medical costs and life expectancy ranged from £8,170 to £81,636 and 3.03 to 34.74 months, respectively. The economic and health outcomes varied with initial treatment intent, age at diagnosis, trial participation, and study time horizon. The model was validated by using face, internal, and external validation methods. The results show that the model captured more than 90% of the empirical costs, and it demonstrated good fit with the empirical overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Costs and life expectancy of AML varied with patient characteristics and initial treatment intent. The robust AML model developed in this study could be used to evaluate new diagnostic tools/treatments, as well as enable policy makers to make informed decisions.

Community palliative care clinical nurse specialists: a descriptive study of nurse-patient interactions.

BACKGROUND: With an ageing population and changes to the UK process of commissioning health-care services, it is important that the role of the community palliative care clinical nurse specialist (CPC-CNS) is better understood. AIM: This study aimed to describe CPC-CNS activities during interactions with patients. METHODS: Four CPC-CNSs were observed and audio-recorded during interactions with 34 patients. The data was assessed qualitatively using thematic analysis. RESULTS: An enormous breadth of activities were observed, within a framework of assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation. Cross-cutting themes were real-time decision making, leadership, ability to respond to and coordinate complex and varied situations, and communication techniques. Data saturation was not achieved. CONCLUSION: CPC-CNSs provide multifaceted care, requiring wide-ranging knowledge to enable them to act as liaison points in a complex health service, respond independently to the fluctuating needs of patients, and provide effective advance care planning, particularly to those with advanced disease, multi-morbidity, and frailty.

'It's not meant to be for life, but it carries on': a qualitative investigation into the psychosocial needs of young retinoblastoma survivors.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare childhood eye cancer, with 45% of individuals impacted by heritable disease and the remainder impacted non-heritably. The condition can leave survivors with life-long psychological and social challenges. This qualitative study examined the psychosocial needs of teenagers and young adults living beyond Rb. SETTING: A qualitative, exploratory study was conducted using focus groups with teenagers and interviews with young adults. Participants were recruited via the Childhood Eye Cancer Trust and the two national Rb treatment centres in the UK. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse data using exploratory and inductive methods. PARTICIPANTS: 32 young survivors of Rb (10 heritable, 21 non-heritable, 1 unknown; 23 unilateral, 9 bilateral) aged between 13 and 29 years (12 male, 20 female). RESULTS: Data were rich and spanned the life course: three key themes were generated, containing eight subthemes. Theme 1 describes participants' experiences of childhood and trauma, including survivor guilt, memories from treatment and impact on personality. Theme 2 focuses on the challenges of adolescence, including the psychological impact of Rb, the impact on identity, and the sense of normality and adaptation to late effects. The third theme considered adulthood and the development of acceptance, a state of being widely considered unachievable during childhood, as well as the 'work' needed to feel supported, including seeking out information, peer support and therapeutic strategies. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides in-depth insight into the experiences of life beyond Rb. Findings highlight the need for specific psychosocial interventions informed by codesign.

Information preferences of patients with chronic blood cancer: A qualitative investigation.

BACKGROUND: Haematological malignancies (blood cancers) often follow chronic trajectories that can span many months or years. Management of these diseases typically involves periods of 'Watch & Wait', whereby patients are monitored by the hospital and only treated at progression, if or when this occurs, which might be never or on multiple occasions. Such remitting-relapsing pathways are unpredictable and can cause anxiety and distress. This study aimed to generate evidence about information preferences, with a view to underpinning future patient-facing resources; potentially mitigating psycho-social difficulties and promoting effective shared decision-making. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted, set within a UK population-based cohort of patients with haematological malignancies. Sampling was purposive, based on age (initially around the median age of diagnosis) and disease subtype (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma and myeloma); and in-depth interviews took place with 35 patients (10 with relatives). Analysis drew on qualitative description and thematic content analysis and included critical reading and annotation of transcripts, identification of common and rare phenomena, generation of codes and coding of material, and theme development. RESULTS: Patients discussed their preferences and experiences at length and rich data were generated from diagnosis onwards, across diagnostic subtypes. The overarching theme identified was 'Variations in preferences' with needs seen to differ from person to person; as well as changing over time for individuals. Five sub-themes were identified: 1) To know or not to know? 2) Needs are dynamic; 3) The polarising issue of prognosis; 4) Preferred sources; and 5) Differences in content, depth and presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Varied, dynamic information preferences indicate that resources should be developed in a way that provides maximum choice, enabling patients to select relevant material at different time-points on their trajectory. The development of blood cancer subtype-specific "real-world clinical scenarios" could improve patient experiences and inform shared decision-making.

