Interventions Increase Vaccination Rates in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with immune-mediated conditions such as IBD and RA are at risk for vaccine-preventable infections. Despite guideline recommendations, prior studies have shown suboptimal vaccination rates. AIM: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the different interventions intended to increase vaccination rates. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted of MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library up to 2020 for studies with interventions intended to increase vaccination rates. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis to generate pooled odds ratios (ORs) to assess all interventions against no interventions. Our primary outcome was pneumococcal vaccination (PCV) rate. RESULTS: Our review found 8580 articles, for which 15 IBD and 8 RA articles met the inclusion criteria; 21 articles were included in the analysis. PCV was the predominant vaccination (91%). In our analysis of patients with IBD, almost all interventions (patient-oriented, physician-oriented, or barrier-oriented) increased PCV uptake [OR, 4.74; 95% CI, 2.44-6.56, I2 = 90%] compared to no intervention. The greatest effect was seen in barrier-oriented studies [OR, 12.68; 95% CI, 2.21-72.62, I2 = 92%]. For RA data, all interventions had increased PCV uptake compared to no interventions (OR 2.74; 95% CI, 1.80-4.17, I2 = 95%). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that many different interventions can increase PCV rates. It appears that barrier-oriented interventions may have the greatest positive effect on increasing PCV uptake. However, clinicians should be encouraged to implement measures best suited to their practice. Future high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the best approach to optimize vaccination rates.

A Scoping Review and Proposed Framework for Coping in Youth With a History of Psychological Trauma and Chronic Pain.

OBJECTIVE: Psychological trauma (e.g., abuse, neglect) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) commonly occur in pediatric pain populations and may be related to various maladaptive coping strategies, which may in turn affect short- and long-term pain-related outcomes in youth. Accordingly, the current scoping review and conceptual framework seeks to identify important gaps in the field's current understanding of how coping impacts outcomes in youth who have experienced trauma/PTSS and pediatric chronic pain and explores avenues for future investigation. METHODS: A scoping review of the literature was performed in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycInfo, and Sociological Abstracts. Eligibility criteria included pediatric populations experiencing chronic pain, trauma, adverse childhood events, and/or PTSS and associated coping mechanisms. Nine research papers were selected and used to support the conceptual framework. The framework builds upon the work of Compas et al.'s' model of control-based coping (Compas et al., 2006; Compas & Harding Thomsen, 1999) and outlines the potential effects of trauma and/or PTSS and pain on coping and pain-related outcomes (e.g., pain chronicity, functional outcomes) in pediatric chronic pain populations. RESULTS: A history of chronic pain and psychological trauma and/or PTSS in youth may contribute to increased risk for maladaptive coping and in turn, poorer pain-related and psychosocial outcomes long-term. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from the current scoping review and proposed conceptual framework will guide future research and treatment efforts for youths experiencing pain and trauma and/or PTSS and thereby enhance long-term outcomes.

Emotional intelligence in undergraduate medical students: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: To perform a scoping review to determine what is known about emotional intelligence (EI) in undergraduate medical education (UME). Two main questions were asked: A. What medical student characteristics are associated with EI? Are there correlations with demographic or other factors? B. What research studies have been done on EI in UME? For example, is there evidence EI changes over time as a result of personal experiences? Should EI be used as an admission criterion? Can EI improve as a result of experiences or deliberate interventions? METHOD: The authors searched four databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, Education Resources Information Center, and Web of Science) for all papers published up to and including December 2020. Two reviewers independently screened articles to determine if they met inclusion criteria. All authors extracted and analyzed data. RESULTS: A set of 1520 papers on the topic of emotional intelligence was identified, with 119 papers meeting inclusion criteria. Most studies were done at international locations with only 17 done at US medical schools. Seventy-five were cohort or cross-sectional studies. Study populations were mixed among the studies, with year of medical study, inclusion of other healthcare students, and participation rates among the inter-study differences noted. CONCLUSIONS: Numerous gaps in the literature on EI exist with several points being clear: (1) there is disagreement on the definition of EI, (2) it is undetermined whether EI is a trait or an ability, and (3) there is marked variability among the instruments used to measure EI. It is also becoming apparent that using EI determination may be helpful as a component of the admission process, higher EI is likely related to improved clinical reasoning, and higher EI contributes to more effective stress management.

