RESUMO
Here, we present a new series of hydrazide-bearing class I selective HDAC inhibitors designed based on panobinostat. The cap, linker, and zinc-binding group were derivatized to improve HDAC affinity and antileukemia efficacy. Lead inhibitor 13a shows picomolar or low nanomolar IC50 values against HDAC1 and HDAC3 and exhibits differential toxicity profiles toward multiple cancer cells with different FLT3 and p53 statuses. 13a indirectly inhibits the FLT3 signaling pathway and down-regulates master antiapoptotic proteins, resulting in the activation of pro-caspase3 in wt-p53 FLT3-ITD MV4-11 cells. While in the wt-FLT3 and p53-null cells, 13a is incapable of causing apoptosis at a therapeutic concentration. The MDM2 antagonist and the proteasome inhibitor promote 13a-triggered apoptosis by preventing p53 degradation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that apoptosis rather than autophagy is the key contributing factor for 13a-triggered cell death. When compared to panobinostat, 13a is not mutagenic and displays superior in vivo bioavailability and a higher AUC0-inf value.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Panobinostat/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Tirosina Quinase 3 Semelhante a fms/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/uso terapêutico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Camundongos , Panobinostat/química , Panobinostat/uso terapêutico , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/antagonistas & inibidores , Tirosina Quinase 3 Semelhante a fms/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
In the past decade, although research and development of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as therapeutic agents have achieved great accomplishments, especially in oncology field, there is still an urgent need for the discovery of isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors considering the side effects caused by nonselective HDAC inhibitors. HDAC8, a unique class I zinc-dependent HDAC, is becoming a potential target in cancer and other diseases. In the current study, a novel series of N-hydroxy-3-sulfamoylbenzamide-based HDAC8 selective inhibitors (12a-12p) were designed and synthesized, among which compounds 12a, 12b and 12c exhibited potent HDAC8 inhibition with two-digit nanomolar IC50 values, and considerable selectivity over HDAC2 (>180-fold) and HDAC6 (â¼30-fold) which was confirmed by western blot analysis. It is worth noting that 12a, 12b and 12c displayed highly selective anti-proliferative activity to T-cell leukemia cell lines Jurkat, Molt-4 and neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-BE-(2). Such selective cytotoxicity was also observed in the well-known HDAC8 selective inhibitor PCI-34051 but not in the pan-HDAC inhibitors SAHA and PXD101, indicating that HDAC8 selective inhibitor should have preferable benefit-risk profile in comparison with pan-HDAC inhibitor. Finally, the HDAC8 selectivity of 12a, 12b and 12c was rationalized by molecular docking study.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Proteínas Repressoras/antagonistas & inibidores , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Benzamidas/síntese química , Benzamidas/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/síntese química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Previously, we designed and synthesized a series of o-aminobenzamide-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, among which the representative compound 11a exhibited potent inhibitory activity against class I HDACs. In this study, we report the development of more potent hydrazide-based class I selective HDAC inhibitors using 11a as a lead. Representative compound 13b showed a mixed, slow, and tight binding inhibition mechanism for HDAC1, 2, and 3. The most potent compound 13e exhibited low nanomolar IC50s toward HDAC1, 2, and 3 and could down-regulate HDAC6 in acute myeloid leukemia MV4-11 cells. The EC50 of 13e against MV4-11 cells was 34.7 nM, which is 26 times lower than its parent compound 11a. In vitro responses to 13e vary significantly and interestingly based on cell type: in p53 wild-type MV4-11 cells, 13e induced cell death via apoptosis and G1/S cell cycle arrest, which is likely mediated by a p53-dependent pathway, while in p53-null PC-3 cells, 13e caused G2/M arrest and inhibited cell proliferation without inducing caspase-3-dependent apoptosis.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Genes p53/genética , Histona Desacetilase 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/síntese química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Leucemia/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Antígenos CD13/antagonistas & inibidores , Caspase 3/efeitos dos fármacos , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Cinética , Masculino , Inibidores de Metaloproteinases de Matriz/síntese química , Inibidores de Metaloproteinases de Matriz/farmacologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Células PC-3 , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The acetylation status of lysine residues on histone proteins has long been attributed to a balance struck between the catalytic activity of histone acetyl transferases and histone deacetylases (HDAC). HDACs were identified as the sole removers of acetyl post-translational modifications (PTM) of histone lysine residues. Studies into the biological role of HDACs have also elucidated their role as removers of acetyl PTMs from lysine residues of nonhistone proteins. These findings, coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry studies that revealed the presence of acyl-group PTMs on lysine residues of nonhistone proteins, brought forth the possibility of HDACs acting as removers of both acyl- and acetyl-based PTMs. We posited that HDACs fulfill this dual role and sought to investigate their specificity. Utilizing a fluorescence-based assay and biologically relevant acyl-substrates, the selectivities of zinc-dependent HDACs toward these acyl-based PTMs were identified. These findings were further validated using cellular models and molecular biology techniques. As a proof of principal, an HDAC3 selective inhibitor was designed using HDAC3's substrate preference. This resulting inhibitor demonstrates nanomolar activity and >30 fold selectivity toward HDAC3 compared to the other class I HDACs. This inhibitor is capable of increasing p65 acetylation, attenuating NF-κB activation, and thereby preventing downstream nitric oxide signaling. Additionally, this selective HDAC3 inhibition allows for control of HMGB-1 secretion from activated macrophages without altering the acetylation status of histones or tubulin.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Zinco/química , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Esterases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína HMGB1/metabolismo , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Humanos , Lisina/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
