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The development of functional neural circuits in the central nervous system (CNS) requires the production of sufficient numbers of various types of neurons and glial cells, such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, at the appropriate periods and regions. Hence, severe neuronal loss of the circuits can cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Treatment of such neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuronal loss includes some strategies of cell therapy employing stem cells (such as neural progenitor cells (NPCs)) and gene therapy through cell fate conversion. In this report, we review how bHLH acts as a regulator in neuronal differentiation, reprogramming, and cell fate determination. Moreover, several different researchers are conducting studies to determine the importance of bHLH factors to direct neuronal and glial cell fate specification and differentiation. Therefore, we also investigated the limitations and future directions of conversion or transdifferentiation using bHLH factors.
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Células-Tronco Neurais , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Humanos , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/terapia , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Neurogênese , Neurônios/fisiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The recent and ongoing COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has placed a huge burden on healthcare systems worldwide. This emergent situation applies invariably to mental health services, and policy makers have issued new directives to adequately deal with this crisis. The COVID-19 outbreak poses special challenges to the administration of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) since the anaesthetic induction is an aerosol-generating process. The report provides a narrative account of modifications to the ECT practice at a tertiary care psychiatric hospital to mitigate the risk of COVID-19 transmission. CONCLUSION: We emphasise two main modifications: use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the ECT and modifications in the anaesthetic procedure to mitigate potential transmission.
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Anestesia/métodos , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Eletroconvulsoterapia/métodos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Equipamento de Proteção Individual , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
For the fast and easy detection of carbon monoxide (CO) gas, it was necessary to develop a CO gas sensor to operate in low temperatures. Herein, a novel Cu/CuO-decorated ZnO hollow nanofiber was prepared with the electrospinning, calcination, and photodeposition methods. In the presence of 100 ppm CO gas, the Cu/CuO-photodeposited ZnO hollow nanofiber (Cu/CuO@ZnO HNF) showed twice higher sensitivity than that of pure ZnO nanofiber at a relatively low working temperature of 300 °C. The hollow structure and p-n junction between Cu/CuO and ZnO would be considered to contribute to the enhancement of sensitivity to CO gas at 300 °C due to the improved specific surface area and efficient electron transfer.
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The rheology of petroleum coke (petcoke) water slurries was investigated with a variety of nonionic and anionic dispersants including poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-b-poly(propylene oxide) (PPO)-b-PEO triblock copolymers (trade name: Pluronic, BASF), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(carboxylate acid) (PCA), sodium lignosulfonate (SLS), and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Each effective dispersant system shared very similar rheological behavior to the others when examined at the same volume fraction from its maximum petcoke loading. Triblock copolymer, Pluronic F127 (F127), was found to be the best dispersant by comparing the maximum petcoke loading for each dispersant. The yield stress was measured as a function of petcoke loading and dispersant concentration for F127, and a minimum dispersant concentration was observed. An adsorption isotherm and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images reveal that this effective dispersion of petcoke particles by F127 is due to the formation of a uniform monolayer of brushes where hydrophobic PPO domains of F127 adhere to the petcoke surface, while hydrophilic PEO tails fill the gap between petcoke particles. F127 was then compared to other Pluronics with various PEO and PPO chain lengths, and the effects of surface and dispersant hydrophilicity were examined. Finally, xanthan gum (XG) was tested as a stabilizer in combination with F127 for potential industrial application, and F127 appears to break the XG aggregates into smaller aggregates through competitive adsorption, leading to an excellent degree of dispersion but the reduced stability of petcoke slurries.
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Polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) are gaining prominence as environmentally friendly alternatives to petroleum-based polymers due to their inherent biodegradability. For their textile applications, this research is focused on exploring the effects of PBS content on the rheological properties of PLA/PBS blends and the characteristics of PLA/PBS blend fibers. PLA/PBS blends and fibers with varying PBS contents (0 to 10 wt.%) were prepared using melt-blending and spinning methods. Uniform morphologies of the PLA/PBS blends indicated that PBS was compatible with PLA, except at 10% PBS content, where phase separation occurred. The introduction of PBS reduced the complex viscosity of the blends, influencing fiber properties. Notably, PLA/PBS fibers with 7% PBS exhibited improved crystallinity, orientation factor, and elasticity (~16.58%), with a similar tensile strength to PLA fiber (~3.58 MPa). The results suggest that an optimal amount of PBS enhances alignment along the drawing direction and improves the molecular motion in PLA/PBS blend fiber. This study highlights the potential of strategically blending PBS to improve PLA fiber characteristics, promising advancement in textile applications.
