Circulating mitochondrial dysfunction as an early biomarker for contrast media-induced acute kidney injury in chronic kidney disease patients.

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is the common hospitalized acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the diagnosis by serum creatinine might not be early enough. Currently, the roles of circulating mitochondria in CI-AKI are still unclear. Since early detection is crucial for treatment, the association between circulating mitochondrial function and CI-AKI was tested as a potential biomarker for detection of CI-AKI. Twenty patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled. Blood and urine samples were obtained at the time of PCI, and 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after PCI. Plasma and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were measured. Oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial function, mitochondrial dynamics and cell death were determined from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Forty percent of patients developed AKI. Plasma NGAL levels increased after 24 h after receiving contrast media. Cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased mitochondrial fusion occurred at 6 h following contrast media exposure. Subgroup of AKI had higher %necroptosis cells and TNF-α mRNA expression than subgroup without AKI. Collectively, circulating mitochondrial dysfunction could be an early predictive biomarker for CI-AKI in CKD patients receiving contrast media. These findings provide novel strategies to prevent CI-AKI according to its pathophysiology.

Clinical outcomes of an ultrathin-strut sirolimus-eluting stent in all-comers population: Thailand Orsiro registry.

BACKGROUND: Despite numerous studies supporting the outperformance of ultrathin-strut bioresorbable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent (Orsiro SES, Biotronik AG), the generalizability of the study results remains unclear in the Asian population. We sought to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the Orsiro SES in unselected Thai population. METHODS: The Thailand Orsiro registry was a prospective, open-label clinical study evaluating all patients with obstructive coronary artery disease implanted with Orsiro SES. The primary endpoint was target lesion failure (TLF) at 12 months. TLF is defined as a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction (TVMI), emergent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), and clinically driven target lesion revascularization (CD-TLR). Patients with diabetes, small vessels (≤ 2.75 mm), chronic total occlusions (CTOs), and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were pre-specified subgroups for statistical analysis. RESULT: A total of 150 patients with 235 lesions were included in the analysis. Half of the patients (53.3%) presented with AMI, and 24% had diabetes. Among 235 lesions, 93(39.4%) were small vessels, and 24(10.2%) were chronic total occlusions. The primary endpoint, TLF at 12 months, occurred in eight patients (5.3%), predominately caused by cardiac death. By contrast, the incidences of TVMI and CD-TLR were null. The outcomes in pre-specified subgroup were not different from the overall population (all p > 0.05). One definite late stent thrombosis(0.7%) was incidentally observed during primary percutaneous coronary intervention to the non-target vessel. CONCLUSION: The safety and efficacy of the ultrathin strut sirolimus-eluting stent in unselected cases are confirmed in the Thailand Orsiro registry. Despite the high proportion of pre-specified high-risk subgroups, the excellent stent performance was consistent with the overall population. Trial Registration TCTR20190325001.

