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Harnessing genetic diversity in major staple crops through the development of new breeding capabilities is essential to ensure food security1. Here we examined the genetic and phenotypic diversity of the A. E. Watkins landrace collection2 of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), a major global cereal, by whole-genome re-sequencing of 827 Watkins landraces and 208 modern cultivars and in-depth field evaluation spanning a decade. We found that modern cultivars are derived from two of the seven ancestral groups of wheat and maintain very long-range haplotype integrity. The remaining five groups represent untapped genetic sources, providing access to landrace-specific alleles and haplotypes for breeding. Linkage disequilibrium-based haplotypes and association genetics analyses link Watkins genomes to the thousands of identified high-resolution quantitative trait loci and significant marker-trait associations. Using these structured germplasm, genotyping and informatics resources, we revealed many Watkins-unique beneficial haplotypes that can confer superior traits in modern wheat. Furthermore, we assessed the phenotypic effects of 44,338 Watkins-unique haplotypes, introgressed from 143 prioritized quantitative trait loci in the context of modern cultivars, bridging the gap between landrace diversity and current breeding. This study establishes a framework for systematically utilizing genetic diversity in crop improvement to achieve sustainable food security.
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Variação Genética , Genoma de Planta , Haplótipos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Fenótipo , Melhoramento Vegetal , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Triticum , Triticum/genética , Haplótipos/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Desequilíbrio de Ligação/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Genoma de Planta/genética , Alelos , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Introgressão Genética , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
Genome analysis of individuals affected by retinitis pigmentosa (RP) identified two rare nucleotide substitutions at the same genomic location on chromosome 11 (g.61392563 [GRCh38]), 69 base pairs upstream of the start codon of the ciliopathy gene TMEM216 (c.-69G>A, c.-69G>T [GenBank: NM_001173991.3]), in individuals of South Asian and African ancestry, respectively. Genotypes included 71 homozygotes and 3 mixed heterozygotes in trans with a predicted loss-of-function allele. Haplotype analysis showed single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) common across families, suggesting ancestral alleles within the two distinct ethnic populations. Clinical phenotype analysis of 62 available individuals from 49 families indicated a similar clinical presentation with night blindness in the first decade and progressive peripheral field loss thereafter. No evident systemic ciliopathy features were noted. Functional characterization of these variants by luciferase reporter gene assay showed reduced promotor activity. Nanopore sequencing confirmed the lower transcription of the TMEM216 c.-69G>T allele in blood-derived RNA from a heterozygous carrier, and reduced expression was further recapitulated by qPCR, using both leukocytes-derived RNA of c.-69G>T homozygotes and total RNA from genome-edited hTERT-RPE1 cells carrying homozygous TMEM216 c.-69G>A. In conclusion, these variants explain a significant proportion of unsolved cases, specifically in individuals of African ancestry, suggesting that reduced TMEM216 expression might lead to abnormal ciliogenesis and photoreceptor degeneration.
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Maize cultivated for dry grain covers approximately 197 million hectares globally, securing its position as the second most widely grown crop worldwide after wheat. Although spermidine and biochar individually showed positive impacts on maize production in existing literature, their combined effects on maize growth, physiology, nutrient uptake remain unclear and require further in-depth investigation. That's why a pot experiment was conducted on maize with spermidine and potassium enriched biochar (KBC) as treatments in Multan, Pakistan, during the year 2022. Four levels of spermidine (0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45mM) and two levels of potassium KBC (0 and 0.50%) were applied in completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that 0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBC caused significant enhancement in maize shoot length (11.30%), shoot fresh weight (25.78%), shoot dry weight (17.45%), root length (27.95%), root fresh weight (26.80%), and root dry weight (20.86%) over control. A significant increase in maize chlorophyll a (50.00%), chlorophyll b (40.40%), total chlorophyll (47.00%), photosynthetic rate (34.91%), transpiration rate (6.51%), and stomatal conductance (15.99%) compared to control under 0.50%KBC validate the potential of 0.45 mM spermidine. An increase in N, P, and K concentration in the root and shoot while decrease in electrolyte leakage and antioxidants also confirmed that the 0.45 mM spermidine performed more effectively with 0.50%KBC. In conclusion, 0.45 mM spermidine with 0.50%KBC is recommended for enhancing maize growth.
