Tolerance of monocytes and macrophages in response to bacterial endotoxin.

Monocytes belong to myeloid effector cells, which constitute the first line of defense against pathogens, also called the nonspecific immune system and play an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In response to stimulation, monocytes differentiate into macrophages capable of microorganism phagocytosis and secrete factors that play a key role in the regulation of immune responses. However excessive exposure of monocytes/macrophages to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram negative bacteria leads to the acquisition of immune tolerance by these cells. Such state results from disruption of different biological processes, for example intracellular signaling pathways and is accompanied by a number of disease states (immune, inflammatory or neoplastic conditions). Regulation of monocytes/macrophages activity is controlled by miRNAs, which are involved in the modulation of immune tolerance acquired by these cells. Moreover, the tolerance to endotoxin is conditioned by the posttranscriptional processes and posttranslational epigenetic modifications leading to the impairment of normal immune response for example by alterations in the expression of many genes encoding immune signaling mediators. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview existing knowledge on the modulation of activity of monocytes/macrophages in response to bacterial endotoxin and impaired immune responses.

[PARP1 inhibitors: contemporary attempts at their use in anticancer therapy and future perspective]. / Inhibitory PARP1: wspólczesne próby zastosowania w terapii przeciwnowotworowej i perspektywy na przyszlosc.

Current cancer therapies are based mainly on the use of compounds that cause DNA damage. Unfortunately, even the combination therapies do not give rewarding effects, due to the high efficiency of DNA damage repair mechanisms in tumor cells. Therefore, the present studies should be focused on proteins that are involved in DNA repair systems. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 is an example of a protein commonly known as an enzyme that plays a role in the detection of DNA damage and repair. Activation of PARP1 in response to DNA damage leads to poly-ADP-ribosylation of proteins contributing to DNA repair systems, therefore facilitating the maintenance of genome stability. On the other hand, inhibition of PARP1 enzyme results in the accumulation of DNA damage, which in turn contributes to cell death. Studies on inhibitors of PARP1 are still ongoing, and some of them are currently in the third phase of clinical trials. To date, only one representative of the PARP1 inhibitors, called olaparib, has been approved for anti-cancer therapy in the EU and the USA. Moreover, a growing body of evidence indicates a role of this protein in various intracellular processes such as bioenergetics, proliferation, regulation of gene expression, cell death as well as immunoregulation. A number of different intracellular processes regulated by PARP1 give rise to potential wider use of PARP1 inhibitors in treatment of other diseases, including immune or autoimmune disorders.

Oxidative stress and damage to erythrocytes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease--changes in ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activity.

The study indicates, for the first time, the changes in both ATPase and AChE activities in the membrane of red blood cells of patients diagnosed with COPD. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common and severe lung disorders. We examined the impact of COPD on redox balance and properties of the membrane of red blood cells. The study involved 30 patients with COPD and 18 healthy subjects. An increase in lipid peroxidation products and a decrease in the content of -SH groups in the membrane of red blood cells in patients with COPD were observed. Moreover, an increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and a decrease in superoxide dismutase, but not in catalase activity, were found as well. Significant changes in activities of erythrocyte membrane enzymes in COPD patients were also evident demonstrated by a considerably lowered ATPase activity and elevated AChE activity. Changes in the structure and function of red blood cells observed in COPD patients, together with changes in the activity of the key membrane enzymes (ATPases and AChE), can result from the imbalance of redox status of these cells due to extensive oxidative stress induced by COPD disease.

[Supplementation with omega fatty acids in various diseases]. / Suplementacja kwasami omega w róznych chorobach.

For some decades, an increase in propagation of coronary heart disease, obesity, diabetes, tumors and mental disorders has been observed. Consequently, new and effective methods of treatment of these diseases using drugs and diet supplements have been developed. A promising solution is the use of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of some diseases. These compounds have broad application in prevention of many diseases and are used to support standard therapies. Their activity is connected with participation in metabolic processes regulating biochemical transformations in cells and tissues. Omega-3 fatty acids regulate production of cytokines, increased levels of which may contribute to occurrence of chronic inflammatory diseases, autoaggression of the immunological system, arteriosclerosis or tumor development. These substances exert a beneficial effect on the blood system by improvement of blood circulation and nerve signal transmission. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of irregular heartbeat, stabilize arterial pressure, and restore balance in cholesterol metabolism disorders. They also play a key role in maintaining physical and mental efficiency; thus administration of these compounds for young children is of great importance. Nevertheless, administration of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet seems to be essential. The purpose of this study is to present the structure and sources of omega-3 and - 6 fatty acids and discuss the problems concerning therapeutic use of these compounds in various disorders.

