Long-Term Survival of the Cemented Exeter Universal Stem in Patients 50 Years and Younger: An Update on 130 Hips.

BACKGROUND: There is variable evidence regarding survivorship beyond 20 years of total hip arthroplasties in young patients. We report the long-term results of the Exeter cemented hip system in patients ≤50 years at minimum of 20 years. METHODS: Clinical and radiological outcomes of 130 consecutive total hip arthroplasties in 107 patients aged 50 years or younger at primary operation were reviewed; 77% had a diagnosis other than osteoarthritis. All patients were followed at 5-year intervals, no patients were lost to follow-up, and the status of every implant is known. RESULTS: Mean age at surgery was 41.8 (17-50) years. Mean follow-up was 22.0 (20.0-26.1) years. There were 79 hips surviving, 14 hips (11 patients) deceased, and 37 hips revised. Reasons for revision: 29 hips for aseptic cup loosening (26 stems revised using cement-in-cement, three left in-situ); three stems for femoral osteolysis, two related to acetabular polyethylene wear (14.1 and 17.0 years), one with Gaucher's disease (21.1 years); one broken stem (12.9 years); one cup for instability (4.3 years-stem revised using cement-in-cement); and two hips with infection (8.5 and 23.8 years). There were no cases of aseptic loosening of the Exeter stem. There were no radiologically loose stems although eight patients had radiological evidence of loosening of the cemented cup. Survivorship at 22 years was 74.9% for revision for all causes and 96.3% for revision of the stem for aseptic loosening or lysis. CONCLUSION: The Exeter cemented stem has excellent survivorship at minimum 20 years in young patients. Acetabular component survivorship was less favorable, but the advent of highly cross-linked polyethylene may improve this in the long term.

Early outcomes and radiographic alignment of the Infinity total ankle replacement with a minimum of two year follow-up data.

BACKGROUND: The Infinity total ankle replacement (Wright Medical Technology, Memphis, TN) is a low profile, fluoroscopically navigated, fixed-bearing device. We hypothesised that the fluoroscopic navigation would allow more accurate alignment of the prosthesis than conventional techniques. We present our minimum two year follow up data of Infinity ankle replacements. METHODS: All total ankle replacements (TARs) performed at our institution were prospectively followed-up with EQ5-D and MOx-FQ scores as well as intra-operative radiation exposure and radiographic alignment data. Post-operative radiographs were used to measure the alignment of the prostheses. We identified 20 implants with minimum of two year follow up which were compared to a control group of 20 Zenith TAR's (Corin, Cirencester, UK). RESULTS: Intra-operative fluoroscopic navigation has allowed excellent alignment of all prostheses. Median deviations from 90° alignment to the anatomical axis of the tibia were 1.5° and 1.2° in the anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral planes respectively, compared to 2.8° and 3.1° in the Zenith group. This difference reached significance (p=<0.05) using the Mann-Whitney U test. At 2 years, MOx-FQ scores had fallen from pre-operative mean of 63.9∓17.1 to 15∓12.7. EQ-5D VAS scores had improved from 71.3∓17.3 to 81.4∓9.7 points. Radiation exposure had a mean screening time of 82∓29.4s and a decrease in exposure per patient was observed over time. No patients have undergone, or are awaiting, revision surgery. Complications include one intraoperative medial malleolar tip avulsion fracture, one medial malleolar stress fracture, and one patient who developed CRPS. CONCLUSIONS: We present evidence that this system achieves better anatomical alignment of the components when compared to techniques without fluoroscopic navigation. The implant survival and complication profile at a minimum of two years is satisfactory.

Can we reduce morphine use in elderly, proximal femoral fracture patients using a fascia iliac block?

Proximal femoral fractures are becoming increasingly common with an ageing population. Many patients have multiple comorbidities increasing their risk of opiate complications. 40 consecutive patients presenting with a proximal femoral fracture to a trauma centre in the UK were given either a Fascia Iliaca Block (FIB) with oral analgesia or just oral analgesia to control their pre-operative pain. Numeric pain scores and morphine consumption were used as outcome measures. Patients receiving a FIB had significant reduction in their pain scores compared to patients only receiving oral pain relief. There was also a significant reduction in both the actual oral morphine taken and the renal calculated level of morphine products in the group receiving the FIB. Patients undergoing a FIB required almost 50 mg less oral morphine pre-operatively. Nerve blocks should be used routinely to help pre-operative pain in proximal femoral fracture patients and to reduce the amount of morphine products prescribed. This prevents potential opiate complications in a highly susceptible cohort of patients often suffering with impaired renal function as a co-morbidity.