Entrustable professional activity 7: opportunities to collaborate on evidence-based medicine teaching and assessment of medical students.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to examine gaps and opportunities for involvement of librarians in medical education and patient care as well as improve the teaching and assessment of Entrustable Professional Activity 7 (EPA 7) -- the ability to form clinical questions and retrieve evidence to advance patient care. METHODS: The Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries (AAHSL) Competency-Based Medical Education Task Force surveyed all AAHSL member libraries in October 2016 on health sciences librarian awareness and involvement in teaching and assessing EPA 7. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 54% (88/164 member libraries). While 90% (n = 76) of respondents were regularly engaged in teaching or assessing aspects of EPA 7 only 34 (39%) were involved explicitly in a Core EPA 7 project, 44% (15/34) of these projects were librarian initiated. CONCLUSIONS: Involvement in teaching and assessment of EPA 7 is an untapped opportunity for librarians to collaborate in medical education and patient care. Although librarians are already deeply involved in teaching and assessment of EPA 7 related knowledge, skills, and behaviors, further librarian collaboration can help bolster the planning or updating of existing curricula and assessments of this entrustable professional activity.

Taking Chances: A New Librarian and Curriculum Redesign.

As technology becomes ubiquitous in designing and delivering medical school curricula, health sciences librarians can embrace emerging opportunities for participation in curriculum design. A new medical librarian at Michigan State University Libraries engaged her user base outside of established duties, learned new skills, and challenged preconceived notions about librarians' roles. In the process, she became a partner in copyright education, amended license agreements for enhanced curricular multimedia use, and facilitated curriculum mapping through taxonomy building. These projects helped create the informational foundation for a novel hybrid medical education curriculum and introduced new curricular roles for the librarian.

Institutional Characteristics Influencing Medical Student Selection of Primary Care Careers: A Narrative Review and Synthesis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is an ongoing shortage of primary care physicians in the United States. Medical schools are under pressure to address this threat to the nation's health by producing more primary care graduates, including family physicians. Our objective was to identify institutional characteristics associated with more medical students choosing primary care. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review with narrative synthesis to identify medical school characteristics associated with increased numbers or proportions of primary care graduates. We included peer-reviewed, published research from the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The existing literature on characteristics, including institutional geography, funding and governance, mission, and research emphasis, was analyzed and synthesized into summary statements. RESULTS: Ensuring a strong standing of the specialty of family medicine and creating an atmosphere of acceptance of the pursuit of primary care as a career are likely to increase an institution's percentage of medical students entering primary care. Training on regional campuses or providing primary care experiences in rural settings also correlates with a larger percentage of graduates entering primary care. A research-intensive culture is inversely correlated with primary care physician production among private, but not public, institutions. The literature on institutional financial incentives is not of high enough quality to make a firm statement about influence on specialty choice. CONCLUSIONS: To produce more primary care providers, medical schools must create an environment where primary care is supported as a career choice. Medical schools should also consider educational models that incorporate regional campuses or rural educational settings.

Influences of Medical School Admissions Practices on Primary Care Career Choice.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Medical schools should understand how to matriculate students who are more likely to enter primary care specialties and put admissions processes into place that achieve this result. However, there are no existing reviews that have systematically evaluated medical school admission practices and primary care specialty choice. METHODS: We conducted a narrative synthesis utilizing a systematic literature search to evaluate the effectiveness of medical school admission strategies designed to increase the percentage of graduates entering primary care specialties. RESULTS: We included 34 articles in the narrative review. Multiple prematriculation programs that appear to produce students with a high likelihood of entering primary care have been described in the literature. However, all of these studies are from single institutions, were observational, and limited by selection bias. Applicants who self-identify an interest in primary care, grew up with a rural background, and are older at matriculation are more likely to enter primary care, with stated interest in primary care being most predictive. Gender and race have been associated with primary care specialty choice in some studies, but not all. Insufficient literature on admissions policies and procedures exists to draw conclusions about best practices. CONCLUSIONS: Medical schools that want to increase the percentage of graduates entering primary care should consider developing a prematriculation program that attracts and prepares motivated and talented students with primary care interest. Admissions committees should understand which demographic criteria are associated with increased likelihood of entering primary care. The most important identifiable trait is an applicant's stated interest in primary care.