[The use of various diet supplements in metabolic syndrome]. / Zastosowanie róznych suplementów diety w zespole metabolicznym

Civilization development is associated with immense progress in science and significant improvement of human living conditions but simultaneously it contributes to many health problems including metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a set of mutually associated factors including insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, lipids disorders and hypertension, which is the main cause of development of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. The first line of defense against metabolic syndrome is a change of life style including body mass reduction, application of a low-calorie diet and performance of physical activity. In spite of the simplicity of therapy, long-term success of the above treatment among patients is observed seldom because it is very difficult to obey rigorous rules. Nowadays, it is considered that diet supplements including antioxidants, polyunsaturated fatty acids and mineral elements are helpful in metabolic syndrome treatment due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is considered that a health balanced diet enriched with various diet supplements may be the best strategy in metabolic syndrome treatment.

Increased oxidative stress and decreased membrane fluidity in erythrocytes of CAD patients.

One of many risk factors for cardiovascular disease appears to be oxidative stress. To estimate possible changes in redox balance, membrane fluidity, and cholesterol level in erythrocytes was collected erythrocytes from patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD). The study included 20 patients with previous myocardial infarction occurring more than 6 months prior to the time of screening with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) > 70 mg/dL and 21 healthy controls. The following parameters were studied: catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substrates (TBARS), sulfhydryl (SH) groups in membrane protein, total cholesterol level, and erythrocyte membrane fluidity. Our study showed an increase in the level of lipid peroxidation (13%) and total cholesterol (19%), and a decrease in membrane fluidity (14%) in the subsurface layers and in the deeper layers of erythrocyte membrane (7%) isolated from patients with CAD in comparison to healthy controls. A significant decrease in catalase (10%) and SOD (17%) activities were also observed. No changes in GPx activity or the level of SH groups were observed. Our study indicates that there are disorders in the antioxidant system as well as changes in the membrane structure of erythrocytes obtained from CAD patients.

[Increased level of lipid peroxidation products and disturbances in oxidation-reduction balance in erythrocytes from patients suffering from systemic sclerosis, who are chronically treated with vitamin E]. / Zwiekszone stezenie produktów peroksydacji lipidów oraz zaburzenia aktywnosci enzymów antyoksydacyjnych w erytrocytach u chorych na twardzine ukladowa, przewlekle leczonych witamina E.

UNLABELLED: Systemic sclerosis is a chronic connective tissue disease of unknown pathogenesis. In view of the reports of essential role of oxidative stress in development of disease, trials with supportive care with vitamin E are undertaken. The aim of the study was to estimate parameters of oxidation-reduction balance in erythrocytes from scleroderma patients, who were chronically treated with vitamin E compared with healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the study there were included 14 women with systemic sclerosis (limited form - ISSc - n = 10, diffuse form - dSsc - n = 4, age 53.8 lat +/- 11.5), who were treated with vitamin E in dose 400 mg/day not shorter than in 6 months period and 23 healthy women (age 52.7 +/- 11.2) as a control group. The following measurements were done: hs CRP (immunoturbidimetic method), glutathione peroxidase activity (Gpx--method of Rice-Evans, 1991), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD--method of Misra, 1972), catalase activity (CAT--method of Aebi H, 1984), free thiol group concentration (SH--method of ElIman, 1959), level of lipid peroxidation products (TBARs--method of Stocks and Dormandy, 1971), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) depended of slow (TAC "slow") and fast (TAC "fast") antioxidants. RESULTS: . In both forms of systemic sclerosis significantly higher TBARs in comparison of healthy controls (5.81 +/- 1.57 vs 4.28 +/- 0.89 nM TBARS/gHb; p < 0.01) was observed. Patients with limited systemic sclerosis have significantly higher activity of Gpx (59.9 +/- 26.11 vs 32.19 +/- 11.67 U/mg Hb; p < 0.01), and no differences in activity of CAT and SOD. In patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis significantly lower activity of CAT (173.06 +/- 60.3 vs 284.47 +/- 43.33 U/mg Hb; p < 0.01) and SOD (2334.95 +/- 193.97 vs 3231.47 +/- 840.21 U/mg Hb; p < 0.05) was observed. There are no differences in TAC and SH between investigated groups. CONCLUSIONS: In scleroderma patients despite chronical treatment with vitamin E, oxidation-reduction balance disturbances are observed in the form of increased level of lipid peroxidation products. Besides, a lower activity of catalase and superoxide dysmutase in patients who suffer from diffuse form of systemic sclerosis is noted. Patients with limited systemic sclerosis have higher glutathione peroxidase activity.