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Potássio , Zea mays , Clorofila A , Espermidina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Salinity stress can significantly delay plant growth. It can disrupt water and nutrient uptake, reducing crop yields and poor plant health. The use of strigolactone can be an effective technique to overcome this issue. Strigolactone enhances plant growth by promoting root development and improvement in physiological attributes. The current pot study used strigolactone to amend chili under no salinity and salinity stress environments. There were four treatments, i.e., 0, 10µM strigolactone, 20µM strigolactone and 30µM strigolactone. All treatments were applied in four replications following a completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that 20µM strigolactone caused a significant increase in chili plant height (21.07%), dry weight (33.60%), fruit length (19.24%), fruit girth (35.37%), and fruit yield (60.74%) compared to control under salinity stress. Significant enhancement in chili chlorophyll a (18.65%), chlorophyll b (43.52%), and total chlorophyll (25.09%) under salinity stress validated the effectiveness of 20µM strigolactone application as treatment over control. Furthermore, improvement in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentration in leaves confirmed the efficient functioning of 20µM strigolactone compared to other concentrations under salinity stress. The study concluded that 20µM strigolactone is recommended for mitigating salinity stress in chili plants. Growers are advised to apply 20µM strigolactone to enhance their chili production under salinity stress.
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Capsicum , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis , Cânfora , Clorofila A , Lactonas , Mentol , Salinidade , Estresse SalinoRESUMO
AIMS: Tau is a key player in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other Tauopathies. Tau pathology in the brain directly correlates with neurodegeneration in AD. The recent identification of a rapid variant of AD demands an urgent need to uncover underlying mechanisms leading to differential progression in AD. Accordingly, we aimed to dissect the underlying differential mechanisms of toxicity associated with the Tau protein in AD subtypes and to find out subtype-dependent biomarkers and therapeutic targets. METHODS: To identify and characterise subtype-specific Tau-associated mechanisms of pathology, we performed comparative interactome mapping of Tau protein in classical AD (cAD) and rapidly progressive AD (rpAD) cases using co-immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometry data were extensively analysed using several bioinformatics approaches. RESULTS: The comparative interactome mapping of Tau protein revealed distinct and unique interactors (DPYSL4, ARHGEF2, TUBA4A and UQCRC2) in subtypes of AD. Interestingly, an analysis of the Tau-interacting proteins indicated enrichment of mitochondrial organisation processes, including negative regulation of mitochondrion organisation, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation involved in programmed cell death, regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion and necroptotic processes, specifically in the rpAD interactome. While, in cAD, the top enriched processes were related to oxidation-reduction process, transport and monocarboxylic acid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results provide a comprehensive map of Tau-interacting protein networks in a subtype-dependent manner and shed light on differential functions/pathways in AD subtypes. This comprehensive map of the Tau-interactome has provided subsets of disease-related proteins that can serve as novel biomarkers/biomarker panels and new drug targets.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Tauopatias , Humanos , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Tauopatias/patologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Biomarcadores , Fatores de Troca de Nucleotídeo Guanina Rho/metabolismoRESUMO
The increasing need for pharmaceutical agents that possess attributes such as safety, cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and absence of side effects has driven the advancement of nanomedicine research, which lies at the convergence of nanotechnology and medicine. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to synthesize non-toxic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using Gymnema sylvestre (G. sylvestre) and Cinnamon cassia (C. cassia) extracts. It also sought to develop and evaluate versatile nanomedicine formulations i.e. selenium nanoparticles of G. sylvestre and C. cassia (SeNPs), drug (lupeol) loaded SeNPs (DLSeNPs), drug-loaded and coated (PEG) SeNPs (DLCSeNPs) without side effects. METHODS: The SeNPs formulations were hydrothermally synthesized, loaded with lupeol to improve efficacy, coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for targeted delivery, and characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential analysis, size distribution analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hemolytic cytotoxicity, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydzayl (DPPH), total Reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) antioxidant assays, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and histological studies were used to estimate the acute anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized SeNPs. RESULTS: The final form of PEGylated and drug (lupeol)-loaded selenium