The prognostic utility of GRACE risk score in predictive cardiovascular event rate in STEMI patients with successful fibrinolysis and delay intervention in non PCI-capable hospital: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Fibrinolytic therapy is the main reperfusion therapy for most STEMI patients in several countries. Current practice guidelines recommended routine early pharmacoinvasive (within 3-24 h after successful fibrinolysis, however it cannot be performed in timely fashion due to limitation of PCI-capable hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic utility of the GRACE score in patients receiving delayed intervention after successful fibrinolysis in non PCI-capable hospital. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the data from the Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) registry during the period 2007-2012. The STEMI patients who had successfully fibrionolysis in non PCI-capable hospital and received delayed PCI (during 24 h to 14 days after successful fibrinolytic therapy) at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai hospital were included. The primary end point for this analysis was the composite outcomes, which included all-cause mortality, re-hospitalization with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), re-hospitalization with heart failure (HF) and stroke at 1 and 6-month. RESULTS: A total of 152 patients were included. 88 patients and 64 patients were in low GRACE group (GRACE risk score ≤ 125) and intermediate to high GRACE group (GRACE risk score above 126), respectively. The median time from fibrinolysis to coronary intervention in low GRACE group was 8.5 days (interquartile range, 4.6-10.9) and 7.9 days (interquartile range,3.2,12.0) in intermediate to high GRACE group (p = 0.482). At 1 month, the composite cardiovascular outcome at 1 month occurred in 2 patients (2.3 %) in low GRACE group and 10 patients (15.6 %) in intermediate to high GRACE group (P = 0.003). During 6 months, the composite cardiovascular outcomes occurred in 6 patients (6.8 %) in low GRACE group and 12 patients (18.7 %) in intermediate to high GRACE group (P = 0.024). The cumulative of composite cardiovascular outcome was significant higher in intermediate to high GRACE group than in low GRACE group (Hazard ratio: 2.97, 95 % CI 1.11-7.90; p = 0.030). CONCLUSION: The long delay pharmacoinvasive strategy in intermediate to high GRACE score after successful fibrinolysis in non PCI-capable facilities were associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes than the patients with low GRACE score at 1 and 6 months. GRACE risk score may be helpful and guided the clinicians in non PCI-capable center in early transferred to early intervention in STEMI patients after fibrinolytic therapy.

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score for cardiovascular risk stratification in a Thai clinical cohort: A comparison of absolute scores and age-sex-specific percentiles.

Purposes: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score provides a quantification of atherosclerotic plaque within the coronary arteries. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and CAC score distribution and to evaluate the association of each CAC score classifications with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in a Thai clinical cohort. Methods: This study was a retrospective observational cohort. We included patients aged above 35 years who underwent CAC score testing. The absolute and age-sex specific percentile classifications were categorized as 0, 1 to 10, 11 to 100, 101 to 400, and >400 and 0, <75th, 75th - 90th, and >90th, respectively. The endpoint was MACE, including cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, heart failure hospitalization, coronary artery revascularization procedure, and stroke. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios. The discriminative performance between classifications were compared using Harrell's C-statistics. The agreement was assessed via Cohen's Kappa. Results: This study included 440 patients, with approximately 70% of Thai patients exhibiting a CAC score. CAC score distributed higher in male than female and increased with age. Both CAC score classification demonstrated the acceptable predictive performance. However, fair agreement was observed between classifications (Cohen's kappa 0.51, 95%CI 0.42-0.59). Within the absolute classification, a higher CAC score was associated with increased hazard ratios for MACE across stratified age-sex-specific percentile levels. In contrast, the hazard ratios for MACE did not consistently rise with higher age-sex-specific percentile CAC score when stratified by absolute CAC score levels. Conclusions: Both absolute and age-sex-specific percentile CAC score demonstrated acceptable performance in predicting MACE. However, the absolute CAC score classification may be more suitable for risk stratification within the Thai clinical cohort. Our findings offer supportive information that could inform future recommendations for CAC score testing criteria within national clinical practice guidelines.

Impact of the adjunctive use criteria for intravascular ultrasound-guided percutaneous coronary intervention and clinical outcomes.

The impact of the adherence to the adjunctive use criteria (AUC) for intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and clinical outcomes in low IVUS volume countries are limited. The current study compared the procedural success and complication rates between used and not used IVUS catheter in the patients who were met (C +) and were not met (C-) the AUC for IVUS-guided PCI. From June 2018 through June 2019, a total of 21,066 patients were included in the Thai PCI registry. Among the study population, 15,966 patients (75.8%) have met the IVUS-AUC. The IVUS-guided PCI rates were 14.5% and 11.3% in the C + and C - groups, respectively. After adjusting for covariables by propensity model, IVUS-guided PCI was identified as an independent predictor of the procedural success rate regardless of whether the AUC were met with the relative risk [RR (95% confidence interval (CI)] of 1.033(1.026-1.040) and 1.012(1.002-1.021) in C + and C- groups, respectively. IVUS-guided PCI increased the procedural complication risks in both groups but were not significant with corresponding RRs of 1.171(0.915-1.426) and 1.693(0.959-2.426). Procedural success was achieved with IVUS-guided PCI regardless of whether the AUC were met. IVUS-guided PCI did not lead to an increase in procedural complications.