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of hydroxycinnamic acids, quercetin, and cyanidin 3-glucoside in hypercholesterolemic erythrocytes (in vitro study).

OBJECTIVE: Four polyphenols: ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid (hydroxycinnamic acids), quercetin (flavonol) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (anthocyanin) were selected, and their antioxidant properties and their influence on cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic and normal erythrocytes were investigated. METHODS: To determine the effect of phenolic compounds, we prospectively studied cholesterol concentration, lipid peroxidation and membranes fluidity. Whole-blood and isolated erythrocytes (2% hematocrit) were incubated for 24 h with selected compounds at concentration 1, 10 and 100 µmol/L. All investigated compounds decreased lipid peroxidation in whole blood. Cyanidin 3-glucoside and quercetin showed higher antioxidant properties than hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid). RESULTS: Incubation of whole blood of hypercholesterolemic patients with quercetin and cyanidin 3-glucoside resulted in statistically significant reduction of cholesterol concentration in erythrocytes down to 75% (at 10 µmol/L of polyphenols) and 69% (at 100 µmol/L of polyphenols) of initial values. The effect of both compounds on isolated erythrocytes was even more pronounced, reduction down to 70% (at 10 µmol/L of polyphenols) and 58% (at 100 µmol/L of polyphenols) of initial values. After incubation of isolated erythrocytes of hypercholesterolemic patients with quercetin and cyanidin 3-glucoside, increase of membrane fluidity was noticed. After incubation of isolated erythrocytes of healthy donors with investigated compounds, no changes in membrane fluidity were observed. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that flavonols and anthocyanins have higher antioxidant properties and higher influence on cholesterol concentration in erythrocytes membranes than simple hydroxycinnamic acids.

In vivo influence of extract from Aronia melanocarpa on the erythrocyte membranes in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND: Hypercholesterolemia increases cholesterol concentration in erythrocyte membranes, which results in decrease of membrane fluidity and decreases the deformability of red blood cells. The fruits of Arona melanocarpa contains many of polyphenols and other compounds that have beneficial health effects. MATERIAL/METHODS: The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of 2-month supplementation of extract from Aronia melanocarpa (100 mg Aronox, three times per day) on cholesterol concentration, lipid peroxidation, membrane fluidity, level of thiol groups and activity of ATPase in erythrocytes from patients with hypercholesterolemia. The study involved 25 patients with hypercholesterolemia without pharmacological treatment and 20 healthy individuals as a control group. Blood samples were collected before, and after 1 and 2 months of Aronia administration. RESULTS: The 2-month Aronia supplementation resulted in a decrease of cholesterol concentration (by 22%) and a decrease of lipid peroxidation (by 40%), and an increase of membrane fluidity. No statistically significant increase of the concentration of thiol groups and of ATPase activity were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that supplementation of extract from Aronia melanocarpa has a beneficial effect on rheological properties of erythrocytes.

Disorders of erythrocyte structure and function in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of hypertension is growing at an alarming rate. Increasing attention is being focussed on the oxidative stress accompanying this disease. In this study we examined the impact of this disease on some parameters of erythrocytes and human blood plasma. MATERIAL/METHODS: We examined the impact of hypertension on some parameters of erythrocytes and human plasma. The study involved 13 patients with hypertension and 19 healthy subjects. We determined lipid peroxidation, SH groups concentration, antioxidants enzymes activity, ATPase activity, total antioxidant capacity, total cholesterol level and erythrocyte membrane fluidity. RESULTS: We found an increased level of lipid peroxidation and the concentration of SH groups in membrane proteins in patients with hypertension, and a decrease in the activity of catalase and superoxide dysmutase. No changes were observed in glutathione peroxidase and ATPase activity, level of total antioxidant capacity, total cholesterol level and fluidity of erythrocyte membranes. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the existence of an impaired oxidative balance in hypertensive human erythrocytes.