The Relationship Between Medical School Clerkships and Primary Care Specialty Choice: A Narrative Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is a persistent shortage of primary care physicians in the United States. Medical schools can help meet societal primary care health needs by graduating more students who select family medicine and other primary care careers. The objective of this narrative review was to evaluate the relationship between clerkships and primary care specialty choice. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search and narrative review of research articles examining the association between clerkships and primary care specialty choice. We evaluated the quality of included articles using a validated scale, assessed for methodology and outcomes, and synthesized using a narrative approach. RESULTS: We identified 59 articles meeting our research criteria. A required primary care clerkship in the core clerkship year was associated with increased primary care specialty choice. This finding was strongest for family medicine clerkships and family medicine specialty choice. Clerkships that were longer, were of higher quality, exposed students to a wider scope of primary care practice, and occurred within an institutional climate supportive of primary care were also correlated with more students choosing a primary care specialty. While student self-reported interest in primary care often increased following a primary care clerkship, this interest was not always sustained or consistently associated with a primary care residency match or primary care career. CONCLUSIONS: Required family medicine and primary care clerkships were correlated with primary care specialty choice. More high-quality research is needed to better understand how to maximize the impact of clerkships on primary care specialty choice.

The Influence of Role Modeling and Mentorship on Primary Care Career Choice: What Can Be Gleaned From 30 Years of Research?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Role modeling and mentoring are key aspects of identity formation in medical school and likely influence student specialty choice. No reviews have examined the ways that mentorship relationships impact primary care career choice. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search to identify articles describing the influence of role models and mentorship on primary care interest, intention, or choice. A content analysis of the included articles determined which articles focused on mentorship versus role modeling and the definitions of each. We coded articles as groundwork, effectiveness, or impact depending on the methodology and outcomes of each study. RESULTS: Searches yielded 362 articles, of which 30 met inclusion criteria. Three offered definitions of role modeling, and one compared and contrasted definitions of mentoring; 17 articles laid groundwork that indicated that role modeling and mentorship are important factors in career choice and specifically in primary care. Thirteen articles reported the effectiveness and impact of role modeling and mentoring in influencing intent to enter primary care or actual career choice. Primary care and non-primary care physicians influenced student interest, intent, and choice of primary care careers; this influence could be positive or negative. CONCLUSIONS: Role modeling and mentorship influence primary care career choice. Very few articles defined the studied relationships. More work on the impact of mentorship and role modeling on career choice is needed.

Impact of Curricula and Electives on Primary Care Specialty Choice: A Narrative Synthesis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Educational components and electives that may influence medical student choice of primary care careers have been studied individually, but not reviewed or synthesized. Examining educational components and electives in a comprehensive manner may inform evidence-based approaches to raise the number of primary care physicians in the United States and help optimize use of finite resources. We sought to determine evidence-based educational components and electives associated with increased medical student choice of primary care careers. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL for undergraduate medical education articles in English describing an educational component or elective and outcome relevant to primary care specialty choice. We assessed titles, then abstracts, and finally full texts for inclusion in a narrative synthesis. RESULTS: The searches returned 11,211 articles and we found 42 that met the inclusion criteria. The most described components were outpatient clinical rotations, preclinical courses, and preceptorships. The most common electives were international health, summer preceptorships, and rural medicine. While most articles described curricula that appeared to have a positive correlation with primary care specialty choice, six articles found limited benefit. In sum, results were mixed. CONCLUSIONS: The current literature is limited, and many contemporary electives have not been studied with respect to primary care choice. Increased attention and funding to studying the impact of electives and other educational components on primary care specialty choice is warranted.