Historical implant or current best standard? Minimum five year follow-up outcomes of cemented Thompson hemiarthroplasties.

UK NICE guidelines recommend abandoning the Thompson hemiarthroplasty (TH) in favour of a 'proven prosthesis' such as the Exeter Trauma Stem. The aim of this study was to assess the hip fracture treatment with the TH. Between 2002 and 2006, 430 cemented THs were performed (minimum 5 year follow-up). Death rates at 1 year and 5 years were 26.6% and 67.4% with low complication (Dislocation 1.4%) and revision rate (1.2%). The TH remains a reliable and proven implant in appropriate patients (over the age of 80, with low activity levels, low ambulatory status and who maybe cognitively impaired), due to low complication and revision rates. Modern implants may provide better function or longevity, but there is little evidence to support abandoning the TH.

Revision of metal-on-metal hip replacements with dual-mobility bearings and acetabular component retention.

Aims: In metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasties and resurfacings, mechanically induced corrosion can lead to elevated serum metal ions, a local inflammatory response, and formation of pseudotumours, ultimately requiring revision. The size and diametral clearance of anatomical (ADM) and modular (MDM) dual-mobility polyethylene bearings match those of Birmingham hip MoM components. If the acetabular component is satisfactorily positioned, well integrated into the bone, and has no surface damage, this presents the opportunity for revision with exchange of the metal head for ADM/MDM polyethylene bearings without removal of the acetabular component. Methods: Between 2012 and 2020, across two centres, 94 patients underwent revision of Birmingham MoM hip arthroplasties or resurfacings. Mean age was 65.5 years (33 to 87). In 53 patients (56.4%), the acetabular component was retained and dual-mobility bearings were used (DM); in 41 (43.6%) the acetabulum was revised (AR). Patients underwent follow-up of minimum two-years (mean 4.6 (2.1 to 8.5) years). Results: In the DM group, two (3.8%) patients underwent further surgery: one (1.9%) for dislocation and one (1.9%) for infection. In the AR group, four (9.8%) underwent further procedures: two (4.9%) for loosening of the acetabular component and two (4.9%) following dislocations. There were no other dislocations in either group. In the DM group, operating time (68.4 vs 101.5 mins, p < 0.001), postoperative drop in haemoglobin (16.6 vs 27.8 g/L, p < 0.001), and length of stay (1.8 vs 2.4 days, p < 0.001) were significantly lower. There was a significant reduction in serum metal ions postoperatively in both groups (p < 0.001), although there was no difference between groups for this reduction (p = 0.674 (cobalt); p = 0.186 (chromium)). Conclusion: In selected patients with Birmingham MoM hips, where the acetabular component is well-fixed and in a satisfactory position with no surface damage, the metal head can be exchanged for polyethylene ADM/MDM bearings with retention of the acetabular prosthesis. This presents significant benefits, with a shorter procedure and a lower risk of complications.

Incidence of Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) in 8,885 Elective Total Hip Arthroplasty Patients Receiving Post-operative Aspirin VTE Prophylaxis.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potentially reducible cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing elective hip arthroplasty surgery. The balance of post-operative VTE prophylaxis and risk of post-operative haemorrhage remains at the forefront of surgeon's mind. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published updated guidelines in 2018 which recommend the use of both mechanical and pharmacological methods in patients undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty (THA). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to present the symptomatic VTE incidence in 8,885 patients who underwent THA between January 1998 and March 2018 with Aspirin as the primary agent for pharmacological thromboprophylaxis. Intermittent calf compression stockings are routinely used from the time of surgery until mobilization (usually the following day) with prophylactic doses of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) during inpatient stay (from 2005 onwards) and then Aspirin 150mg once daily for six weeks on hospital discharge (or Aspirin only prior to 2005), with use of other therapies occasionally as required. METHODS: Analysis of prospective data collection from consecutive patients at a single institution undergoing THA was performed with the incidence of symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) occurring within six months of the index operation as the primary outcome measure. Ninety-day all-cause mortality of this cohort of patients was also analysed. RESULTS: 8,885 patients were reviewed. This included 7230 primary, 224 complex primary and 1431 revision cases. The overall incidence of symptomatic VTE after elective THA was 1.11% (99/8885) - with the incidence of symptomatic DVT of 0.59% (52/8885) and the incidence of symptomatic PE of 0.53% (47/8885). There was no significant difference (χ2 test, p=0.239) in the symptomatic VTE incidence between primary (1.20% - 89/7230), complex primary (0.89% - 2/224) and revision cases (0.70% - 10/1431). The 90-day all-cause mortality was 0.88% (78/8885). Cardiovascular and respiratory disease were the main causes of death following surgery. Only 0.03% of deaths (n= 3) within 90 days of index surgery were due to PE. There was no significant difference (p=0.327) in length of stay (and hence amount of pharmacologic prophylaxis with LMWH received by patients before commencement of Aspirin) with the average length of stay for those patients who did not suffer a VTE of 6.8 days compared with 7.6 days for those who did suffer a VTE. CONCLUSION: Our results support the use of aspirin as an effective form of prophylaxis against symptomatic VTE following THA in contradiction to NICE and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery (AAOS) recommendations. It is not associated with an increased incidence in symptomatic DVT, PE or death compared to other published studies. The fact that it is inexpensive, readily available, requires no monitoring and does not pose an increased risk of bleeding are other advantages of using aspirin for VTE prophylaxis.