Oxidative stress in erythrocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation. It has been suggested that the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in patients with RA is higher than in healthy subjects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the level of the lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, GSH-Px), level of the -SH groups and GSH and Na(+)K(+) ATPase activity in erythrocytes from patients with RA. There are no significant differences in CAT and GSH-Px activities. SOD activity is lower in RA patients than in the control group. Increase in the lipid peroxidation is observed in RA patients. Levels of the GHS and -SH groups are significantly lower in RA patients than in the control groups. Total ATPase and Na(+)K(+) ATPase activities decrease in RA patients.

Melatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Experimental studies have proven that melatonin has many beneficial pleiotropic actions. The aim of this study was to assess melatonin efficacy in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). The study included 33 healthy volunteers (who were not treated with melatonin) and 30 patients with MS, who did not respond to 3-month lifestyle modification. Patients with MS were treated with melatonin (5 mg/day, 2 hr before bedtime) for 2 months. The following parameters were studied: systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), levels of glucose, serum lipids, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, activities of antioxidative enzymes: catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substrates (TBARS). After 2-month therapy in comparison with baseline, the following significant changes were measured: systolic blood pressure (132.8±9.8 versus 120.5±11.0 mmHg, P<0.001), DBP (81.7±8.8 versus 75±7.4 mmHg, P<0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (149.7±26.4 versus 139.9±30.2 mg/dL, P<0.05), TBARS (0.5±0.2 versus 0.4±0.1 µm/gHb, P<0.01), and CAT (245.9±46.9 versus 276.8±39.4 U/gHb). Melatonin administered for 2 months significantly improved antioxidative defense (increase in CAT activity, decrease in TBARS level) and lipid profile (decrease in LDL-C), and lowered blood pressure. We conclude that melatonin therapy may be of benefit for patients with MS, particularly with arterial hypertension. Further studies with higher doses of melatonin or prolonged supplementation are awaited.

[The effect of dioxins on the human organism--epidemiological studies]. / Wplyw dioksyn na organizm czlowieka--badania epidemiologiczne.

For many years dioxins have been the subject of the interest to many research centers due to their widespread occurrence, and high toxicity, and thus they are supposed to be significantly dangerous to humans. In general, dioxins affect all human beings. Workers employed in different branches of industry (chemical, metallurgical and pulp sectors) are especially at high risk. Based on recent epidemiological studies, this article aims the mechanism by which dioxins exert their effect on tumors induction, formation of insulin-resistance, fertility in men and women as well as children development. Research studies, presented in this article, have not confirmed that dioxins existing in uncontaminated environments can pose serious danger to human health.

Aronia melanocarpa extract reduces blood pressure, serum endothelin, lipid, and oxidative stress marker levels in patients with metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Experimental studies have shown that anthocyanins may exert pleiotropic effects. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of Aronia melanocarpa extract on blood pressure and serum concentration of endothelin-1 (ET-1), lipids, glucose, uric acid, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dysmutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reacting substrates, TBARS) in erythrocytes of patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). MATERIAL/METHODS: The study comprised 22 healthy volunteers and 25 patients with MS. Patients with MS were treated with aronia extract (3 x 100 mg/day) for two months. The above parameters were measured. RESULTS: After two months of therapy, statistically significant decreases were observed in SBP (143.40+/-7.87 vs. 131.83+/-12.24 mmHg, p<0.001), DBP (87.20+/-9.9 vs. 82.13+/-10.33 mmHg, p<0.05), ET-1 (2.44+/-0.51 vs. 1.74+/-0.42 pg/ml, p<0.001), TC (242.80+/-34.48 vs. 227.96+/-33.07 mg/dl, p<0.001), LDL-C (158.71+/-35.78 vs. 146.21+/-34.63 mg/dl, p<0.01), TG (215.92+/-63.61 vs. 187.58+/-90 mg/dl, p<0.05), TBARS (0.0712+/-0.0191 vs. 0.0362+/-0.0135 micromol/g-Hb, p<0.001), and CAT (261.30+/-59.78 vs. 213.34+/-47.36 U/mg-Hb) and significant increases in SOD (2380.63+/-419.91 vs. 3066.53+/-542.24 U/g-Hb, p<0.001), GSH-Px (12.60+/-5.97 vs. 19.18+/-9.09 U/g-Hb, p<0.01), and fibrinogen levels (249.20+/-27.17 vs. 276.67+/-57.41 mg/dl, p<0.05) compared with the baseline values. CONCLUSIONS: Aronia extract may be of benefit to patients with MS. This seems to result from the influence of anthocyanins and possibly other flavonoids on blood pressure, serum level of ET-1, lipids, and oxidative status (GSH-Px, SOD, TBARS).