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Alkaline water electrolysis is a vital technology for sustainable and efficient hydrogen production. However, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode suffers from sluggish kinetics, requiring overpotential. Precious metal-based electrocatalysts are commonly used but face limitations in cost and availability. Carbon nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), offer promising alternatives due to their abundant active sites and efficient charge-transfer properties. Surface modification of CNTs through techniques such as pulsed laser ablation in liquid media (PLAL) can enhance their catalytic performance. In this study, we investigate the role of surface-modified carbon (SMC) as a support to increase the active sites of transition metal-based electrocatalysts and its impact on electrocatalytic performance for the OER. We focus on Co3O4@SMC heterostructures, where an ultrathin layer of Co3O4 is deposited onto SMCs using a combination of PLAL and atomic layer deposition. A comparative analysis with aggregated Co3O4 and Co3O4@pristine CNTs reveals the superior OER performance of Co3O4@SMC. The optimized Co3O4@SMC exhibits a 25.6% reduction in overpotential, a lower Tafel slope, and a significantly higher turnover frequency (TOF) in alkaline water splitting. The experimental results, combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicate that these improvements can be attributed to the high electrocatalytic activity of Co3O4 as active sites achieved through the homogeneous distribution on SMCs. The experimental methodology, morphology, composition, and their correlation with activity and stability of Co3O4@SMC for the OER in alkaline media are discussed in detail. This study contributes to the understanding of SMC-based heterostructures and their potential for enhancing electrocatalytic performance in alkaline water electrolysis.
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Hydrogen (H2) gas has recently become a crucial energy source and an imperative energy vector, emerging as a powerful next-generation solution for fuel cells and biomedical, transportation, and household applications. With increasing interest in H2, safety concerns regarding personal injuries from its flammability and explosion at high concentrations (>4%) have inspired the development of wearable pre-emptive gas monitoring platforms that can operate on curved and jointed parts of the human body. In this study, a yarn-type hydrogen gas sensing platform (HGSP) was developed by biscrolling of palladium oxide nanoparticles (PdO NPs) and spinnable carbon nanotube (CNT) buckypapers. Because of the high loading of H2-active PdO NPs (up to 97.7 wt %), when exposed to a flammable H2 concentration (4 vol %), the biscrolled HGSP yarn exhibits a short response time of 2 s, with a high sensitivity of 1198% (defined as ΔG/G0 × 100%). Interestingly, during the reduction of PdO to Pd by H2 gas, the HGSP yarn experienced a decrease in diameter and corresponding volume contraction. These excellent sensing performances suggest that the fabricated HGSP yarn could be applied to a wearable gas monitoring platform for real-time detection of H2 gas leakage even over the bends of joints.
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Nanopartículas , Nanotubos de Carbono , Dispositivos Eletrônicos Vestíveis , Humanos , Hidrogênio , GasesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, includes interfertile surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling morphs, enabling powerful studies aimed at uncovering genes involved in the evolution of cave-associated traits. Compared to surface fish, cavefish harbor several extreme traits within their skull, such as a protruding lower jaw, a wider gape, and an increase in tooth number. These features are highly variable between individual cavefish and even across different cavefish populations. RESULTS: To investigate these traits, we created a novel feeding behavior assay wherein bite impressions could be obtained. We determined that fish with an underbite leave larger bite impressions with an increase in the number of tooth marks. Capitalizing on the ability to produce hybrids from surface and cavefish crosses, we investigated genes underlying these segregating orofacial traits by performing Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis with F2 hybrids. We discovered significant QTL for bite (underbite vs. overbite) that mapped to a single region of the Astyanax genome. Within this genomic region, multiple genes exhibit coding region mutations, some with known roles in bone development. Further, we determined that there is evidence that this genomic region is under natural selection. CONCLUSIONS: This work highlights cavefish as a valuable genetic model for orofacial patterning and will provide insight into the genetic regulators of jaw and tooth development.
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Má Oclusão Classe III de Angle , Animais , Peixes , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Crânio , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genéticaRESUMO
Proton-exchange-membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) requires an efficient and durable bifunctional electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, Ir-based electrocatalyst is designed using the high entropy alloy (HEA) platform of ZnNiCoIrX with two elements (X: Fe and Mn). A facile dealloying in the vacuum system enables the construction of a nanoporous structure with high crystallinity using Zn as a sacrificial element. Especially, Mn incorporation into HEAs tailors the electronic structure of the Ir site, resulting in the d-band center being far away from the Fermi level. Downshifting of the d-band center weakens the adsorption energy with reaction intermediates, which is beneficial for catalytic reactions. Despite low Ir content, ZnNiCoIrMn delivers only 50 mV overpotential for HER at -50 mA cm-2 and 237 mV overpotential for the OER at 10 mA cm-2 . Furthermore, ZnNiCoIrMn shows almost constant voltage for the HER and OER for 100 h and a high stability number of 3.4 × 105 nhydrogen nIr -1 and 2.4 × 105 noxygen nIr -1 , demonstrating the exceptional durability of the HEA platform. The compositional engineering of ZnNiCoIrMn limits the diffusion of elements by high entropy effects and simultaneously tailors the electronic structure of active Ir sites, resulting in the modified cohesive and adsorption energies, all of which can suppress the dissolution of elements.