Previously, we reported the discovery of a series of N-hydroxycinnamamide-based HDAC inhibitors, among which compound 11y exhibited high HDAC1/3 selectivity. In this current study, structural derivatization of 11y led to a new series of benzamide based HDAC inhibitors. Most of the compounds exhibited high HDACs inhibitory potency. Compound 11a (with 4-methoxybenzoyl as N-substituent in the cap and 4-(aminomethyl) benzoyl as the linker group) exhibited selectivity against HDAC1 to some extent, and showed potent antiproliferative activity against several tumor cell lines. In vivo studies revealed that compound 11a displayed potent oral antitumor activity in both hematological tumor cell U937 xenograft model and solid tumor cell HCT116 xenograft model with no obvious toxicity. Further modification of benzamide 3, 11a and 19 afforded new thienyl and phenyl compounds (50a, 50b, 63a, 63b and 63c) with dramatic HDAC1 and HDAC2 dual selectivity, and the fluorine containing compound 56, with moderate HDAC3 selectivity.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Benzamidas/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/uso terapêutico , Leucemia/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Benzamidas/química , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Células HCT116 , Histona Desacetilase 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Histona Desacetilase 1/metabolismo , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Humanos , Leucemia/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Nus , Reto/efeitos dos fármacos , Reto/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células U937RESUMO
One of the biggest hurdles yet to be overcome for the continued improvement of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is finding alternative motifs equipotent to the classic and ubiquitously used hydroxamic acid. The N-hydroxyl group of this motif is highly subject to sulfation/glucoronidation-based inactivation in humans; compounds containing this motif require much higher dosing in clinic to achieve therapeutic concentrations. With the goal of developing a second generation of HDAC inhibitors lacking this hydroxamate, we designed a series of potent and selective class I HDAC inhibitors using a hydrazide motif. These inhibitors are impervious to glucuronidation and demonstrate allosteric inhibition. In vitro and ex vivo characterization of our lead analogues' efficacy, selectivity, and toxicity profiles demonstrate that they possess low nanomolar activity against models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are at least 100-fold more selective for AML than solid immortalized cells such as HEK293 or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Hidrazonas/farmacologia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/síntese química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Humanos , Hidrazonas/síntese química , Hidrazonas/química , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
On the basis of the strategy of creating multifunctional drugs, a novel series of phenylsulfonylfuroxan-based hydroxamates with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory and nitric oxide (NO) donating activities were designed, synthesized, and evaluated. The most potent NO donor-HDAC inhibitor (HDACI) hybrid, 5c, exhibited a much greater in vitro antiproliferative activity against the human erythroleukemia (HEL) cell line than that of the approved drug SAHA (Vorinostat), and its antiproliferative activity was diminished by the NO scavenger hemoglobin in a dose-dependent manner. Further mechanism studies revealed that 5c strongly induced cellular apoptosis and G1 phase arrest in HEL cells. Animal experiment identified 5c as an orally active agent with potent antitumor activity in a HEL cell xenograft model. Interestingly, although compound 5c was remarkably HDAC6-selective at the molecular level, it exhibited pan-HDAC inhibition in a western blot assay, which is likely due to class I HDACs inhibition caused by NO release at the cellular level.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Doadores de Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Desenho de Fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Células HeLa/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/síntese química , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Doadores de Óxido Nítrico/síntese química , Doadores de Óxido Nítrico/química , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
In our previous study, we designed and synthesized a novel series of N-hydroxycinnamamide-based HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs), among which the representative compound 14a exhibited promising HDACs inhibition and antitumor activity. In this current study, we report the development of a more potent class of N-hydroxycinnamamide-based HDACIs, using 14a as lead, among which, compound 11r gave IC50 values of 11.8, 498.1, 3.9, 2000.8, 5700.4, 308.2, and 900.4 nM for the inhibition of HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC8, HDAC4, HDAC6, and HDAC11, exhibiting dual HDAC1/3 selectivity. Compounds 11e, 11r, 11w, and 11y showed excellent growth inhibition in multiple tumor cell lines. In vivo antitumor assay in U937 xenograft model identified compound 11r as a potent, orally active HDACI. To the best of our knowledge, this work constitutes the first report of oral active N-hydroxycinnamamide-based HDACIs with dual HDAC1/3 selectivity.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/síntese química , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas , Feminino , Células HeLa , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células U937 , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