nanoparticles (DLCSeNPs) exhibited an average particle size ranging from 100 to 500 nm as evidenced by SEM, and Zeta potential results. These nanoparticles demonstrated no cytotoxic effects and displayed remarkable antioxidant (IC50 values 19.29) and anti-inflammatory capabilities. These results were fed into Graph-pad Prism 5 software and analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.001). All nano-formulations exhibited significant overall antioxidant activity, with IC50 values ≤ 386 (p < 0.05) as analyzed by ANOVA. The study's results suggest that G. sylvestre outperformed C. cassia in terms of reducing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical, potassium ferricyanide, and ammonium molybdate in respective antioxidant assays. As far as anti-inflammatory activities are concerned drug (lupeol)-loaded and PEG-coated G. sylvestre SeNPs exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory potential from all other nano-formulations including drug (lupeol)-loaded and PEG-coated C. cassia SeNPs, as exhibited to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory signals i.e. cytokines and NF-kB, making them innovative anti-inflammatory nanomedicine. CONCLUSION: The study synthesized lupeol-loaded and PEG-coated SeNPs, showcasing the potential for biocompatible, cost-effective anti-inflammatory nanomedicines. G. Sylvester's superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory performance than Cinnamon cassia emphasizes medicinal plant versatility.
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Anti-Inflamatórios , Antioxidantes , Gymnema sylvestre , Nanopartículas , Extratos Vegetais , Selênio , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Selênio/química , Selênio/farmacologia , Animais , Nanopartículas/química , Gymnema sylvestre/química , Ratos , Nanomedicina , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Humanos , Cinnamomum zeylanicum/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Tamanho da Partícula , Masculino , Difração de Raios X , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a highly infectious viral disease that impacts birds globally, especially domestic poultry. NDV is a type of avian paramyxovirus which poses a major threat to the poultry industry due to its ability to inflict significant economic damage. The membrane protein, Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN) of NDV is an attractive therapeutic candidate. It contributes to pathogenicity through various functions, such as promoting fusion and preventing viral self-agglutination, which allows for viral spread. In this study, we used pharmacophore modeling to identify natural molecules that can inhibit the HN protein of NDV. Physicochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analysis were determined to elucidate structural information and phylogeny of target protein across different species as well as members of the virus family. For structural analysis, the missing residues of HN target protein were filled and the structure was evaluated by PROCHECK and VERIFY 3D. Moreover, shape and feature-based pharmacophore model was employed to screen natural compounds' library through numerous scoring schemes. Top 48 hits with 0.8860 pharmacophore fit score were subjected towards structure-based molecular docking. Top 9 compounds were observed witihin the range of -8.9 to -7.5 kcal/mol binding score. Five best-fitting compounds in complex with HN receptor were subjected to predict biological activity and further analysis. Top two hits were selected for MD simulations to validate binding modes and structural stability. Finally, upon scrutinization, A1 (ZINC05223166) emerges as potential HN inhibitor to treat NDV, necessitating further validation via clinical trials.
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INTRODUCTION: Risk factors for developing osteoradionecrosis (ORN) are well known, but less is known about factors influencing the interval between radiotherapy and the onset of ORN. Also, it is unknown whether there is any specific period post-radiotherapy with a reduced probability of ORN when irradiated teeth require extraction. PURPOSE: The primary aim of this study was to identify factors influencing the interval in developing ORN in the following subgroups of patients: (1) patients who spontaneously developed ORN, (2) surgical-intervention-related ORN with a particular focus on patients after mandibulectomy. The secondary aim was to attempt to identify a possible time for safer dental intervention after primary treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively analysed 1608 head and neck cancer (HNC) patients treated in a single centre. Time intervals were measured from the end of radiotherapy to the development of ORN and further analysed in the subgroups listed above. RESULTS: In all, 141 patients (8.8%) developed intra-oral ORN. Median time from radiotherapy to ORN development in the whole cohort was 9 months. Median interval for spontaneous ORN was 8 months, 6.5 months for intervention-related ORN, and 15 months for patients post-mandibulectomy. In patients who required dental extraction preradiotherapy, median interval of ORN onset was 5 months. CONCLUSION: In our study, a slightly higher proportion of patients with intervention developed ORN earlier in comparison with spontaneous ORN. The period from 12-18 months after radiotherapy was identified as having the highest probability of developing ORN in patients after mandibulectomy. A time for safer dental intervention after primary treatment was not identified.