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Among the starting materials of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), it was confirmed that succinic acid-based polyester biopolyols having different molecular weights (Mn = 1000, 2000, and 4000) affect the physicochemical properties of the final polymer significantly. Bio-TPUs synthesized through a solvent-free one-shot polymerization process were synthesized with a polyester polyol, 1,4 butanediol (BDO), and 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in a molar ratio of 1:1:2. As a control group, one typical petroleum-based TPU was synthesized and characterized along with other bio-based TPUs. Representative petroleum-based and bio-based TPUs synthesized were manufactured as monofilaments with a diameter of about 0.2 mm through an extrusion process with different draw ratios (4, 5, and 6 times). The molecular weight and structural properties of the TPUs were characterized by GPC and FT-IR analysis and thermal characterization by DSC and TGA analysis. Petroleum-based TPU and bio-based TPU having the same molecular weight soft segment (SS) tended to have similar molecular weight and hard segment (HS) content. TPUs with high HS content had excellent thermal stability, enabling stable extrusion of TPUs. In addition, it was confirmed that the bio-based TPU fibers produced in this way had a tensile strength corresponding to the physical properties of petroleum-based TPU fibers and an excellent elastic recovery rate of almost 100 %. These results indicate the application potential of bio-TPU.
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In the crystallisation of nanomaterials, an assembly-based mechanism termed 'oriented attachment' (OA) has recently been recognised as an alternative mechanism of crystal growth that cannot be explained by the classical theory. However, attachment alignment during OA is not currently tuneable because its mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we identify the crystallographic disorder-order transitions in the OA of magnetite (Fe3O4) mesocrystals depending on the types of organic surface ligands on the building blocks, which produce different grain structures. We find that alignment variations induced by different surface ligands are guided by surface energy anisotropy reduction and surface deformation. Further, we determine the effects of alignment-dependent magnetic interactions between building blocks on the global magnetic properties of mesocrystals and their chains. These results revisit the driving force of OA and provide an approach for chemically controlling the crystallographic order in colloidal nanocrystalline materials directly related to grain engineering.
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In this study, highly porous carbon fiber was prepared for hydrogen storage. Porous carbon fiber (PCF) and activated porous carbon fiber (APCF) were derived by carbonization and chemical activation after selectively removing polyvinyl alcohol from a bi-component fiber composed of polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The chemical activation created more pores on the surface of the PCF, and consequently, highly porous APCF was obtained with an improved BET surface area (3058 m2 g-1) and micropore volume (1.18 cm3 g-1) compare to those of the carbon fiber, which was prepared by calcination of monocomponent PAN. APCF was revealed to be very efficient for hydrogen storage, its hydrogen capacity of 5.14 wt% at 77 K and 10 MPa. Such hydrogen storage capacity is much higher than that of activated carbon fibers reported previously. To further enhance hydrogen storage capacity, catalytic Pd nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of the APCF. The Pd-deposited APCF exhibits a high hydrogen storage capacity of 5.45 wt% at 77 K and 10 MPa. The results demonstrate the potential of Pd-deposited APCF for efficient hydrogen storage.
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The development of a highly sensitive gas sensor for toxic gases is an important issue in that it can reduce the damage caused by unexpected gas leaks. In this regard, in order to make the sensor accurate and highly responsive, we have investigated which morphology is effective to improve the sensitivity and how the deposited nanoparticle affects the sensitivity by controlling the morphology of semiconductor oxides-either nanorod or nanoplate-and depositing metal nanoparticles on the semiconductor surface. In this study, we compared the CO gas sensitivity for sensors with different morphology (rod and plate) of ZnO nanostructure with metal nanoparticles (gold and copper) photodeposited and investigated the correlation between the gas sensitivity and some factors such as the morphology of ZnO and the properties of the deposited metal. Among the samples, Au/ZnO nanorod showed the best response (~86%) to the exposure of 100 ppm CO gas at 200 °C. The result showed that the electrical properties due to the deposition of metal species also have a strong influence on the sensor properties such as sensor response, working temperature, the response and recovery time, etc., together with the morphology of ZnO.