Influenza vaccination reduces cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

AIMS: Influenza infection has been shown to accentuate the progression of atherosclerosis and precipitate the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the protective effects of the influenza vaccine on cardiovascular events are still inconclusive. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was a prospective randomized open with blinded endpoint (PROBE) study. The 439 patients who had been admitted due to ACS within 8 weeks were enrolled and randomly allocated to receive inactivated influenza vaccine in the vaccine group and no treatment in the control group. All patients were treated with the standard therapy including revascularization according to primary cardiologists. The primary endpoint, which was the combined major cardiovascular events, including death, hospitalization from ACS, hospitalization from heart failure, and hospitalization from stroke, occurred less frequently in the vaccine group than the control group [9.5 vs. 19.3%, unadjusted HR 0.70 (0.57-0.86), P = 0.004]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of cardiovascular death between the vaccine and control groups [2.3 vs. 5.5%, unadjusted HR 0.39 (0.14-1.12), P = 0.088]. CONCLUSION: The influenza vaccine reduced major cardiovascular events in patients with ACS. Therefore, it should be encouraged as a secondary prevention in this group of patients.

Plasma urocortin in acute myocardial infarction patients.

BACKGROUND: Despite its proposed cardioprotective effect, the role of plasma urocortin in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unknown. We investigated plasma profile of urocortin in AMI patients and evaluated its long-term prognostic performance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-six AMI patients and 21 healthy subjects were included in this study. Blood samples for urocortin were collected on days 0 (onset), 1, 3 and 5 and at 3 and 6 months. Primary endpoint was mortality within 1 year of follow-up. Secondary endpoint was combined death and nonfatal adverse cardiac events (i.e. myocardial reinfarction, urgent revascularization or hospitalization due to heart failure) within 1 year. RESULTS: During follow-up at 1 year, 38 (57·6%) patients were alive without cardiac events, nine (13·6%) had nonfatal cardiac events and 17 (25·8%) died. Plasma urocortin in AMI patients were increased on days 0, 1, 3 and 5 (P<0·05 vs. control). The receiver-operating characteristic curve showed an area under curve (AUC) of day 0 urocortin to be 0·750 with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0·619-0·881 (P=0·004), whereas AUC of NT-proBNP was 0·857 (95% CI, 0·722-0·992; P=0·003). Sensitivity values for predicting the mortality of urocortin NT-proBNP and a combined urocortin and NT-proBNP were 0·81 (95% CI, 0·54-0·95), 0·86 (95% CI, 0·42-0·99) and 1·0 (95% CI, 0·56-1·0), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma urocortin level is elevated in AMI patients for 5 days from onset. High plasma urocortin within 24 h after the onset is associated with increased mortality. Combined urocortin and NT-proBNP enhance prognostic performance in AMI patients.

Complete right bundle branch block predicts mortality in Thai patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that intraventricular conduction defect is associated with increased mortality in heart failure (HF) population. However, it is conflicting whether left bundle branch block (LBBB) or right bundle branch block (RBBB) is a better predictor for mortality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between patterns of bundle branch block (BBB) and all-cause mortality in Thai patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and to compare the prognostic values of RBBB and LBBB in this population. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The authors retrospectively studied a cohort of 170 patients (age 58 +/- 14 years, male=117) with HFrEF requiring hospitalization and were followed-up in a heart failure clinic. Predictors of mortality were evaluated by Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS: Wide QRS complex (duration >120 ms) was present in 26% of patients, 15% with LBBB, 11% with RBBB. During an average follow-up of 1.8 +/-1.6 years, 22 patients (13%) died. By univariate analysis, presence of chronic renal insufficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction and RBBB, but not LBBB were associated with increased mortality. After multivariate adjustment, the presence of RBBB was the only strong predictor of mortality in HF patients (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.3-11.7, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The presence of RBBB was the only independent predictor of mortality in Thai patients with HFrEE

GRACE score and cardiovascular outcomes prediction among the delayed coronary intervention after post-fibrinolytic STEMI patients in a limited PCI-capable hospital.