Lymphoid blood cancers, incidence and survival 2005-2023: A report from the UK's Haematological Malignancy Research Network.

BACKGROUND: Population-based information on cancer incidence and outcome are required to inform clinical practice and research; but contemporary data are lacking for many lymphoid cancer subtypes. METHODS: Set within a socio-demographically representative UK population of ∼4 million, data are from an established UK patient cohort (N = 22,414 diagnoses). Information on incidence (crude and age-standardised) and survival (overall and net) is presented for > 40 subtypes. RESULTS: The median diagnostic age was 69.9 years (interquartile range 59.1-78.3), but unlike many other cancers, lymphoid malignancies can be diagnosed at any age; different subtypes dominating at different ages. Males were more likely to be diagnosed than females (age-standardised sex rate ratio: 1.55 (95% Confidence Interval: 1.50,1.59)), and most subtypes had a male predominance, some more than three-fold (e.g. Burkitt lymphoma 3.26 (2.42, 4.40)). Five-year net survival estimates varied hugely, ranging from 97.4% (95% CI: 56.5, 99.9) in patients with hairy cell leukaemia to 31.6% (95% CI: 2.5, 69.8) in those with T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia. No significant sex difference in survival were observed for the majority of diagnoses; one exception being classical Hodgkin lymphoma, where males had a higher mortality (Excess Mortality Ratio: 1.44 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.87)). An improvement in survival over time was observed for some, but not all, of the major diagnostic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Marked incidence and survival variations by subtype, sex and age confirm the heterogeneity of lymphoid neoplasms and highlight the importance of accurately characterising disease entities. Despite recent improvements, routine cancer registration of lymphoid neoplasms remains challenging and new issues continue to emerge; including the lack of an international consensus on classification and the recording of progressions and transformations. Furthermore, the increasing need for additional molecular and genomic information required for accurate classification is likely to impact negatively on the quality of cancer registration data, especially in low income countries.

Place of death in haematological malignancy: variations by disease sub-type and time from diagnosis to death.

BACKGROUND: The reasons patients with haematological malignancies die in hospital more often than those with other cancers is the subject of much speculation. We examined variations in place of death by disease sub-type and time from diagnosis to death, to identify groups of 'at-risk' patients. METHODS: The study is based in the United Kingdom within the infrastructure of the Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN), a large on-going population-based cohort including all patients newly diagnosed with haematological malignancies in the north of England. Diagnostic, demographic, prognostic, treatment and outcome data are collected for each patient and individuals are 'flagged' for death. This study includes all adults (≥18 years) diagnosed 1st September 2004 to 31st August 2010 (n = 10,325), focussing on those who died on/before 31st August 2012 (n = 4829). RESULTS: Most deaths occurred in hospital (65.9%), followed by home (15.6%), nursing home (11%) and hospice (7.5%) and there was little variation by diagnostic sub-type overall. Differences in place of death were, however, observed by time from diagnosis to death, and this was closely related to sub-type; 87.7% of deaths within a month of diagnosis happened in hospital and these largely occurred in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and myeloma. Patients surviving longer, and particularly beyond 1 year, were less likely to die in hospital and this corresponded with an increase in the proportion of home deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Time from diagnosis to death was clearly a major determinant of place of death and many patients that died within three months of diagnosis did so in hospital. This was closely related to disease sub-type, with early deaths occurring most notable in the more aggressive diseases. This is likely to be due to a combination of factors including acute presentation, rapid disease progression without transition to a palliative approach to care and complications of treatment. Nonetheless, hospital deaths also occurred frequently in indolent diseases, suggesting that other factors were likely to contribute to the large proportion of hospital deaths overall. More evidence is needed to fully understand these complex cancers.