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The effect of hydroxide ions on proton transfer and H/D isotopic exchange of water molecules was examined at the surface of amorphous ice films at temperatures of 92-140 K. Excess hydroxide ions were provided onto a D(2)O-ice film by the hydrolysis of Na atoms, and H(2)O was adsorbed onto the surface for a submonolayer coverage. The H/D isotopic exchange between H(2)O and D(2)O molecules on the ice film surface was monitored as a function of reaction time and temperature by using the techniques of reactive ion scattering and low-energy sputtering. The result was compared with that obtained on a hydroxide-free ice film. At a temperature of 92 K, proton transfer occurred from water mostly to adjacent hydroxide ions. The proton transfer distance and the H/D exchange reaction rate increased with increase in temperature above 105 K. The H/D exchange reaction propagated to several water molecules on the surface at 100-120 K. Kinetic measurement in this temperature range deduced the Arrhenius activation energy for the reaction, E(a) = 9.6+/-2.0 kJ mol(-1). The study shows that hydroxide ions promote the H/D exchange reaction on the ice surface compared with that on a hydroxide-free ice surface, but the promotion effect is moderate and the H/D exchange occurs on a substantial energy barrier. It is suggested that the stabilization of hydroxide ions at the ice surface produces an energy barrier for the proton transfer.
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Medição da Troca de Deutério , Hidróxidos/química , Gelo , Prótons , Água/química , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We aim to discuss the overall effect of customer service manual (CSM) on service industry workers using Korean Working Condition Survey. METHODS: Out of 50,007 total survey participants, 11,946 customer service workers were included in the current study (5613 men, 6333 women). Answers to survey questions were used to define the use of CSM, emotional burden, emotional dissonance, engaging angry customers and other covariates. Emotional burden included either depressive event or stress level. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of experiencing emotional burden was calculated by logistic regression model. Interaction effect between CSM and engaging angry customer on emotional burden was also estimated. RESULTS: Out of 11,946 subjects, total of 3279 (27.4%) have experienced emotional burden. OR (95% CI) of experiencing emotional burden was 1.40 (1.19-1.64) in men and 1.25 (1.09-1.44) in women. There was gender difference in interaction effect between the use of CSM and engaging angry customers. In men, OR (95% CI) was 3.16 (1.38-7.23) with additive effect when always engaging angry customers with CSM compared to rarely engaging without CSM, while in women OR (95% CI) was 8.85 (3.96-19.75) with synergistic effect. Moreover, the risk of depressive event increased only in women with OR (95% CI) 2.22 (1.42-3.48). CONCLUSIONS: Our current study highlighted association between emotional burden and CSM in both men and women service workers. Furthermore, women were affected more severely by CSM. The results from current study suggest that CSM should be changed appropriately to benefit workers.
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In this study, the morphological effects of ZnO on the antimicrobial and deodorant activities of synthetic fibers were investigated. Three different polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/ZnO filaments were prepared by incorporating various ZnO nanostructures (rods, plates, and spheres) into PET filaments via a melt-spinning process. The antimicrobial activity of the as-prepared fibers was evaluated by the shake-flask method using two types of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The deodorant activity of the as-prepared fibers was evaluated by the gas detection tube method. All the PET/ZnO filaments exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity with a bacterial reduction value of 99.9%. The PET/ZnO rod filament showed the best deodorant performance of 60.0%. Both the antimicrobial and deodorant activities of the PET/ZnO filaments were influenced by the morphology of ZnO. However, the morphology of ZnO had a different effect on each functionality of the PET/ZnO filaments. The antimicrobial activity of the PET/ZnO filaments was mainly affected by the physical properties of ZnO rather than its morphology. By contrast, the deodorant activity of the PET/ZnO filaments was highly influenced by the morphology of ZnO.