Medical School Characteristics, Policies, and Practices That Support Primary Care Specialty Choice: A Scoping Review of 5 Decades of Research.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The United States, like many other nations, faces a chronic shortage of primary care physicians. The purpose of this scoping review was to synthesize literature describing evidence-based institutional practices and interventions that support medical students' choices of primary care specialties, published in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. METHODS: We surveyed peer-reviewed, published research. An experienced medical librarian conducted searches of multiple databases. Articles were selected for inclusion based on explicit criteria. We charted articles by topic, methodology, year of publication, journal, country of origin, and presence or absence of funding. We then scored included articles for quality. Finally, we defined and described six common stages of development of institutional interventions. RESULTS: We reviewed 8,083 articles and identified 199 articles meeting inclusion criteria and 41 related articles. As a group, studies were of low quality, but improved over time. Most were quantitative studies conducted in the United States. Many studies utilized one of four common methodologic approaches: retrospective surveys, studies of programs or curricula, large-scale multi-institution comparisons, and single-institution exemplars. Most studies developed groundwork or examined effectiveness or impact, with few studies of planning or piloting. Few studies examined state or regional workforce outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Research examining medical school interventions and institutional practices to support primary care specialty choice would benefit from stronger theoretical grounding, greater investment in planning and piloting, consistent use of language, more qualitative methods, and innovative approaches. Robust funding mechanisms are needed to advance these goals.

Exploring Preparation for the USMLE Step 2 Exams to Inform Best Practices.

INTRODUCTION: The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 will transition to a pass-fail format in 2022. This is likely to result in an increased focus on Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) scores. Thus, academic advisors must provide evidence-based guidance for preparing students. While prior research has examined the utility of academic indicators to predict student performance on the USMLE exams, no significant scholarly effort has described or evaluated students' study approaches. The research study's goal was to understand what strategies and resources students utilized when preparing for the Step 2 CK exam and investigate the relationship(s) between these approaches and performance. METHODS: Students at a single US medical school were surveyed about their Step 2 CK preparation. We analyzed self-reported exam preparation strategies and the use of specific resources to determine their relationship with Step 2 CK score. RESULTS: Student performance on Step 2 CK was correlated with performance on previous exams, including school-specific examinations, National Board of Medical Examiners clerkship shelf exams, and Step 1. Two study strategies were positively correlated with Step 2 CK score in preliminary analyses: completing more working practice questions, and the proportion of a question bank completed. In hierarchical regression, only completing more working questions remained predictive, after controlling for demographic variables and Step 1 performance. CONCLUSIONS: Faculty and staff can optimize students' Step 2 CK performance by encouraging them to work through case-based, clinically-focused questions. Further study is needed to describe optimal preparation strategies better.

Debt and the Emerging Physician Workforce: The Relationship Between Educational Debt and Family Medicine Residents' Practice and Fellowship Intentions.

PURPOSE: Educational debt is increasing and may affect physicians' career choices. High debt may influence family medicine residents' initial practice setting and fellowship training decisions, adversely affecting the distribution of primary care physicians. The purpose of this study was to determine whether debt was associated with graduating family medicine residents' practice and fellowship intentions. METHOD: The authors completed a cross-sectional secondary analysis of 2014 and 2015 American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) examination registration questionnaire data and ABFM administrative data. They used multivariate logistic regression to determine whether educational debt was associated with graduating residents' practice (ownership and type) and fellowship intentions. RESULTS: Most residents (89.7%; 3,368) intended to pursue an employed position, but this intention was not associated with their debt. Residents with high debt ($150,000-$249,999) had lower odds of intending to work for a government organization (odds ratio [OR] 0.57; confidence interval [CI] 0.41-0.79). Those with high or very high debt (> $250,000) had lower odds of choosing academic practice (OR 0.55, CI 0.36-0.85 and OR 0.62, CI 0.40-0.96, respectively) or a geriatrics fellowship (OR 0.36, CI 0.20-0.67 and OR 0.29, CI 0.15-0.55, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: High educational debt may contribute to national shortages of academic primary care physicians and geriatricians. Existing National Health Service Corps loan repayment opportunities may not offer adequate incentives to primary care physicians with high debt. The medical community should advocate for policies that better align financial incentives with workforce needs.