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BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BLCA) poses a significant global health challenge due to its high incidence, poor prognosis, and limited treatment options. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the association between two specific polymorphisms, CYP1A2-163 C/A and CYP1A2-3860G/A, within the Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) gene and susceptibility to BLCA. METHODS: The study employed a case-control design, genotyping 340 individuals using Polymerase Chain Reaction-High-Resolution Melting Curve (PCR-HRM). Various genetic models were applied to evaluate allele and genotype frequencies. Genetic linkage analysis was facilitated using R packages. RESULTS: The study reveals a significant association with the - 163 C/A allele, particularly in the additive model. Odds ratio (OR) analysis links CYP1A2-163 C/A (rs762551) and CYP1A2-3860G/A(rs2069514) polymorphisms to BLCA susceptibility. The rs762551 C/A genotype is prevalent in 55% of BLCA cases and exhibits an OR of 2.21. The A/A genotype has an OR of 1.54. Regarding CYP1A2-3860G/A, the G/A genotype has an OR of 1.54, and the A/A genotype has an OR of 2.08. Haplotype analysis shows a predominant C-C haplotype at 38.2%, followed by a C-A haplotype at 54.7%, and a less frequent A-A haplotype at 7.1%. This study underscores associations between CYP1A2 gene variants, particularly rs762551 (CYP1A2-163 C/A), and an increased susceptibility to BLCA. Haplotype analysis of 340 individuals reveals a predominant C-C haplotype at 38.2%, followed by a C-A haplotype at 54.7%, and a less frequent A-A haplotype at 7.1%. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the - 163 C/A allele, C/A genotype of rs762551, and G/A genotype of rs2069514 emerge as potential genetic markers associated with elevated BLCA risk.
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Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2 , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/genética , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Genótipo , Frequência do Gene , Alelos , Haplótipos , Adulto , Razão de Chances , Estudos de Associação GenéticaRESUMO
KEY MESSAGE: Different kinship and resistance to cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) and heat were found between upland cotton cultivars from China and Pakistan. 175 SNPs and 82 InDels loci related to yield, fiber quality, CLCuD, and heat resistance were identified. Elite alleles found in Pakistani accessions aided local adaptation to climatic condition of two countries. Adaptation of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) beyond its center of origin is expected to be driven by tailoring of the genome and genes to enhance yield and quality in new ecological niches. Here, resequencing of 456 upland cotton accessions revealed two distinct kinships according to the associated country. Fiber quality and lint percentage were consistent across kinships, but resistance to cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) and heat was distinctly exhibited by accessions from Pakistan, illustrating highly local adaption. A total of 175 SNP and 82 InDel loci related to yield, fiber quality, CLCuD and heat resistance were identified; among them, only two overlapped between Pakistani and Chinese accessions underscoring the divergent domestication and improvement targets in each country. Loci associated with resistance alleles to leaf curl disease and high temperature were largely found in Pakistani accessions to counter these stresses prevalent in Pakistan. These results revealed that breeding activities led to the accumulation of unique alleles and helped upland cotton become adapted to the respective climatic conditions, which will contribute to elucidating the genetic mechanisms that underlie resilience traits and help develop climate-resilient cotton cultivars for use worldwide.
