The molecular mechanism regulating the autonomous circadian expression of Topoisomerase I in NIH3T3 cells.

To identify whether Topoisomerase I (TopoI) has autonomous circadian rhythms regulated by clock genes, we tested mouse TopoI (mTopoI) promoter oscillation in NIH3T3 cells using a real-time monitoring assay and TopoI mRNA oscillations using real-time RT-PCR. Analysis of the mTopoI promoter region with Matlnspector software revealed two putative E-box (E1 and E2) and one DBP/E4BP4-binding element (D-box). Luciferase assays indicated that mTopoI gene expression was directly regulated by clock genes. The real-time monitoring assay showed that E-box and D-box response elements participate in the regulation of the circadian expression of mTopoI. Furthermore, a gel-shift assay showed that E2 is a direct target of the BMAL1/CLOCK heterodimer and DBP binds to the putative D-site. These results indicate that TopoI is expressed in an autonomous circadian rhythm in NIH3T3 cells.

Cell-based screen identifies a new potent and highly selective CK2 inhibitor for modulation of circadian rhythms and cancer cell growth.

Compounds targeting the circadian clock have been identified as potential treatments for clock-related diseases, including cancer. Our cell-based phenotypic screen revealed uncharacterized clock-modulating compounds. Through affinity-based target deconvolution, we identified GO289, which strongly lengthened circadian period, as a potent and selective inhibitor of CK2. Phosphoproteomics identified multiple phosphorylation sites inhibited by GO289 on clock proteins, including PER2 S693. Furthermore, GO289 exhibited cell type-dependent inhibition of cancer cell growth that correlated with cellular clock function. The x-ray crystal structure of the CK2α-GO289 complex revealed critical interactions between GO289 and CK2-specific residues and no direct interaction of GO289 with the hinge region that is highly conserved among kinases. The discovery of GO289 provides a direct link between the circadian clock and cancer regulation and reveals unique design principles underlying kinase selectivity.

The impact of HIF1α on the Per2 circadian rhythm in renal cancer cell lines.

In mammals, the circadian rhythm central generator consists of interactions among clock genes, including Per1/2/3, Cry1/2, Bmal1, and Clock. Circadian rhythm disruption may lead to increased risk of cancer in humans, and deregulation of clock genes has been implicated in many types of cancers. Among these genes, Per2 is reported to have tumor suppressor properties, but little is known about the correlation between Per2 and HIF, which is the main target of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) therapy. In this study, the rhythmic expression of the Per2 gene was not detectable in renal cancer cell lines, with the exception of Caki-2 cells. In Caki-2 cells, HIF1α increased the amplitude of Per2 oscillation by directly binding to the HIF-binding site located on the Per2 promoter. These results indicate that HIF1α may enhance the amplitude of the Per2 circadian rhythm.

Real-time analysis of the circadian oscillation of the Rev-Erb ß promoter.

AIM: Rev-Erb ß gene plays crucial roles in circadian rhythm, lipid and glucose metabolism, and several diseases. The molecular mechanisms of the transcriptional regulation of Rev-Erb ß that generate and determine the phase of the circadian oscillation remain unclear. METHODS: We analyzed the Rev-Erb ß promoter by luciferase reporter assays, real-time bioluminescence monitoring assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. RESULTS: Luciferase reporter assays indicated that only the 5' region and exon 1 have obvious promoter activity. Real-time bioluminescence monitoring assays revealed that E1, E2, E3, D boxes are important for maintenance of the amplitude of Rev-Erb ß oscillation. Based on EMSA results, REV-ERBß binds ROREs in the Bmal1 promoter region and inhibits Bmal1 promoter activity. CONCLUSION: We provide direct evidence that three E-boxes and one D-box located in the first intron are crucial for the phase of circadian oscillation in Rev-Erb ß expression and that the sequences upstream from its transcription start site function as a promoter with no circadian regulation. We also found that the E1 box affects the Rev-Erb ß oscillation phase. Our results offer new insight into the role of Rev-Erb ß in the circadian rhythm system.

A promoter in the novel exon of hPPARgamma directs the circadian expression of PPARgamma.

AIM: PPARgamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism. Herein, we show that expression levels of the novel PPARgamma transcript exhibit circadian oscillation. To study the mechanisms controlling PPARgamma expression, a novel PPARgamma gene promoter was cloned and characterized. METHODS: We analyzed the novel PPARgamma promoter by luciferase reporter assays and gel shift analysis. RESULTS: Surprisingly, it was not an intron but rather the novel first exon of PPARgamma that was found to have functional minimal promoter activity. Luciferase reporter assays and gel shift assays revealed that the novel first exon is essential for novel PPARgamma promoter activation and that DBP (albumin gene D-site binding protein) and E4BP4 (E4 promoter A binding protein 4) bind directly to D-sites in the novel first exon. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the PAR-bZIP (bZIP, basic leucine zipper) family and E4BP4 are the main regulatory factors involved in oscillation of novel PPARgamma expression. This regulatory mechanism clearly differs from that of the circadian expression of PPARalpha.