Background: In Thailand, due to limited availability of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-capable hospitals, a number of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after fibrinolytic therapy underwent the delayed coronary intervention (24 hours to 2 weeks). Existing tool such as the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Event (GRACE) to define patients at high risk of cardiovascular outcomes has been used widely, except for patients who had the delayed coronary intervention. We, therefore, evaluated the cardiovascular outcomes of STEMI patients who underwent the delayed coronary intervention. Methods: We retrospectively analysed the data from the PCI-capable hospital (Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital) STEMI registry during the period 2007-2012. Patients who received fibrinolytic treatment (SK) and underwent the delayed coronary intervention were included. The outcomes of the study were 30-day and 6-month composite cardiovascular outcomes (including death, re-hospitalised with acute coronary syndrome, re-hospitalised with heart failure and stroke). Results: Of all 341 patients included, 229 (67.2%) patients were in the low GRACE score group (<126 points) and 112 (32.8%) patients in the intermediate-high GRACE score group (≥126 points). At 30 days, the composite cardiovascular outcome occurred in 2.2% (n=5) in the low GRACE score group and 11.6% (n=13) in the intermediate-high GRACE score group (p value=0.001). At 6 months, the composite cardiovascular outcomes occurred in 3.9% (n=9) in the low GRACE score group and 13.4% (n=15) in the intermediate-high GRACE score group (p value=0.003). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of GRACE score for 6-month composite cardiovascular outcomes was 0.746 (95% CI 0.698 to 0.793). Conclusion: Intermediate-high GRACE risk STEMI patients after fibrinolytic therapy in limited PCI-capable hospital who underwent the delayed coronary intervention increased 30-day and 6-month cardiovascular outcomes compared with the low GRACE risk patients. In limited available PCI-capable hospital, GRACE risk score can be helpful in guiding the cardiologists to select a proper time for coronary intervention in post-fibrinolytic STEMI patients.

ODYSSEY EAST: Alirocumab efficacy and safety vs ezetimibe in high cardiovascular risk patients with hypercholesterolemia and on maximally tolerated statin in China, India, and Thailand.

BACKGROUND: The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor alirocumab significantly reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). OBJECTIVE: This study (ODYSSEY EAST) assessed the efficacy and safety of alirocumab vs ezetimibe in high cardiovascular risk patients from Asia. METHODS: Patients (n = 615) from China, India, and Thailand with hypercholesterolemia at high cardiovascular risk on maximally tolerated statin were randomized (2:1) to alirocumab (75 mg every 2 weeks [Q2W]; with dose increase to 150 mg Q2W at week 12 if week 8 LDL-C was >1.81 mmol/L [>70 mg/dL]) or ezetimibe (10 mg daily) for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was percentage change in calculated LDL-C from baseline to week 24. Safety was assessed throughout. RESULTS: Baseline data were similar in both groups. LDL-C levels were reduced from baseline to week 24 by 56.0% and 20.3% in the alirocumab and ezetimibe groups, respectively (P < .0001 vs ezetimibe). Overall, 18.8% of alirocumab-treated patients received a dose increase to 150 mg Q2W. At week 24, 85.1% of alirocumab-treated and 40.5% of ezetimibe-treated patients reached LDL-C <1.81 mmol/L (<70 mg/dL, P < .0001 vs ezetimibe). Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 68.5% of alirocumab-treated and 63.1% of ezetimibe-treated patients, with upper respiratory tract infection the most common (alirocumab: 13.3%; ezetimibe: 14.1%). Injection-site reactions occurred more frequently in alirocumab-treated patients (2.7%) than in ezetimibe-treated patients (1.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Alirocumab significantly reduced LDL-C vs ezetimibe in high cardiovascular risk patients from Asia and was generally well tolerated. These findings are consistent with previous ODYSSEY studies.