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Anti-Infecciosos , Desodorantes , Óxido de Zinco , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Polietilenotereftalatos/farmacologia , Óxido de Zinco/farmacologiaRESUMO
We have synthesized new colorimetric hydrogen-sensing materials, PdO/metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles, in which palladium oxide was loaded upon surface of substrate materials via an acid-base reaction between a H2PdCl4 solution and substrate materials, ZnO, MgO, TiO2, and SiO2 respectively at 25⯰C. The colorimetric hydrogen gas sensing properties of all the samples, PdO/ZnO, PdO/MgO, PdO/TiO2 and PdO/SiO2, were characterized and compared in order to investigate how hydrogen gas sensitivity would be affected by surface property of substrate materials. It was confirmed that the amount of the loaded PdO, which was thought to be closely related with the colorimetric hydrogen sensitivity, was quite different according to the substrate materials and was increased with increasing of the basicity of substrate materials (ZnO > MgO > TiO2 > SiO2). Consequently, among the PdO/metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles, the largest amount of PdO was observed to be loaded on ZnO substrate nanoparticles due to its highest basicity. The best colorimetric hydrogen gas sensing properties (color difference, ΔE = 71.57) was observed in PdO/ZnO hybrid nanoparticles, showing the most prominent color change from brown to black, when the sample was exposed to hydrogen gas of 4â¯vol% balanced with nitrogen for 2â¯min.
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Herein we describe fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for a pH/redox-activatable fluorescent carbon dot (FNP) to realize "off-on" switched imaging-guided controllable photothermal therapy (PTT). The FNP is a carbonized self-crosslinked polymer that allows IR825 loading (FNP[IR825]) via hydrophobic interactions for cancer therapy. Fluorescence bioimaging was achieved by the internalization of FNP(IR825) into tumor cells, wherein glutathione (GSH) disulfide bonds are reduced, and benzoic imine groups are cleaved under acidic conditions. The release of IR825 from the FNP core in this system may be used to efficiently control PTT-mediated cancer therapy via its photothermal conversion after near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. In vitro and in vivo cellular uptake studies revealed efficient uptake of FNP(IR825) by tumor cells to treat the disease site. In this way we demonstrated in mice that our smart nanocarrier can effectively kill tumor cells under exposure to a NIR laser, and that the particles are biocompatible with various organs. This platform responds sensitively to the exogenous environment inside the cancer cells and may selectively induce the release of PTT-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, this platform may be useful for monitoring the elimination of cancer cells through the fluorescence on/off switch, which can be used for various applications in the field of cancer cell therapy and diagnosis.
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Benzoatos/uso terapêutico , Corantes/uso terapêutico , Preparações de Ação Retardada/química , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias/terapia , Pontos Quânticos/química , Animais , Benzoatos/administração & dosagem , Carbono/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Corantes/administração & dosagem , Cães , Feminino , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência/métodos , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Hipertermia Induzida/métodos , Indóis/administração & dosagem , Raios Infravermelhos , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Imagem Óptica/métodos , Oxirredução , Fototerapia/métodosRESUMO
Redox-responsive polymer dot (PD) were synthesized from disulfide cross-linked polymers in a carbonized process to allow quenching effects by loading of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) onto the matrix. The disulfide linkage facilitated degradation of the PD system by intracellular glutathione (GSH), leading to fluorescence recovery by BODIPY and intracellular drug release. The paclitaxel release profile showed that approximately 100% of the drug escaped from the matrix in response to 10â¯mM GSH, whereas less than 10% was released in the absence of GSH. In vitro studies showed that quenching produced by BODIPY loading enabled visual monitoring of cancer cell death, as the quenching disappeared when BODIPY was released by GSH inside of cancer cells. The PD contain disulfide bonds representing a GSH-triggered ligand; thus, nanocarriers presented enhanced in vivo chemotherapeutic inhibition in xenograft tumor-bearing mice localized at the cancer location, guided by fluorescent off-on system tracking and measured by the release of BODIPY. This platform reacts to the redox level in sensitive manner and cancer cell death can be monitored by fluorescence, making this platform useful for bio-applications, particularly in vitro and in vivo therapy and diagnosis, while considering the cell physiological environment. This system may be useful for wider medical applications.
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Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Paclitaxel/administração & dosagem , Polímeros/química , Animais , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Compostos de Boro/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cães , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência/métodos , Glutationa/metabolismo , Humanos , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Nanopartículas , Oxirredução , Paclitaxel/química , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
An antibacterial continuous flow microreactor was successfully prepared by sequential mussel-inspired surface engineering of microchannels by using catechol-grafted poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) and immobilization of near-infrared active Cs0.33WO3 nanoparticles inside the polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-based microreactors. Excellent phothothermal antibacterial acitivity over 99.9% was accomplished toward Gram-positive and -negative bacteria upon near-infrared irradiation during continuous operation up to 30 days. This was achieved without releasing Cs0.33WO3 nanoparticles from the surface of the microchannels, confirming the robust immobilization of photothermal agents through the mussel-inspired chemistry. The cleaning of used microreactors was easily attainable by simple acid treatment to release immobilized photothermal agents from the surface of the microchannels, enabling efficient recycling of used microreactors.