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Gossypium , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Gossypium/genética , Paquistão , China , Resistência à Doença/genética , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Mutação INDEL , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Genoma de Planta , Alelos , Melhoramento Vegetal , Fibra de Algodão , FenótipoRESUMO
KEY MESSAGE: We developed an array of Zea-Tripsacum tri-hybrid allopolyploids with multiple ploidies. We unveiled that changes in genome dosage due to the chromosomes pyramiding and shuffling of three species effects karyotypic heterogeneity, reproductive diversity, and phenotypic variation in Zea-Tripsacum allopolyploids. Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication, has played a major role in evolution and speciation. The genomic consequences of polyploidy have been extensively studied in many plants; however, the extent of chromosomal variation, genome dosage, phenotypic diversity, and heterosis in allopolyploids derived from multiple species remains largely unknown. To address this question, we synthesized an allohexaploid involving Zea mays, Tripsacum dactyloides, and Z. perennis by chromosomal pyramiding. Subsequently, an allooctoploid and an allopentaploid were obtained by hybridization of the allohexaploid with Z. perennis. Moreover, we constructed three populations with different ploidy by chromosomal shuffling (allopentaploid × Z. perennis, allohexaploid × Z. perennis, and allooctoploid × Z. perennis). We have observed 3 types of sexual reproductive modes and 2 types of asexual reproduction modes in the tri-species hybrids, including 2n gamete fusion (2n + n), haploid gamete fusion (n + n), polyspermy fertilization (n + n + n) or 2n gamete fusion (n + 2n), haploid gametophyte apomixis, and asexual reproduction. The tri-hybrids library presents extremely rich karyotype heterogeneity. Chromosomal compensation appears to exist between maize and Z. perennis. A rise in the ploidy of the trihybrids was linked to a higher frequency of chromosomal translocation. Variation in the degree of phenotypic diversity observed in different segregating populations suggested that genome dosage effects phenotypic manifestation. These findings not only broaden our understanding of the mechanisms of polyploid formation and reproductive diversity but also provide a novel insight into genome pyramiding and shuffling driven genome dosage effects and phenotypic diversity.
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Poaceae , Zea mays , Zea mays/genética , Cariótipo , Haploidia , Poliploidia , Variação Biológica da PopulaçãoRESUMO
Cancer remains a significant global public health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Oxidative stress, characterized by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells, plays a critical role in the development of cancer by affecting genomic stability and signaling pathways within the cellular microenvironment. Elevated levels of ROS disrupt cellular homeostasis and contribute to the loss of normal cellular functions, which are associated with the initiation and progression of various types of cancer. In this review, we have focused on elucidating the downstream signaling pathways that are influenced by oxidative stress and contribute to carcinogenesis. These pathways include p53, Keap1-NRF2, RB1, p21, APC, tumor suppressor genes, and cell type transitions. Dysregulation of these pathways can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, impaired DNA repair mechanisms, and evasion of cell death, all of which are hallmark features of cancer development. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting oxidative stress have emerged as a critical area of investigation for molecular biologists. The objective is to limit the response time of various types of cancer, including liver, breast, prostate, ovarian, and lung cancers. By modulating the redox balance and restoring cellular homeostasis, it may be possible to mitigate the damaging effects of oxidative stress and enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments. The development of targeted therapies and interventions that specifically address the impact of oxidative stress on cancer initiation and progression holds great promise in improving patient outcomes. These approaches may include antioxidant-based treatments, redox-modulating agents, and interventions that restore normal cellular function and signaling pathways affected by oxidative stress. In summary, understanding the role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis and targeting this process through therapeutic interventions are of utmost importance in combating various types of cancer. Further research is needed to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying oxidative stress-related pathways and to develop effective strategies that can be translated into clinical applications for the management and treatment of cancer. Video Abstract.