Prevalence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 mutation in patients with valvular heart disease in northern Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Warfarin has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolism. Warfarin therapy depends on interaction between physiological, environmental, and genetic factors. Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) and cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) enzyme conjointly determine the warfarin maintenance dose. The prevalence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 variants varies among ethnic groups. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of CYP2C and VKORC1 in the Northern Thai population. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Patients with valvular heart disease who regularly took a steady maintenance warfarin dose for at least one month were recruited into the present study. Patients who had taken amiodarone or an anti-inflammatory drug were excluded Clinical data were obtained from medical records. Five milliliters of whole blood was drawn from each patient for gene analysis and prothrombin time with international normalized ratio (INR) measurement. RESULTS: From 242 patients, CYP2C9 *1/*1 was found in 230 patients (95%) and CYP2C9 *1/*3 was found in 12 patients (5%). Neither mutant CYP2C9*2 allele nor individuals homozygous for CYP2C9*3 were observed. Regarding VKORC1, haplotype AB was found in 83 patients (34.3%) and haplotype AA was found in 154 patients (63.6%). Haplotype BB (wild type) was found in five patients (2.1%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CYP2C9 *1/*1 is high while the prevalence of CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 is very low. VKORC1 haplotype AA is the most common among the Northern Thai population. Further study regarding pharmacogenetic and non-genetic factors to develop warfarin-dosing algorithm is warranted

Normal thoracic aortic diameter in Thai people by multidetector computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the normal size of the thoracic aorta among Thai people. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The aortic diameter of 73 Thai males and 56 Thai females, in four age groups, were measured from thoracic Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) images. Aortic size were analyzed and correlated by age, sex, and vertebral body. RESULTS: All showed normal aortic configuration, i.e. smooth tapering from aortic root to ascending and descending aorta. Mean aortic diameters were 3.12 cm at proximal ascending aorta, 2.95 cm at distal ascending aorta, 2.59 cm at mid arch, 2.33 cm at proximal descending aorta, 2.14 cm at distal descending aorta, and 2.03 cm at diaphragm. Males' aorta were larger than females, and all levels of the aorta were significantly enlarged with increasing age. Tapering of the vessel ratio of the ascending aorta/distal aorta at diaphragm was 1.5 without statistical significance. There was a weak correlation between aortic size and vertebral body at all levels. Comparing the size of the aorta to that of the vertebrae, the aorta was larger at the ascending part, equal at the mid arch and smaller at the descending part. CONCLUSION: Among the Northern Thai people, the average size of the aorta was determined at each level. It was found that aortic size is significantly dependent on age, sex, and vertebral body width.

Cardiovascular outcomes of early versus delayed coronary intervention in low to intermediate-risk patients with STEMI in Thailand: a randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of an early coronary intervention after streptokinase (SK) therapy in low to intermediate-risk patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) still remains uncertain. The current study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular outcomes of early versus delayed coronary intervention in low to intermediate-risk patients with STEMI after successful therapy with SK. METHODS: We randomly assigned low to intermediate Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score to patients with STEMI who had successful treatment with full-dose SK at Lampang Hospital and Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital into early and delayed coronary intervention groups. The primary endpoints were 30-day and 6-month composite cardiovascular outcomes (death, rehospitalised with acute coronary syndrome, rehospitalised with heart failure and stroke). RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-two patients were included in our study. At the 30 days, composite cardiovascular outcomes were 4.9% in the early coronary intervention group and 2.5% in the delayed group (p=0.682). At the 6 months, the composite cardiovascular outcomes were 16.1% in the early group and 6.2% in the delayed group (p=0.054). CONCLUSIONS: The delayed coronary intervention (>24 hours) in low to intermediate STEMI after successful therapy with SK did not increase in short and long-term cardiovascular events compared with an early coronary intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02131103.