Defining Rural: The Predictive Value of Medical School Applicants' Rural Characteristics on Intent to Practice in a Rural Community.

PURPOSE: To understand the predictive value of medical student application characteristics on rural practice intent. METHOD: The authors constructed a linked database of 2012-2017 medical school matriculants from American Medical College Application Service applications and Association of American Medical Colleges Matriculating Student Questionnaire (MSQ, 2012-2017) and Graduation Questionnaire (GQ, 2016-2018). Using logistic regression, they compared application variables (birth, high school, childhood county, and self-declared geographical origin) to students' MSQ and GQ intent to practice rurally. Rural practice intent from matriculation to graduation was compared using the McNemar test for paired nominal data. RESULTS: The number of students meeting inclusion criteria was 115,027. More students self-declared rural origin (18,662; 16.4%) than were identified using geographically coded variables (6,097-8,784; 6.1%-8.1%). Geographically coded rural variables were all strongly and similarly associated with rural practice intent, with rural high school being the most predictive on both MSQ (odds ratio [OR], 6.51; CI, 6.1-7.0) and GQ (OR, 5.4; CI, 4.9-6.0). Self-declared geographical origin was associated with a similar rural practice intent on both MSQ (OR, 6.93; CI, 6.5-7.3) and GQ (OR, 5.69; CI, 5.2-6.2). Rural practice intent declined for all groups from matriculation to graduation. CONCLUSIONS: Considering students who self-declare as rural identifies a larger group of rural medical school applicants than more "objective" geographic variables, without negatively impacting students' predicted interest in eventual rural practice. Further research should track actual practice location and explore strategies to mitigate declining rural career interest.

The Role of Primary Care Physicians in Providing End-of-Life Care.

BACKGROUND: Primary care physicians (PCPs) frequently have long-term relationships with patients as well as their families. As such they are well positioned to care for their patients at the end of their lives. As the number of patients in need of end-of-life care continues to grow, it is critical to understand how PCPs can fulfill that need. The purpose of our study is to perform a narrative review of the literature and develop a theoretical model delineating the overarching roles played by PCPs in caring for patients at the end of life. METHODS: For this narrative review, the authors searched Medline (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus up to March 22, 2017. Articles were not limited by geography. RESULTS: Review of existing literature generally supports 4 broad categories as the primary roles for PCP involvement in end of life: pain and symptom management; information management, including transmitting and clarifying information, setting care priorities, and assisting patients with treatment decisions; coordinating care and collaborating with other providers; and addressing patients' social, emotional, and spiritual needs. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this review, PCPs provide a wide range of services to patients at the end of life. Promoting the provision of the full scope of services by PCPs will help ensure improved continuity of care while providing the highest quality of care for patients, both in the United States and around the world.

Family Medicine Residents' Debt and Certification Examination Performance.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have found that medical students and internal medicine residents with high educational debt perform less well on examinations. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between educational debt and family medicine residents' performance on initial in-training and board certification examinations. METHODS: Our study was a cross-sectional secondary analysis of American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) data collected from residents (N=5,828) who registered for the Family Medicine Certification Examination (FMCE) in 2014 and 2015, representing 85.8% of graduating family medicine residents in the United States in those years. Multivariable linear and logistic regression modeling was used to examine the relationship between debt level and examination scores, and also to explore the relationship between debt level and passing the initial FMCE. RESULTS: After controlling for demographic variables, residents with high debt ($150,000 to $249,999) and very high debt (more than $250,000) performed significantly worse than those with no debt on the initial in-training examination (score differences of 14.2 [CI 8.6, 19.8] and 15.8 [CI 10.3, 21.4] points, respectively) and FMCE (score differences of 19.3 points [CI 13.4, 25.3] and 30.4 points [CI 24.6, 36.3], respectively). Additionally, those with debt above $250,000 had half the odds of passing their initial FMCE (OR 0.45; CI 0.27-0.75). CONCLUSIONS: High educational debt is associated with lower examination performance among family medicine residents. This may be because residents with more debt have more stress or fewer day-to-day financial resources. However, confounding factors may also contribute to this association.