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Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2 , Neoplasias , Humanos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Proteína 1 Associada a ECH Semelhante a Kelch/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Transdução de Sinais , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Carcinogênese , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Co-morbidity with respiratory viruses including influenza A, cause varying degree of morbidity especially in TB patients compared to general population. This study estimates the risk factors associated with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 in TB patients with ILI. METHODS: A cohort of tuberculosis (TB) patients who were admitted to and enrolled in a TB Directly Observed Therapy Program (DOTs) in tertiary care hospitals of Lahore (Mayo Hospital and Infectious Disease Hospital) were followed for 12 weeks. At the start of study period, to record influenza-like illness (ILI), a symptom card was provided to all the participants. Every participant was contacted once a week, in person. When the symptoms were reported by the participant, a throat swab was taken for the detection of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. A nested case control study was conducted and TB patients with ILI diagnosed with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 by conventional RT-PCR were selected as cases, while those who tested negative by conventional RT-PCR were enrolled as controls. All cases and controls in the study were interviewed face-to-face in the local language. Epidemiological data about potential risk factors were collected on a predesigned questionnaire. Logistic analysis was conducted to identify associated risk factors in TB patients with ILI. RESULTS: From the main cohort of TB patients (n = 152) who were followed during the study period, 59 (39%) developed ILI symptoms; of them, 39 tested positive for influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, while 20 were detected negative for influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. In univariable analysis, four factors were identified as risk factors (p < 0.05). The final multivariable model identified one risk factor (sharing of towels, P = 0.008)) and one protective factor (wearing a face mask, p = < 0.001)) for influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infection. CONCLUSION: The current study identified the risk factors of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infection among TB patients with ILI.
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Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Influenza Humana , Tuberculose , Humanos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Adulto , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/complicações , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , IdosoRESUMO
6-Deoxy-l-sorbose (6-DLS) is an imperative rare sugar employed in food, agriculture, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industeries. However, it is a synthetic and very expensive rare sugars, previously synthesized by chemo-enzymatic methods through a long chain of chemical processes. Recently, enzymatic synthesis of rare sugars has attracted a lot of attention due to its advantages over synthetic methods. In this work, a promising approach for the synthesis of 6-DLS from an inexpensive sugar l-fucose was identified. The genes for l-fucose isomerase from Paenibacillus rhizosphaerae (Pr-LFI) and genes for d-tagatose-3-epimerase from Caballeronia fortuita (Cf-DTE) have been used for cloning and co-expression in Escherichia coli, developed a recombinant plasmid harboring pANY1-Pr-LFI/Cf-DTE vector. The recombinant co-expression system exhibited an optimum activity at 50 °C of temperature and pH 6.5 in the presence of Co2+ metal ion which inflated the catalytic activity by 6.8 folds as compared to control group with no metal ions. The recombinant co-expressed system was stable up to more than 50 % relative activity after 12 h and revealed a melting temperature (Tm) of 63.38 °C exhibiting half-life of 13.17 h at 50 °C. The co-expression system exhibited, 4.93, 11.41 and 16.21 g/L of 6-DLS production from initial l-fucose concentration of 30, 70 and 100 g/L, which equates to conversion yield of 16.44 %, 16.30 % and 16.21 % respectively. Generally, this study offers a promising strategy for the biological production of 6-DLS from an inexpensive substrate l-fucose in slightly acidic conditions with the aid of co-expression system harboring Pr-LFI and CF-DTE genes.
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Aldose-Cetose Isomerases , Hexoses , Sorbose , Fucose , Racemases e Epimerases/genética , Aldose-Cetose Isomerases/genética , Aldose-Cetose Isomerases/química , Açúcares , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Proteínas Recombinantes/genéticaRESUMO
In our era, water pollution not only poses a serious threat to human, animal, and biotic life but also causes serious damage to infrastructure and the ecosystem. A set of physical, chemical, and biological technologies have been exploited to decontaminate and/or disinfect water pollutants, toxins, microbes, and contaminants, but none of these could be ranked as sustainable and scalable wastewater technology. The photocatalytic process can harmonize the sunlight to degrade certain toxins, chemicals, microbes, and antibiotics, present in water. For example, transition metal oxides (ZnO, SnO2, TiO2, etc.), when integrated into an organic framework of graphene or nitrides, can bring about more than 90% removal of dyes, microbial load, pesticides, and antibiotics. Similarly, a modified network of graphitic carbon nitride can completely decontaminate petrochemicals. The present review will primarily highlight the mechanistic aspects for the removal and/or degradation of highly concerned contaminants, factors affecting photocatalysis, engineering designs of photoreactors, and pros and cons of various wastewater treatment technologies already in practice. The photocatalytic reactor can be a more viable and sustainable wastewater treatment opportunity. We hope the researcher will find a handful of information regarding the advanced oxidation process accomplished via photocatalysis and the benefits associated with the photocatalytic-type degradation of water pollutants and contaminants.