Evidence of influenza or influenza-like-illness preceding acute coronary syndrome.

This observational study determined the prevalence of influenza and influenza-like-illness (ILI) in patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Serological confirmation and a clinical history of influenza or a recent acute upper respiratory infection were obtained in 376 patients admitted to Maharaj Nakhon Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand, from June 2006 through May 2007 for ACS. We found evidence of confirmed influenza preceding ACS in 47 patients (12.5%) and for recent ILI in 41 patients (11%). There were more influenza and ILI patients admitted in the winter than in other months. Influenza vaccination may be protective in high risk patients.

Multi-link Vision and MiniVision stent registry in Asian patients with coronary artery disease: a prospective, multi-center study.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have showed that the fine mesh stents are associated with a significant reduction in both clinical and angiographic re-stenosis of the coronary arteries. To maintain a very satisfactory radio-opacity using the stents, Guidant of the USA has designed a new type of bare metal stents (BMS)-Multi-link (ML) Vision/ML MiniVision stents. The clinical outcomes of Asian patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) after implanting the Multi-link Vision or MiniVision stent were investigated in this study. METHODS: An observational, prospective, multi-center, non-randomized post marketing registry was conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the BMS-ML Vision/ML MiniVision stents. The primary end point of the registry was clinical target lesion revascularization (TLR) at a 6-month follow-up. The major secondary end points included the rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and serious adverse events (SAE) in hospital and at 6 months; and the rate of clinical TLR as a function of the type of angina. A total of 429 Asian people with 449 lesions from 14 centers were selected for this study. The average reference diameter of the lesions was (3.0 +/- 0.5) mm, and the mean length was (15.7 +/- 5.0) mm. RESULTS: The successful rate of the procedure was 99.3%. Twenty-five percent of the lesions were treated by direct stenting without pre-dilation. Eighty-six percent of the lesions were implanted with ML Vision stent. After the 6-month follow-up, the rate of clinical TLR was 1.4%. The MACE, SAE and target vessel revascularization (TVR) were 6.8%, 3.5% and 1.4% respectively. CONCLUSION: The current registry showed the excellent 6-month clinical outcomes of ML Vision/ML MiniVision stents in Asian patients with CAD.

In-hospital invasive strategy and outcomes in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome management from Thai Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry.

BACKGROUND: The management guideline of acute coronary syndrome has been changed in recent years, especially in the group of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Presently, there is no existing guideline in Thailand. Additionally, several different management factors of health care from Western countries being used. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the real management strategy, including the utilization of invasive management and pharmacotherapy of NSTE-ACS Thai patients in the absence of official clinical management guideline. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Thai Acute Coronary Syndrome (Thai ACS) Registry is a large, observational prospective, population-based registry designed to collect the data of "real-life" patient management. The full details of methods have been published in the present supplement. RESULTS: Five thousand five hundred and thirty-seven consecutive patients were registered between August 1, 2002 and July 31, 2005. Among these patients, 3,548 (64.1%) were diagnosed with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and 1,989 (35.9%) with unstable angina. Coronary angiography was performed during hospitalization in 2,476 patients (44.7%). From 2,476 patients who underwent coronary angiogram, 405 (16.4%) had revascularization within 2 days and 1,019 (42.9%) after 2 days. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 9.5% and cardiac mortality was 6.3%. Patients with NSTEMI had more than 4 times the mortality of patients with unstable angina (13.1 vs. 3.0%, p < 0.001). Patients who received only medical treatment without coronary angiogram had the highest mortality rate. The in-hospital outcomes were not different between patients who received early or delayed revascularization. CONCLUSION: Mortality rate of NSTEACS in the authors' registry was very high. NSTEMI had the worse prognosis. Invasive strategy is associated with better in-hospital outcome but is underutilized.