Changes in Cholinesterase Activity in Blood of Adolescent with Metabolic Syndrome after Supplementation with Extract from Aronia melanocarpa.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are growing problems among children and adolescents. There are no reports of changes in the activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in children and adolescents with metabolic syndrome especially after supplementation with extract from Aronia melanocarpa. Materials studied included plasma and erythrocytes isolated from peripheral blood of patients with MetS and healthy subjects. We have estimated the following parameters: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, lipid peroxidation and lipids levels in plasma, and erythrocytes membrane. In patients with MetS, a significant increase in AChE and BChE activity, higher LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels, and lower HDL-cholesterol level were observed. Supplementation with A. melanocarpa extract resulted in mild but statistically significant reduction of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triacylglycerol levels and caused an increase in HDL-cholesterol level and a decrease in lipid peroxidation in plasma patients with MetS. Additionally, a decrease in lipid peroxidation and cholesterol level and a decrease in AChE activity in the erythrocyte membranes after supplementation with A. melanocarpa were noted. Summarizing, an increase in AChE and BChE activity and disruption of lipid metabolism in patients with MetS were observed. After supplementation of MetS patients with A. melanocarpa extract, a decrease in AChE activity and oxidative stress was noted.

Comparison of the effects of rosuvastatin monotherapy and atorvastatin-ezetimibe combined therapy on the structure of erythrocyte membranes in patients with coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in the physical properties of the red blood cells (RBCs) membranes may underlie the defects that are strongly linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The aim of the study was to compare the effects of two therapies of equal hipolipemic efficacy on the erythrocyte membrane fluidity, concentration of membrane cholesterol, lipids peroxidation and RBCs distribution witdh in patients with CVD. METHODS: The study included 44 patients with angiographic evidence of CVD, who despite previous 6-month hypolipemic therapy, did not achieve the concentration of LDL-C <70mg/dl. They were randomly assigned to: rosuvastatin 20mg/day (R20) and atorvastatin 10mg/day combined with ezetimibe 10mg/day (A10+E10). The membrane fluidity, the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances -TBARS, concentration of membrane cholesterol were evaluated after 6 months therapy. RESULTS: An improvement in lipid parameters was observed in each of the groups studied. In R20 the treatment resulted in 33% reduction concentrations of TBARS in serum, as well as in a decrease in membrane cholesterol by 16%, fluorescence anisotropy of TMA-DPH by 17.7%, fluorescence anisotropy of DPH by 2.8%. In A10+E10 the reduction of TBARS by 20.5% in serum, membrane cholesterol by 15.8% as well as a 14.25% increase in RBC membrane fluidity in the superficial layer (TMA-DPH) and decrease fluidity in the deep layer (DPH) were observed. CONCLUSION: Rosuvastatin increases the fluidity of erythrocyte membrane and decreases the TBARS in serum to greater extent than does equal hipolipemic combined therapy atorvastatin with ezetimibe.

[The comparison in vitro the effects of pravastatin and quercetin on the selected structural parameters of membrane erythrocytes from patients with hypercholesterolemia]. / Porównanie in vitro wplywu prawastatyny i kwercetyny na wybrane parametry strukturalne blon krwinek czerwonych u pacjentów z hipercholesterolemia typu II.