The Decline In Rural Medical Students: A Growing Gap In Geographic Diversity Threatens The Rural Physician Workforce.

Growing up in a rural setting is a strong predictor of future rural practice for physicians. This study reports on the fifteen-year decline in the number of rural medical students, culminating in rural students' representing less than 5 percent of all incoming medical students in 2017. Furthermore, students from underrepresented racial/ethnic minority groups in medicine (URM) with rural backgrounds made up less than 0.5 percent of new medical students in 2017. Both URM and non-URM students with rural backgrounds are substantially and increasingly underrepresented in medical school. If the number of rural students entering medical school were to become proportional to the share of rural residents in the US population, the number would have to quadruple. To date, medical schools' efforts to recognize and value a rural background have been insufficient to stem the decline in the number of rural medical students. Policy makers and other stakeholders should recognize the exacerbated risk to rural access created by this trend. Efforts to reinforce the rural pipeline into medicine warrant further investment and ongoing evaluation.

Parental Leave Policies and Practices of US Family Medicine Residency Programs.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adequate parental leave policies promote a supportive workplace environment. This study describes how US family medicine (FM) residency program parental leave policies compare to reported leave taken by residents and faculty. METHODS: This is a descriptive study of questions from a 2017 Council of Academic Medicine Educational Research Alliance (CERA) survey of accredited US FM program directors. RESULTS: The overall survey response rate was 54.6% (261/478). Paid maternity leave policies varied widely (0 to >12 weeks; mean=5.3 weeks for faculty and 4.5 weeks for residents); paid paternity leave ranged from 0 to 12 weeks (mean=2.7 weeks for faculty and 2.4 weeks for residents). Some FM programs reported offering residents (29.1%) and faculty (28.5%) no paid maternity leave; 37.2% offered residents and 40.4% offered faculty no paid paternity leave. Both female and male faculty took significantly less leave than was offered (maternity leave: faculty 0.6 weeks less, P<.01; residents 0.5 weeks less, P<.01; paternity leave: faculty 1.6 weeks less, P<.01; residents 0.6 weeks less, P<.01). The amount of paid and total maternity and paternity leave surrendered by residents was strongly correlated with the amount surrendered by faculty in the same program (correlation coefficients 0.46-0.87, P<.01). Residents in smaller programs, and programs with a rural focus, surrendered more parental leave. CONCLUSIONS: Programs vary widely in their parental leave offerings, and FM residents and faculty frequently take less parental leave than offered. As the amount of leave taken by residents and faculty at the same institution is correlated, institutional culture may contribute to parental leave use.

How Many Graduating Family Medicine Residents Have Chosen Financial Support for Service Commitments?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: New family physicians have opportunities to avoid accruing educational debt or have loans repaid by making a commitment to public service. Little information is available about the numbers of early career family physicians who have made service commitments to fund their education. The purpose of this study is to describe the proportion of graduating family medicine residents who have enrolled in US military and National Health Service Corps (NHSC) scholarship and loan repayment programs, thus obligating them to future public service. METHODS: The study was a secondary analysis of de-identified data from the 2014 and 2015 American Board of Family Medicine examination registration questionnaire, which is required of all residents applying for board certification. Descriptive statistics were used to indicate the numbers and proportions of respondents who indicated military or NHSC financial support. Chi square analyses were used to analyze differences between groups. RESULTS: Of the 6,231 residents studied, 271 (4.4%) had either obtained military support (n=191, 3.1%) or enrolled in the NHSC (n=80, 1.3%). More men had enrolled in the military than women (4.2% vs 2.2%, P<0.01), but there was no significant NHSC gender difference. Underrepresented minorities (URM) were twice as likely to have enrolled in NHSC as non-URM residents (2.5% vs 1.0%, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Only a small fraction of graduating family medicine residents have used either military enrollment or NHSC scholarships to fund their education. Family medicine should advocate strongly for expansion of the NHSC scholarship program, which receives many more applications than it can support.