In the present work, a series of small molecules were designed and synthesized based on structural optimization. A significant improvement in the enzyme inhibitory activity of these compounds was discovered. Moreover, the tested compounds have moderate preference for classâ I HDACs over HDAC6, as demonstrated by enzyme selectivity assays. In vitro antiproliferation assay results show that representative compounds can selectively inhibit the growth of non-solid lymphoma and leukemic cells such as U937, K562, and HL60. In the in vivo antitumor assay, (S)-4-(2-(5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)-2-phenylacetamido)-N-hydroxybenzamide (D17) showed better performance than SAHA in blocking U937 tumor growth. Western blot analysis revealed that representative molecules can block the function of both class I HDACs and HDAC6. More importantly, our western blot results reveal that the levels of some oncogenic proteins (p-Akt in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway, c-Raf and p-Erk in the MAPK signal pathway) were dramatically down-regulated by our compounds in the U937 cell line rather than MDA-MB-231 cells. This distinction in cellular mechanism might be an important reason why the U937 cell line was found to more sensitive to our HDAC inhibitors than the MDA-MB-231 cell line.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Células HL-60 , Células HeLa , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/síntese química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/síntese química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células U937RESUMO
Historically known for its role in blood coagulation and bone formation, vitamin K (VK) has begun to emerge as an important nutrient for brain function. While VK involvement in the brain has not been fully explored, it is well-known that oxidative stress plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases. It was recently reported that VK protects neurons and oligodendrocytes from oxidative injury and rescues Drosophila from mitochondrial defects associated with Parkinson's disease. In this study, we take a chemical approach to define the optimal and minimum pharmacophore responsible for the neuroprotective effects of VK. In doing so, we have developed a series of potent VK analogues with favorable drug characteristics that provide full protection at nanomolar concentrations in a well-defined model of neuronal oxidative stress. Additionally, we have characterized key cellular responses and biomarkers consistent with the compounds' ability to rescue cells from oxidative stress induced cell death.
Assuntos
Fármacos Neuroprotetores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Vitamina K/química , Vitamina K/farmacologia , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular , Primers do DNA , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are still the focus of epigenetic modulator development due to their effective intervention in many pathological processes. In our previous research, a potent HDACi was designed, synthesized and validated as a promising antitumor candidate named ZYJ-34c. Enlarged scale synthesis of ZYJ-34c for further detailed research was hindered by the occurrence of a by-product, which was identified as an isomer of ZYJ-34c by HRMS and 1H NMR. Subsequent synthesis route modification and optimization revealed that these two isomers were a pair of epimers and their absolute configurations could be directly determined by our optimized synthesis routes, through which each optically pure epimer could be stereoselectively synthesized, respectively. Based on these results, we concluded that our previously reported absolute configuration of ZYJ-34c was incorrect. It is worth noting that the epimer of ZYJ-34c exhibited more potent HDACs inhibition and both in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities, and moreover, their different HDACs inhibitory activities could be rationalized by computational simulations of their binding modes in HDAC2.
RESUMO
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of enzymes that play significant roles in numerous biological processes and diseases. HDACs are best known for their repressive influence on gene transcription through histone deacetylation. Mapping of nonhistone acetylated proteins and acetylation-modifying enzymes involved in various cellular pathways has shown protein acetylation/deacetylation also plays key roles in a variety of cellular processes including RNA splicing, nuclear transport, and cytoskeletal remodeling. Studies of HDACs have accelerated due to the availability of small molecule HDAC inhibitors, most of which contain a canonical hydroxamic acid or benzamide that chelates the metal catalytic site. To increase the pool of unique and novel HDAC inhibitor pharmacophores, a pharmacological active compound screen was performed. Several unique HDAC inhibitor pharmacophores were identified in vitro. One class of novel HDAC inhibitors, with a central naphthoquinone structure, displayed a selective inhibition profile against HDAC6. Here we present the results of a unique class of HDAC6 inhibitors identified using this compound library screen. In addition, we demonstrated that treatment of human acute myeloid leukemia cell line MV4-11 with the selective HDAC6 inhibitors decreases levels of mutant FLT-3 and constitutively active STAT5 and attenuates Erk phosphorylation, all of which are associated with the inhibitor's selective toxicity against leukemia.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Desacetilase 6 de Histona , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/síntese química , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/enzimologia , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/síntese químicaRESUMO
Encephalitozoon spp. are the primary microsporidial pathogens of humans and domesticated animals. In this experiment, we test the efficacy of four commercial antimicrobials against an Encephalitozoon sp. in an insect host by intra-hemocelic injection. All four antimicrobials, viz., thiabendazole, quinine, albendazole, and fumagillin, significantly reduced but did not eliminate microsporidia spore counts in the grasshopper host. Among these four drugs, thiabendazole was most effective in reducing the microsporidia spore level up to 90%, followed by quinine (70%), albendazole (62%), and fumagillin (59%). No control or quinine-treated animals died, whereas 45% of albendazole animals died. Despite the high mortality induced by albendazole, this drug significantly reduced spore counts, a result not seen in previous per os trials. Among the treatment groups, grasshoppers injected with thiabendazole lost a significant mass. Our study suggests that quinine and related alkaloids should be further examined for antimicrosporidial activity.