Chronic myeloid leukaemia: A qualitative interview study exploring disease impact from patient and practitioner perspectives.

PURPOSE: Improvements in chronic myeloid leukaemia treatment mean it is now relevant to examine the experiences of living with this cancer over a lifetime. This qualitative study aimed to investigate the impact of chronic myeloid leukaemia, from patient and healthcare practitioner perspectives. METHODS: The research was set within the UK's Haematological Malignancy Research Network; a population-based cohort of patients newly diagnosed with blood cancer, treated at one of fourteen hospitals. Purposive sampling led to interviews with seventeen patients and thirteen health care practitioners. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Two analytical themes, "Significant impact of disease and treatment" and "Mediators of the impact of disease and treatment", and six sub-themes, were derived from patient interviews and supported with data from practitioners. Chronic myeloid leukaemia was described by patients as having significant widespread impact, which could be mediated by their knowledge, social support, and the quality of healthcare systems. Practitioners reflected patient accounts, but could underestimate the impact of this cancer. They generally viewed chronic myeloid leukaemia as less complex, severe and impactful than acute blood cancers; a message that reassured patients at diagnosis, but could later unintentionally contribute to difficulties discussing side effects and struggles to cope. CONCLUSION: Chronic myeloid leukaemia may significantly impact individuals, particularly as it is experienced over the lifetime. Greater understanding and discussion of the breadth and extent to which patients are affected, including potential mediators, could enhance clinical care.

Experiences and preferences for psychosocial support: a qualitative study exploring the views of patients with chronic haematological cancers.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with chronic haematological cancers are often treated on a relapsing-remitting pathway, which may extend for many years. Such diagnoses are associated with uncertainties that often cause anxiety and distress, meaning patients (and families) are susceptible to potentially prolonged emotional difficulties, across the cancer journey. Experiences and preferences regarding psychosocial needs and support over time are relatively unexplored, which this study aimed to address. SETTING AND DESIGN: Set within the UK's Haematological Malignancy Research Network (an ongoing population-based cohort that generates evidence to underpin improved clinical practice) a qualitative, exploratory study was conducted, using semistructured interviews. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to assess the interview data via an exploratory, inductive approach, underpinned by the research questions. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-five patients were included with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma or myeloma; 10 of whom were interviewed alongside a relative. RESULTS: Five themes were identified from the data: (1) accessing support, (2) individual coping behaviour affecting support preferences, (3) divergent and fluctuating thoughts on patient support forums, (4) the role, influence and needs of family and friends and (5) other sources of support and outstanding needs. Findings suggest that patients' individual attitudes towards support varied over time. This also influenced whether support was perceived to be available, and if it was then used. CONCLUSION: This study highlighted the variation in preferences towards psychosocial support among patients with chronic haematological cancers. As patients can live for many years with significant emotional difficulties, they may benefit from frequent monitoring of their psychosocial well-being, as well as signposting to holistic support, if this is needed.