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to compare the effects in vitro of pravastatin and quercetin on the structural parameters of erythrocyte membrane of patients with hypercholesterolemia type II. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 2% suspensions of erythrocytes from hypercholesterolemic patients (n = 30, mean age 54.2 +/- 6.9) and healthy donors (n = 22, mean age 53.1 +/- 6.1) were incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees C with or without pravastatin (9 microM, 90 microM), quercetin (10 microM, 50 microM, 100 microM). After the incubation we assessed, the cholesterol content (by method of Ilcy), the level of TBARS (by method of Stocks and Dormandy), the membrane fluidity (by paramagnetic resonance). RESULTS: In erythrocytes of patients (pts) with hypercholesterolemia type II (hip II) in comparison to the control group significantly higher mean values of membrane cholesterol content (0.065 +/- 0.013 vs 0.039 +/- 0.008AU, p < 0.001), the order parameter S (0.775 +/- 0.018 vs 0.752 +/- 0.018, p < 0.001) and TBARS level (2.91 +/- 1.01 vs 1.60 +/- 0.41 mmol/gHb, p < 0.001) were observed. After incubation of erythrocytes from hypercholesterolemic patients with pravastatin it was noticed the significant decrease (in dependence on statin concentration - 9 microM, 90 microM) of mean cholesterol content (by 23% and 37%, respectively) and the order parameter S (by 2% and 3%) in comparison the values after erythrocyte incubation without statin. Pravastatin didn't influence on the level of TBARS. After incubation with quercetin it was observed the significant decrease of membrane cholesterol (26-33%), the order parameter S (maximum by 4%) i TBARS levels (16-25%). CONCLUSIONS: 1. Pravastatin and quercetin, in vitro, in similar degree decrease the level of membrane cholesterol and advantageously influence on membrane fluidity of erythrocytes from patients with hypercholesterolemia type II. 2. Pravastatin, in vitro, in opposite to quercetin doesn't influence on lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes of patients with hypercholesterolemia type II and healthy.

[Effect of fluvastatin extended release on the protein-lipid structure of erythrocyte membrane and C-reactive protein in patients with hyperlipidemia]. / Wplyw fluwastatyny o powolnym uwalnianiu na strukture bialkowo-lipidowa blon erytrocytów i bialko C-reaktywne u pacjentów z hiperlipidemia.

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to estimate the effects of 4-weeks therapy of fluvastatin extended release (XL) on lipids serum, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte structure membrane (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances--TBARS concentrations, membrane cholesterol and the activity of Na+K(+)-ATPase in erythrocytes) in patients with hyperlipidemia without any clinical signs of atherosclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 37 persons, including 15 healthy volunteers and 22 patients with hyperlipidemia (TC > 200 mg/dl, LDL-C > 130 mg/dl, TG < 400 mg/dl) treated with fluvastatin XL 80 mg/d. Before and after 4 weeks of active treatment the following parameters were determined: lipids (by enzymatic method using BioMerieux tests), CRP (by immunoturbidimetric method), TBARS concentrations (by method of Stock and Dormandy), membrane cholesterol (method of Ilcy), Na+K(+)-ATPase activity (method of Bartosz et al.). RESULTS: It was noticed significantly higher concentrations of CRP, TBARS, membrane cholesterol and lower activity of Na+K(+)-ATPase in erythrocytes of patients with hyperlipidemia than in the control group. Fluvastatin XL caused a significant decrease in serum TC (by 18%), LDL-C (by 24%), TG (by 16%), CRP (by 23%) and TBARS (by 31%), membrane cholesterol (by 30%) in comparison to the initial values before active therapy. The activity of Na+K(+)-ATPase didn't significantly change. The mean values of CRP, TBARS, membrane cholesterol level after active treatment are still higher than in the control group. CONCLUSION: The short-term treatment of fluvastatin extended release wasn't enough efficient to compensate disorders in erythrocyte membrane structure of patients with hyperlipidemia.

