COVID-19 impact on life expectancy in Mexico. An analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study.

BACKGROUND: Between 2020 and 2021, Mexico documented 2.21 million fatalities, out of which 25.3% were attributable to SARS-COV-2 infection. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate COVID-19 mortality during 2020-2021, determine its impact on national- and state-level life expectancy at birth, and in a group of selected countries of the region, as well as to analyze it according to sociodemographic profiles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study were used to report mortality, the impact on life expectancy and underlying causes between 2019 and 2021. These data were evaluated from the perspective of response to the pandemic and according to the sociodemographic structure based on a quadratic regression model. RESULTS: Between 2020 and 2021, 708,971 excess deaths were recorded, which decreased life expectancy at birth by 4.6 years; 76% of this reduction was attributed to COVID-19. The COVID-19 mortality rate was higher than expected according to the sociodemographic conditions of the states. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico and the countries of the region, the pandemic was devastating and generated regressions in life expectancy at birth, which varied from two to nine years. It is not clear why the effect was so different between countries and within Mexico.

ANTECEDENTES: Entre 2020 y 2021, México experimentó 2.21 millones de defunciones, de las cuales 25.3 % estuvo relacionado con infección por SARS-COV-2. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la mortalidad por COVID-19 en 2020-2021, determinar su influencia en la esperanza de vida al nacer a nivel nacional, estatal y en países seleccionados de la región, así como analizarla en función del perfil sociodemográfico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron datos del Global Burden of Disease 2021 para reportar la mortalidad, el impacto en la esperanza de vida y las causas subyacentes entre 2019 y 2021. Se usó una regresión cuadrática para evaluar la mortalidad en exceso como indicador de la respuesta de los estados a la pandemia, considerando su estructura sociodemográfica. RESULTADOS: Entre 2020 y 2021, se registraron 708 971 muertes en exceso, que disminuyeron la esperanza de vida al nacer en 4.6 años; 76 % de esta reducción se atribuyó a COVID-19. La tasa de mortalidad por COVID-19 fue superior a la esperada conforme a las condiciones sociodemográficas de las entidades. CONCLUSIONES: En México y los países de la región, la pandemia fue devastadora y generó regresiones en la esperanza de vida al nacer, que variaron de dos a nueve años. Se requiere más investigación para entender las variaciones en sus efectos.

Wideband radiofrequency pulse sequence for evaluation of myocardial scar in patients with cardiac implantable devices.

Background: Cardiac magnetic resonance is a useful clinical tool to identify late gadolinium enhancement in heart failure patients with implantable electronic devices. Identification of LGE in patients with CIED is limited by artifact, which can be improved with a wide band radiofrequency pulse sequence. Objective: The authors hypothesize that image quality of LGE images produced using wide-band pulse sequence in patients with devices is comparable to image quality produced using standard LGE sequences in patients without devices. Methods: Two independent readers reviewed LGE images of 16 patients with CIED and 7 patients without intracardiac devices to assess for image quality, device-related artifact, and presence of LGE using the American Society of Echocardiography/American Heart Association 17 segment model of the heart on a 4-point Likert scale. The mean and standard deviation for image quality and artifact rating were determined. Inter-observer reliability was determined by calculating Cohen's kappa coefficient. Statistical significance was determined by T-test as a p {less than or equal to} 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. Results: All patients underwent CMR without any adverse events. Overall IQ of WB LGE images was significantly better in patients with devices compared to standard LGE in patients without devices (p = 0.001) with reduction in overall artifact rating (p = 0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests wide-band pulse sequence for LGE can be applied safely to heart failure patients with devices in detection of LV myocardial scar while maintaining image quality, reducing artifact, and following routine imaging protocol after intravenous gadolinium contrast administration.

Impacto de COVID-19 en la esperanza de vida en México. Un análisis basado en el estudio Global Burden of Disease 2021 / COVID-19 impact on life expectancy in Mexico. An analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study

Resumen Antecedentes: Entre 2020 y 2021, México experimentó 2.21 millones de defunciones, de las cuales 25.3 % estuvo relacionado con infección por SARS-COV-2. Objetivos: Evaluar la mortalidad por COVID-19 en 2020-2021, determinar su influencia en la esperanza de vida al nacer a nivel nacional, estatal y en países seleccionados de la región, así como analizarla en función del perfil sociodemográfico. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron datos del Global Burden of Disease 2021 para reportar la mortalidad, el impacto en la esperanza de vida y las causas subyacentes entre 2019 y 2021. Se usó una regresión cuadrática para evaluar la mortalidad en exceso como indicador de la respuesta de los estados a la pandemia, considerando su estructura sociodemográfica. Resultados: Entre 2020 y 2021, se registraron 708 971 muertes en exceso, que disminuyeron la esperanza de vida al nacer en 4.6 años; 76 % de esta reducción se atribuyó a COVID-19. La tasa de mortalidad por COVID-19 fue superior a la esperada conforme a las condiciones sociodemográficas de las entidades. Conclusiones: En México y los países de la región, la pandemia fue devastadora y generó regresiones en la esperanza de vida al nacer, que variaron de dos a nueve años. Se requiere más investigación para entender las variaciones en sus efectos.

Abstract Background: Between 2020 and 2021, Mexico documented 2.21 million fatalities, out of which 25.3% were attributable to SARS-COV-2 infection. Objectives: To evaluate COVID-19 mortality during 2020-2021, determine its impact on national- and state-level life expectancy at birth, and in a group of selected countries of the region, as well as to analyze it according to sociodemographic profiles. Material and methods: Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study were used to report mortality, the impact on life expectancy and underlying causes between 2019 and 2021. A quadratic regression model was used to evaluate excess mortality as an indicator of the response of the states to the pandemic, considering their sociodemographic structure. Results: Between 2020 and 2021, 708,971 excess deaths were recorded, which decreased life expectancy at birth by 4.6 years; 76% of this reduction was attributed to COVID-19. The COVID-19 mortality rate was higher than expected according to the sociodemographic conditions of the states. Conclusions: In Mexico and the countries of the region, the pandemic was devastating and generated regressions in life expectancy at birth, which varied from two to nine years. Further investigation is required for understanding the variations on its effects.