Cohort profile: the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study (UKCCS) - a UK-wide population-based study examining the health of cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study's (UKCCS's) matched cohort was established to examine the longer term morbidity and mortality of individuals previously diagnosed with cancer before 15 years of age, comparing future healthcare patterns in 5-year cancer survivors to baseline activity seen in age- and sex-matched individuals from the general population. PARTICIPANTS: Predicated on a national childhood cancer case-control study conducted in the early 1990s (4430 cases, 9753 controls) in England, Scotland and Wales, the case population comprises 3125 cancer survivors (>5 years), and the control population 7156 age- and sex-matched individuals from the general population who did not have cancer as a child. Participants are now being followed up via linkage to national administrative healthcare databases (deaths, cancers and secondary care hospital activity). FINDINGS TO DATE: Enabling the creation of cohorts with minimal selection bias and loss to follow-up, the original case-control study registered all newly diagnosed cases of childhood cancer and their corresponding controls, regardless of their family's participation. Early findings based on the registered case population found marked survival variations with age and sex across subtypes and differences with deprivation among acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) survivors. More recently, comparing the health-activity patterns of the case and control populations revealed that survivors of childhood ALL experienced excess outpatient and inpatient activity across their teenage/young adult years. Adding to increased risks of cancer and death and involving most clinical specialties, excesses were not related to routine follow-up monitoring and showed no signs of diminishing over time. FUTURE PLANS: With annual linkage updates, the UKCCS's maturing population-based matched cohorts provide the foundation for tracking the health of individuals through their lifetime. Comparing the experience of childhood cancer survivors to that of unaffected general-population counterparts, this will include examining subsequent morbidity and mortality, secondary care hospital activity and the impact of deprivation on longer term outcomes.

Patient perspectives of 'Watch and Wait' for chronic haematological cancers: Findings from a qualitative study.

PURPOSE: Chronic blood cancers are incurable, and characterised by unpredictable, remitting-relapsing pathways. Management often involves periods of observation prior to treatment (if required), and post-treatment, in an approach known as 'Watch and Wait'. This study aimed to explore patient experiences of 'Watch and Wait'. METHODS: In-depth interviews with 35 patients (10 accompanied by relatives) with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma or myeloma. Data were analysed using descriptive qualitative techniques. RESULTS: Patient views of Watch and Wait ranged along a continuum, from immediate acceptance, to concern about treatment deferral. Significant ongoing anxiety and distress were described by some, due to the uncertain pathways associated with Watch and Wait. Infrequent contact with clinical staff was said to exacerbate this, as there was limited opportunity to ask questions and seek reassurance. Patients indicated that the impact of their malignancy could be underestimated by clinicians; possibly due to them comparing chronic and acute subtypes. Most patients lacked knowledge of blood cancers. Support from clinicians was considered greater among treated patients, possibly due to increased contact, and many drew on relatives for aid. Most patients were satisfied with their time-allocation with haematology staff, although experiences could be improved by greater access to clinical nurse specialists, counselling services, and community-based facilities. CONCLUSION: Experiences varied. Anxiety about unpredictable futures could be more distressing than any physical symptoms and have a greater impact on quality of life. Ongoing assessment could facilitate identification of difficulties, and is particularly important among individuals without supportive networks.

An Economic Model to Establish the Costs Associated With Routes to Presentation for Patients With Multiple Myeloma in the United Kingdom.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with myeloma often face significant diagnostic delay, with up to one-third of UK patients diagnosed after an emergency presentation (EP). Compared with other routes, patients presenting as an emergency have more advanced disease, increased complications, and poorer prognosis. METHODS: An economic model was developed using a decision-tree framework and lifetime time horizon to estimate costs related to different presentation routes (EP, general practitioner [GP] 2-week wait, GP urgent, GP routine, and consultant to consultant) for UK patients diagnosed as having myeloma. After diagnosis, patients received one of 3 first-line management options (observation, active treatment, or end-of-life care). Inputs were derived from UK health technology assessments and targeted literature reviews, or based on authors' clinical experience where data were unavailable. Active treatment, complication, and end-of-life care costs were included. RESULTS: The average per-patient cost of treating myeloma (across all routes) was estimated at £146 261. The average per-patient cost associated with EP (£152 677) was the highest; differences were minimal compared with GP 2-week wait (£149 631) and consultant to consultant (£147 237). GP urgent (£140 025) and GP routine (£130 212) were associated with marginally lower costs. Complication (£42 252) and end-of-life care (£11 273) costs were numerically higher for EP than other routes (£25 021-£38 170 and £9772-£10 458, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: An economic benefit may be associated with earlier diagnosis, gained via reduced complication and end-of-life care costs. Strategies to expedite myeloma diagnosis and minimize EPs have the potential to improve patient outcomes and may result in long-term savings that could offset any upfront costs associated with their implementation.

