RESUMO
Flavonoid metabolons (weakly-bound multi-enzyme complexes of flavonoid enzymes) are believed to occur in diverse plant species. However, how flavonoid enzymes are organized to form a metabolon is unknown for most plant species. We analyzed the physical interaction partnerships of the flavonoid enzymes from two lamiales plants (snapdragon and torenia) that produce flavones and anthocyanins. In snapdragon, protein-protein interaction assays using yeast and plant systems revealed the following binary interactions: flavone synthase II (FNSII)/chalcone synthase (CHS); FNSII/chalcone isomerase (CHI); FNSII/dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR); CHS/CHI; CHI/DFR; and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase/CHI. These results along with the subcellular localizations and membrane associations of snapdragon flavonoid enzymes suggested that FNSII serves as a component of the flavonoid metabolon tethered to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The observed interaction partnerships and temporal gene expression patterns of flavonoid enzymes in red snapdragon petal cells suggested the flower stage-dependent formation of the flavonoid metabolon, which accounted for the sequential flavone and anthocyanin accumulation patterns therein. We also identified interactions between FNSII and other flavonoid enzymes in torenia, in which the co-suppression of FNSII expression was previously reported to diminish petal anthocyanin contents. The observed physical interactions among flavonoid enzymes of these plant species provided further evidence supporting the long-suspected organization of flavonoid metabolons as enzyme complexes tethered to the ER via cytochrome P450, and illustrated how flavonoid metabolons mediate flower coloration. Moreover, the observed interaction partnerships were distinct from those previously identified in other plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana and soybean), suggesting that the organization of flavonoid metabolons may differ among plant species.
Assuntos
Antirrhinum/metabolismo , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Lamiales/metabolismo , Aciltransferases/metabolismo , Oxirredutases do Álcool/metabolismo , Antocianinas/metabolismo , Antirrhinum/enzimologia , Antirrhinum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Flores/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Liases Intramoleculares/metabolismo , Lamiales/enzimologia , Lamiales/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , Técnicas do Sistema de Duplo-HíbridoRESUMO
A CO2-fixation reaction of 4-(benzylamino)-2-butynyl carbonates and benzoates, carried out in the presence of DBU, provides substituted 5-vinylideneoxazolidin-2-ones. The reaction has been successfully applied to the CO2-recycling process and fixation of atmospheric CO2.
Assuntos
Benzoatos/química , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Carbonatos/química , Oxazolidinonas/síntese química , Ureia/análogos & derivados , Estrutura Molecular , Oxazolidinonas/química , Estereoisomerismo , Ureia/químicaAssuntos
Estenose da Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico , Doença Relacionada a Imunoglobulina G4/diagnóstico , Pele/patologia , Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/tratamento farmacológico , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/imunologia , Doenças Assintomáticas/terapia , Diagnóstico Precoce , Ecocardiografia , Humanos , Doença Relacionada a Imunoglobulina G4/complicações , Doença Relacionada a Imunoglobulina G4/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Relacionada a Imunoglobulina G4/imunologia , Linfonodos/diagnóstico por imagem , Linfonodos/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Prednisolona/uso terapêutico , Pele/imunologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Cascade ring rearrangement of four-membered ring systems containing various propargylic components by a palladium catalyst is described. The reactions of cyclobutanols that have a propargylic carbonate moiety with phenols as nucleophiles produce phenoxy-induced cyclopentanones in high yields. The reactions proceed in a regio- and diastereoselective manner to afford the substituted cyclopentanones with high selectivities. Imides also act as nucleophiles to produce the imidyl-induced products. Propargylic bromide successfully reacts with sodium alkoxides to produce the corresponding products in good yields.