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Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Águas Residuárias , Águas Residuárias/química , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Catálise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Purificação da Água/métodos , Fotólise , Processos FotoquímicosRESUMO
Bangladesh is currently experiencing significant infrastructural development in road networking system through the construction or reconstruction of multiple roads and highways. Consequently, there is a rise in traffic intensity on roads and highways, along with a significant contamination of adjacent agricultural soils with heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological risk, health risk and the abundance of seven heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr, As, and Ni) in three distance gradients (0, 300, and 500 m) of agricultural soil along the Dhaka-Chattogram highway. The concentration of heavy metals was measured with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) on a total of 36 soil samples that were taken from 12 different sampling sites. Based on the findings, Cd had a high contamination factor for all distance gradients, whereas Cr had a moderate contamination factor in 67% of the study areas. According to the Pollution Load Index (PLI), Cd, Cr, and Pb were the predominant pollutants. Principal component analysis (PCA) result shows these metals mainly came from anthropogenic sources. The considerable positive correlations between Cu-Pb, Cu-Cd, Pb-Cd, and Cr-Ni all pointed to shared anthropogenic origins. As per Potential Ecological Risk Assessment (PERI) analysis, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni each contribute significantly and pose a moderate threat. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values for all pathways of exposure to Pb and Cr in soils were more than 1, which would pose a significant risk to human health in the following order: THQadult female > THQadult male > THQchildren. This study will help to evaluate the human health risk and develop a better understanding of the heavy metal abundance scenario in the agricultural fields adjacent to this highway.
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Monitoramento Ambiental , Metais Pesados , Poluentes do Solo , Metais Pesados/análise , Bangladesh , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Humanos , Medição de Risco , Agricultura , Solo/química , Adulto , CriançaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study comprehensively evaluates the distribution patterns and antimicrobial resistance profiles of urinary pathogens in Preoperative midstream urine cultures collected from patients with urinary calculi in China over the last two decades. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of 41 studies was conducted. A systematic search across various databases, including Wanfang Data, CNKI, SinoMed, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science, was carried out, covering the time period from 2002 to 2022. Using R 4.2.1 software, a meta-analysis was performed to assess heterogeneity using Cochran's Q test and the I2 statistic. RESULTS: In the analysis of preoperative midstream urine cultures from Chinese patients with urinary calculi, gram-negative bacteria dominated at 69%, with Escherichia coli (43%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%), Proteus mirabilis (6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%), Acinetobacter baumannii (3%), and Enterobacter cloacae (4%) being prominent. Gram-positive organisms included Enterococcus faecalis (9%), Enterococcus faecium (5%), and Staphylococcus aureus (4%). Over time, proportions of Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus decreased, while Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased. Notably, Escherichia coli proportion reduced from 37 to 33% within the last two decades. Antimicrobial resistance analysis indicated declining resistance in E. coli (e.g., co-trimoxazole from 73 to 55%, gentamicin from 64 to 40%), but rising resistance in piperacillin and cefotaxime (34-60%). Enterococcus faecalis exhibited increasing resistance to ampicillin (5-69%), gentamicin (59-94%), and tetracycline (77-89%) over time, while resistance to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin notably decreased (72-16% and 49-8%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Over the past two decades, the proportion of gram-negative bacteria was declined, while the proportion of gram-positive bacteria increased. Escherichia coli remained the most common pathogen in the urine culture of patients with urinary calculi in China and the resistance of Escherichia coli to commonly used antibiotics increased. Clinicians should select appropriate antibiotics according to the results of urine culture and drug sensitivity test to reduce the occurrence of antibiotic resistance.