A Rare Case of Open 3A VTB2W Periprosthetic Fracture around a Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Introduction: The incidence of periprosthetic fracture (PPF) around a total hip arthroplasty (THA) continues to increase with the rise of number of THA performed. We present a rare case of a 73-year-old man who sustained an open periprosthetic femur fracture around a THA. Case Report: This gentleman sustained an open PPF around a fully cemented THA after he lost control and fell off his bicycle. After thorough surgical debridement, internal fixation with double plating was performed and the fracture went on to unite with an excellent patient reported outcome score. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only reported open 3A VTB2W PPF THA in the literature. Conclusion: Open PPF around a THA is a rare and uncommon occurrence. Principles of open fracture management should be continued and we recommend urgent surgery to reduce the risk of post-operative infection. Open VTB2W PPF should be fixed with double plating if the bone cement interface is intact and the fracture can be anatomically reduced. Double plating gives additional rotational stability and allows early weight bearing post-operatively.

Cement-in-cement revision of the femur in infected hip arthroplasty in 89 patients across two centres.

AIMS: Femoral cement-in-cement revision is a well described technique to reduce morbidity and complications in hip revision surgery. Traditional techniques for septic revision of hip arthroplasty necessitate removal of all bone cement from the femur. In our two centres, we have been using a cement-in-cement technique, leaving the distal femoral bone cement in selected patients for septic hip revision surgery, both for single and the first of two-stage revision procedures. A prerequisite for adoption of this technique is that the surgeon considers the cement mantle to be intimately fixed to bone without an intervening membrane between cement and host bone. We aim to report our experience for this technique. METHODS: We have analyzed patients undergoing this cement-in-cement technique for femoral revision in infection, and present a consecutive series of 89 patients. Follow-up was undertaken at a mean of 56.5 months (24.0 to 134.7) for the surviving cases. RESULTS: Seven patients (7.9%) required further revision for infection. Ten patients died of causes unrelated to their infection before their two-year review (mean 5.9 months; 0.9 to 18.6). One patient was lost to follow-up at five months after surgery, and two patients died of causes unrelated to their hip shortly after their two-year review was due without attending. Of the remaining patients, 69 remained infection-free at final review. Radiological review confirms the mechanical success of the procedure as previously described in aseptic revision, and postoperative Oxford Hip Scores suggest satisfactory functional outcomes. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we found that retaining a well-fixed femoral cement mantle in the presence of infection and undertaking a cement-in-cement revision was successful in 82 of the patients (92.1%) in our series of 89, both in terms of eradication of infection and component fixation. These results are comparable to other more invasive techniques and offer significant potential benefits to the patient. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(2):212-220.