A clinical evaluation of the XIENCE V everolimus eluting stent in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease: Result from Thailand Registry - XIENCE V performance evaluation (THRIVE study).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the 2-year clinical outcomes of XIENCETM V everolimus eluting stent (EES) for the treatment of coronary artery disease. BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention with a drug eluting stent has become the preferred treatment in patients with coronary artery disease. Everolimus eluting stent had proven efficacy in randomized control trials but those trials may not represent daily practice of interventional cardiology. METHODS: The THRIVE study was a prospective, multicenter, real-world, single-arm registry. Included in the registry were 400 patients in Thailand with coronary artery disease suitable for treatment with the XIENCETM V. RESULTS: At 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years, the respective rate of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), and target lesion revascularization (TLR) was 0.7, 1.0, and 0.5 %. 2.1, 2.1, and 1.0 %, and 2.2, 3.0, and 2.1 %. The cumulative rate for stent thrombosis was 1.6 % at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: The THRIVE study demonstrated that use of EES yielded a rate for 2 years of major adverse cardiac events comparable to the randomized controlled trial of EES in the SPIRIT trials. This result supports the efficacy and safety of XIENCETM V everolimus eluting for daily interventional cardiology practice.

A predictive model for distinguishing ischemic from non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a predictive model to distinguish ischemic from non-ischemic cardiomyopathy MATERIAL AND METHOD: The authors randomly assigned 137 patients with LV systolic dysfunction into two subsets--one to derive a predictive model and the other to validate it. Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic data were interpreted by blinded investigators to the subsequent coronary angiogram results. Ischemic cardiomyopathy was diagnosed by the presence of significant coronary artery disease from the coronary angiogram. The final model had been derived from the clinical data and was validated using the validating set. The receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves and the diagnostic performances of the model were estimated. RESULTS: The authors developed the following model: Predictive score = (3 x presence of diabetes mellitus) + number of ECG leads with abnormal Q waves--(5 x presence of echocardiographic characteristic of nonischemic cardiomyopathy). The model was well discriminated (area under ROC curve = 0.94). Performance in the validating sample was equally good (area under ROC curve = 0.89). When a cut-off point > or = 0 was used to predict the presence of significant coronary artery disease, the model had a sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of 100%, 57%, 74% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: With the high negative value of this model, it would be useful for use as a screening tool to exclude non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in heart failure patients and may avoid unnecessary coronary angiograms.

Safety and tolerability of intradermal influenza vaccination in patients with cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: It is well-established that influenza vaccination reduces adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), however, the vaccine coverage rate in most countries remains low. The concern about the local adverse effects of intramuscular injection, particularly in CVD patients receiving antithrombotic therapy, is one of the important impediments. This study was conducted to assess the safety, side effects and tolerability of intradermal influenza vaccine in CVD patients. METHODS: This was an observational study in adult CVD patients who had undergone vaccination against seasonal influenza by intradermal vaccination between May 16(th) and May 30(th), 2012 at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital. The medical history, patients' acceptability and adverse effects were collected using a written questionnaire completed by the patient immediately following vaccination and by a telephone survey eight days later. RESULTS: Among 169 patients, 52.1% were women and the mean age was 63 ± 12 years. Coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy were present in 121 (71.6%), 40 (23.7%) and 8 (4.7%), respectively. Antithrombotics were used in 89.3%. After vaccination, the pain score was 0, 1 or 2 (out of 10) in 44.4%, 15.1%, and 27.6% of the patients, respectively. Eight days after vaccination, the common adverse reactions were itching 19 (11.9%), swelling 9 (5.7%) and fatigue (4.7%). No hematoma or bruising was reported. CONCLUSIONS: The intradermal influenza vaccination is safe and well tolerates with high rates of satisfaction in CVD patients. This technique should be useful in expanding influenza vaccine coverage.