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Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Cálculos Urinários , Humanos , China/epidemiologia , Cálculos Urinários/microbiologia , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Transversais , Período Pré-Operatório , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , População do Leste AsiáticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents a multifaceted disorder characterized by intricate pathophysiological mechanisms, encompassing diminished insulin secretion, augmented hepatic glucose production, and heightened insulin resistance. This study aims to assess the sex (Male and Female only) and family history-based differences in the prevalence of T2DM and explore the determinants contributing to this disparity among clinical patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study encompassed a diverse pool of clinical patients, encompassing both individuals with diabetes and those without the condition, who had previously sought medical attention for clinical checkups at healthcare centers. The collected data included essential parameters such as blood pressure, weight, height, smoking habits, educational background, and physical activity levels. To ensure methodological rigor and data accuracy, blood pressure measurements adhered to the stringent guidelines set forth by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: Participants of the present study reported diabetes, among which notable findings emerged regarding health indicators. It was observed that the prevalence of high blood pressure, obesity, and high blood cholesterol exhibited a statistically significant increase among the female participants, underscoring the sex-based disparities in these health parameters. The male population aged 60 or older, the presence of a family history of DM accentuated this risk, resulting in a striking 3.1 times higher prevalence compared to females, who exhibited a 2.4 times higher risk (OR = 2.4, p = 0.0008). This intriguing relationship between diabetes and cholesterol levels was not limited to sex. Both male (OR = 2.47) and female (OR = 2.1) diabetes patients displayed highly significant associations with cholesterol levels. The risk of T2DM was significantly associated with triglycerides in both sexes (1.58 times higher in males, and 1.71 times higher in females). CONCLUSIONS: The significance of hypertension as a comorbidity in T2DM, highlighting sex-specific associations and the potential impact of a family history of diabetes on blood pressure. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering lipid profiles, obesity, and their sex-specific associations when assessing and managing diabetes risk. Comprehensive diabetes care should include strategies for lipid control, weight management, and cardiovascular risk reduction, tailored to the individual's sex and specific risk profile.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hipertensão , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Obesidade , Colesterol , LipídeosRESUMO
The increasing global utilization of biodegradable plastics due to stringent regulations on traditional plastics has caused a significant rise in microplastic (MPs) pollution in aquatic ecosystems from biodegradable products. However, the environmental behavior of biodegradable MPs remains inadequately elucidated. This study explored the aging processes of polylactic acid (PLA) and polystyrene (PS) under a heat-activated potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) system, as well as their adsorption characteristics towards tetracycline (TCs). In comparison to PS, the surface structure of PLA experienced more pronounced changes over aging, exhibiting evident pits, cracks, and fragmentation. The carbonyl index (CI) and oxygen/carbon ratio (O/C) of PS displayed exponential growth over time, whereas the values for PLA showed linear and exponential increases, respectively. The adsorption capacity of TCs by PS and PLA aged for 6 days increased from 0.312â¯mgâ§g-1 and 0.457â¯mgâ§g-1for original PS and PLA, respectively, to 0.372â¯mgâ§g-1 and 0.649â¯mgâ§g-1. Meanwhile, the adsorption rate (k2 values) for TCs decreased by 42.03â¯% for PS and 79.64â¯% for PLA compared to their initial values. The findings indicated that biodegradable PLA-MPs may exhibit higher tetracycline carrying capacities than PS, potentially increasing environmental and organismal risks, particularly in view of aging effects.
RESUMO
Co-creation is the active involvement of all stakeholders, including students, in educational design processes to improve the quality of education by embodying inclusivity, transparency and empowerment. Virtual co-creation has the potential to expand the utility of co-creation as an inclusive approach by overcoming challenges regarding the practicality and availability of stakeholders, typically experienced in face-to-face co-creation. Drawing from the literature and our experiences of virtual co-creation activities in different educational contexts, this twelve tips paper provides guidelines on how to effectively operationalize co-creation in a virtual setting. Our proposed three-phased approach (preparation, conduction, follow-up) might help those aiming to virtually co-create courses and programs by involving stakeholders beyond institutes and across borders.