Is rationing of total hip arthroplasty justified? Working to optimize patient accessibility to surgery using long-term patient-reported outcome data.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess medium-term improvements following total hip arthroplasty (THA), and to evaluate what effect different preoperative Oxford Hip Score (OHS) thresholds for treatment may have on patients' access to THA and outcomes. METHODS: Patients undergoing primary THA at our institution with an OHS both preoperatively and at least four years postoperatively were included. Rationing thresholds were explored to identify possible deprivation of OHS improvement. RESULTS: Overall, 2,341 patients were included. Mean OHS was 19.7 (SD 8.2) preoperatively and 39.7 (SD 9.8) at latest follow-up. An improvement of at least eight-points, the minimally important change (MIC), was seen in 2,072 patients (88.5%). The mean improvement was 20.0 points (SD 10.5). If a rationing threshold of OHS of 20 points had been enforced, 90.8% of those treated would have achieved the MIC, but only 54.3% of our cohort would have had access to surgery; increasing this threshold to 32 would have enabled 89.5% of those treated to achieve the MIC while only depriving 6.5% of our cohort. The 'rationed' group of OHS > 20 had significantly better OHS at latest follow-up (42.6 vs 37.3; p < 0.001), while extending the rationing threshold above 32 showed postoperative scores were more significantly affected by the ceiling effect of the OHS. CONCLUSION: The OHS was not designed as a tool to ration healthcare, but if it had been used at our institution for this cohort, applying an OHS threshold of 20 to routine THA access would have excluded nearly half of patients from having a THA; a group in which over 85% had a significant improvement in OHS. Where its use for rationing is deemed necessary, use of a higher threshold may be more appropriate to ensure a better balance between patient access to treatment and chances of achieving good to excellent outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(3):196-204.

Urgent Arthroplasty Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Operating Risks in Low-Prevalence Areas.

Background and objective Orthopaedic services have reorganised their delivery of care in response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. In this study, we aimed to share our operating experience during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and analyse its effect on urgent hip and knee arthroplasty. Our study involved a comparative analysis between a cohort of patients from 2019 (pre-COVID) and another from 2020. Methods Tha data relating to patients undergoing urgent operations requiring arthroplasty interventions such as for infection, periprosthetic fracture (PPF) and neck of femur fracture (NOF) between April and July of 2020 and 2019 were reviewed prospectively and retrospectively. Patients were categorised according to the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) case prioritisation and the COVID-19 risk assessment. Data were collected on 30-day mortality, readmissions, reoperations, complications, length of hospital stay and theatre efficiency. This was analysed, matched and compared. Statistical analysis was performed on categorical variables including the time to the theatre as well as dual consultant operating. Results A total of 46 consecutive patients were included in the 2020 cohort with a mean age of 78 years (range: 58-108 years). The median length of stay was 6.5 days (range: 3-35 days) and the median time to theatre for NOF patients was 23.8 hours (range: 16.2-87.7 hours). There were six complications and two deaths; one of the deaths was COVID-19-related. A total of 56 patients were included from 2019 with a mean age of 74.6 years (range: 45-88 years). The median length of stay was five days (range: 1-18 days) and the median time to theatre for NOF patients was 40.8 hours (range: 18.9-167 hours). There were four complications and one death. Conclusion Based on our findings, it is safe to perform complex surgery in a region of low community prevalence of COVID-19, and the outcomes were comparable to those from a pre-COVID-19 cohort.

Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: The Use of the Anterior Horn of the Lateral Meniscus as a Guide to Tibial Tunnel Placement.

Anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has been shown to reduce the risk of graft failure and to improve patient-related clinical outcomes. The posterior border of the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus is a useful marker for anatomic tibial tunnel placement. Assessment of a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan can allow surgical planning of tibial tunnel placement to allow for anatomic, patient-specific tibial tunnel placement during anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We present this technique to show how to use the posterior border of the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus clinically.

National Joint Registry data inaccuracy: a threat to proper reporting.

INTRODUCTION: The authors set out to investigate the accuracy of the information their unit was inputting onto the National Joint Registry. This is important both in relation to implant surveillance and also to the use of these data to monitor the performance of surgeons. METHOD: A single consultant's arthroplasty patients were audited over 12 months. Data taken from the National Joint Registry were compared to the operation notes and the hospital's computer system. RESULTS: Of 78 cases inputted, 27 (35%) were incorrect. Sixteen cases (21%) had the incorrect 'consultant in charge' recorded, eight cases (10%) had the incorrect 'operating surgeon' recorded and three cases (4%) had both errors. The most frequent inaccuracies resulted from listing by another consultant and incorrectly recorded trainee supervision. These errors were highlighted to the unit and a corrected process was designed. The intervention was to implement this process by presenting to the involved groups and displaying posters to prevent the error-producing process. The audit was repeated (after 6 months) showing eradication of the problem. DISCUSSION: It is the surgeon's duty to ensure data recorded under his/her name are accurate and justify any discrepancies when compared to other surgeons. Pooling of patients and supervision of trainees are sources of potential error.