[Effect of anthocyanins from Aronia melanocarpa on blood pressure, concentration of endothelin-1 and lipids in patients with metabolic syndrome]. / Wplyw antocyjanin z aronii czarnoowocowej na cisnienie tetnicze oraz stezenie endoteliny-1 i lipidów u pacjentów z zespolem metabolicznym.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: To estimate the influence of anthocyanins from Aronia melanocarpa on blood pressure, concentration of endothelin-1 (ET-1), serum lipids, fasting glucose, uric acid and membrane cholesterol in erythrocytes of patients (pts) with metabolic syndrome (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 22 healthy volunteers and 25 pts with MS treated with anthocyanins (3 x 100 mg/d) for 2 months. Waist circumference (> or = 80 cm for women and > or =94 cm for men), triglicerydes (TG) level >150 mg/dl (1.7 mmol/l), cholesterol-HDL (HDL-C) level < 40 mg/dl (1.0 mmol/l) for men and <50 mg/dl (1.3 mmol/l) for women, systolic blood pressure (SBP) >130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >85 mmHg were inclusion criteria for patients with MS. Before and after 2 months of treatment the following parameters were determined: SBP, DBP, serum lipids (total cholesterol--TC, cholesterol LDL--LDL-C, cholesterol HDL--HDL-C, TG--by enzymatic method), membrane cholesterol in erythrocytes (method of IIcy), ET-1 (immunoenzymatic method), fasting glucose level was (colorimetric method), uric acid (enzymatic--colorimetric method). RESULTS: After two months therapy of anthocyanins from Aronia melanocarpa in comparison with baseline it was observed a significant decrease of: SBP (144.20 +/- 9.97 vs. 131.83 +/- 12.24 mmHg, p < 0.001) and DBP (87.20 +/- 9.9 vs. 82.13 +/- 10.33 mmHg, p < 0.05), TC (242.80 +/- 34.48 vs. 227.96 +/- 33.07 mg/dl, p < 0.001), LDL-C (158.71 +/- 35.78 vs. 146.21 +/- 34.63 mg/dl, p < 0.01), TG (215.92 +/- 63.61 vs. 187.58 +/- 90 mg/dl, p < 0.05), ET-1 (2.44 +/- 0.51 vs. 1.74 +/- 0.42 pg/ml, p < 0.001) and membrane cholesterol (4.85 +/- 0.65 vs. 2.81 +/- 0.54 mmol/Lpc, p < 0.001), uric acid and fasting blood glucose levels did not change significantly after study cessation. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show that anthocyanins from Aronia melanocarpa may be of benefit to patients with MS as for as atherosclerosis prevention is concerned. It seems to result from anthocyanins influence on blood pressure, serum lipid and endothelin-1 level.

[The erythrocyte membrane structure in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia]. / Struktura blon erytrocytów u pacjentów z mieszana hiperlipidemia.

In hypercholesterolemia the damage to the plasma membranes of erythrocytes is observed. This may result from higher concentration of cholesterol in plasma and membranes, lipids peroxidation and changes in protein conformation. The aim of the study was to estimate the membrane fluidity, concentration of cholesterol (Ch), phospholipids (PL), ratio of Ch/PL, thiobarbituric acid reaction substances (TBARS) in the isolated erythrocyte membrane of patients with mixed hyperlipidemia. The study comprised 50 patients in the age from 45 to 65 with the initial concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) > 200 mg/dl (5.2 mmol/l); cholesterol LDL (LDL-C) > 160 mg/dL (4.1 mmol/l); triglicerides (TG) > 150 mg/dL (4.5 mmol/L) and 22 healthy controls. The plasma lipids concentrations were determined by enzymatic method, the concentration of cholesterol membrane (by method of Ilcy), phospholipids (by method of Bartlett), lipids peroxidation (by method of Stocks and Dormandy) and the erythrocyte membrane fluidity (by a spin-label paramagnetic resonance method using 5-doxylstearic acid - 5-DSA, and 16-doxylstearic acid - 16-DSA). The order parameter S was determined using 5-DSA; 16-DSA was used to estimate the correlation taub and tauc. In group of patients with mixed hyperlipidemia in comparison to the control group it was noticed a significant increase of the mean values of order parameter S (0.74 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.72 +/- 0.005, p < 0.001), of membrane cholesterol concentration (3.39 +/-0.98 vs. 1.93 +/- 0.93 mmol/l pc, p < 0.001), ratio Ch/PL (2.32 +/- 1.22 vs. 1.22 +/- 0.44; p < 0,001) and TBARS (2.91 +/- 0.74 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.4 nmol/mg protein). The differences of the correlation times and phospholipids concentrations between the groups were not statistically significant. Significant correlation between the order parameter S and concentrations of TC, LDL-C in plasma and membrane cholesterol was observed. On the base of given results we conclude that mixed hyperlipidemia may have influence on the erythrocyte membrane structure caused significant decrease of membrane fluidity in the superficial layer without any significant changes in deeper layer and significant increase of membrane cholesterol and TBARS.