Treatment decision making (TDM): a qualitative study exploring the perspectives of patients with chronic haematological cancers.

OBJECTIVES: Haematological malignancies are the fifth most common cancer in the UK, with chronic subtypes comprising around a third of all new diagnoses. These complex diseases have some similarities with other cancers, but often require different management. Surgical resection is not possible, and while some are curable with intensive chemotherapy, most indolent subtypes are managed with non-aggressive intermittent or continuous treatment, often over many years. Little is known about the views of patients with chronic haematological cancers regarding treatment decision making (TDM), a deficit our study aimed to address. SETTING AND DESIGN: Set within the Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN: www.hmrn.org), an ongoing population-based cohort that provides infrastructure to support evidence-based research, HMRN data were augmented by qualitative information from in-depth interviews. Data were analysed for thematic content, combining inductive and deductive approaches. Interpretation involved seeking meaning, salience and connections within data. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-five patients with four chronic subtypes: chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and myeloma. Ten relatives were present and contributed to varying extents. RESULTS: Five themes were discerned: (1) Preference for clinician recommendations; (2) Factors implicated in patient involvement in TDM; (3) Perceptions of proactive/non-proactive approaches to TDM; (4) Experiences of TDM at various points in the disease trajectory; (5) Support from others. Our principal finding relates to a strong preference among interviewees for treatment recommendations from haematologists, based on trust in their expertise and perceptions of empathetic patient-clinician relationships. CONCLUSION: Interviewees wanted to be involved in TDM to varying extents, contingent on complex, inter-related factors, that are dynamic and subject to change according to differing clinical and personal contexts. Patients may benefit from clinicians assessing their shifting preferences for involvement on multiple occasions. Strong preferences for acceptance of recommendations was associated with cancer complexity, trust in clinician expertise and positive perceptions of patient-clinician relationships.

Excess morbidity and mortality among survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: 25 years of follow-up from the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study (UKCCS) population-based matched cohort.

OBJECTIVES: To examine morbidity and mortality among teenagers and young adults (TYAs) previously diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in childhood, and compare to the general TYA population. DESIGN: National population-based sex-matched and age-matched case-control study converted into a matched cohort, with follow-up linkage to administrative healthcare databases. SETTING: The study population comprised all children (0-14 years) registered for primary care with the National Health Service (NHS) in England 1992-1996. PARTICIPANTS: 1082 5-year survivors of ALL diagnosed<15 years of age (1992-1996) and 2018 unaffected individuals; followed up to 15 March 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Associations with hospital activity, cancer and mortality were assessed using incidence rate ratios (IRR) and differences. RESULTS: Mortality in the 5-year ALL survivor cohort was 20 times higher than in the comparison cohort (rate ratio 21.3, 95% CI 11.2 to 45.6), and cancer incidence 10 times higher (IRR 9.9 95% CI 4.1 to 29.1). Hospital activity was increased for many clinical specialties, the strongest associations being for endocrinology; outpatient IRR 36.7, 95% CI 17.3 to 93.4 and inpatient 19.7, 95% CI 7.9 to 63.2 for males, and 11.0, 95% CI 6.2 to 21.1 and 6.2 95% CI 3.1 to 13.5, respectively, for females. Notable excesses were also evident for cardiology, neurology, ophthalmology, respiratory medicine and general medicine. Males were also more likely to attend gastroenterology; ear, nose and throat; urology; and dermatology, while females were more likely to be seen in plastic surgery and less likely in midwifery. CONCLUSIONS: Adding to excess risks of death and cancer, survivors of childhood ALL experience excess outpatient and inpatient activity across their TYA years, which is not related to routine follow-up monitoring. Involving most clinical specialties, associations are striking, showing no signs of diminishing over time. Recognising that all survivors are potentially at risk of late treatment-associated effects, our findings underscore the need to take prior ALL diagnosis into account when interpreting seemingly unrelated symptoms later in life.