[A Case Report - A Case of a Rapidly Growing Anal Canal Origin Malignant Melanoma].

An 85-year-old woman presented to her local physician in early August 2015 with a new-onset "swelling" of the anal region and was referred to our department for evaluation and treatment at the beginning of September. At our initial evaluation, the rectal examination showed a black mass lesion, approximately 3.0×1.5 cm in size, in the anal canal by November, the mass had grown to approximately 7.0×3.5 cm in size. The lesion was diagnosed as malignant melanoma by colonoscopic biopsy. Abdominal cystography computed tomography showed an area of lymphadenopathy around the rectum, but no distant metastasis was detected. The patient underwent abdominoperineal resection of the rectum in December. Her postoperative course was good, and she was discharged on the 30th postoperative day. Arecurrent lesion was detected at a recent follow-up examination(approximately 5 months post-discharge), and the patient has been scheduled for immunotherapy. Malignant melanoma of the anal canal has a poor prognosis, and no standard therapy has been established. This report includes a brief review of current literature about the disease.

[A Case of Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma Merged with Colorectal Cancer That We Were Able to Resect after a Chemotherapy Response].

The patient was 77-year-old man. He visited our hospital with the chief complaint of an abdominal mass in March 2015. We diagnosed the patient with transverse colon cancer and he was suspected of having malignant lymphoma. In March 2016, we attempted to perform right hemicolectomy for the transverse colon cancer, but it was difficult because swollen lymph nodes had formed a large mass with the surrounding tissue, including vessels of the mesentery. We could only complete the surgery after mesenteric lymph node biopsy. On the basis of the results of this biopsy, we diagnosed angioimmunoblastic Tcell lymphoma. At first, we administered THP-COP therapy for malignant lymphoma. However, after 3 courses of this therapy, the patient suddenly developed ileus due to the aforementioned colon cancer. According to enhanced CT performed at the onset of intestinal obstruction, chemotherapy dramatically reduced the size of the intraperitoneal lymph nodes. We therefore concluded that it was able to treat the colon cancer. We performed right hemicolectomy in June 2015. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma comprises only 2-3% of all malignant lymphoma cases. We experienced a rare case of complications from angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and colorectal cancer.

[Successful Treatment of Local Recurrence of Advanced Gastric Cancer Using Curative Gastrectomy via Distal Pancreatectomy after Chemoradiotherapy].

The patient was a 65-year-old woman. She was diagnosed with advanced gastric cancer with liver invasion. After receiving systemic chemotherapy(S-1 plus PTX)for 3 months, she underwent total gastrectomy and partial hepatectomy in May 2008. Because she developed celiac artery circumference lymph node recurrence in November 2010 during postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of S-1 plus PTX, we changed her chemotherapy regimen to CPT-11 plus CDDP. We observed an increase in the size of the lymph nodes in August 2013 and the response was poor even after switching to DOC. However, the lymph nodes continued to increase in size and we administered radiotherapy of 60.4 Gy/33 Fr that resulted in shrinkage of the nodes. We observed an increase in lymph node size and pancreas invasion in September 2015, including an expansion of the mid pancreatic duct. We performed distal pancreatectomy without identifying the recurrence observed in November 2015 assuming it was an exacerbation. Six months after the surgery, the recurrence was not apparent. We report an example of long-term survival that was achieved for Stage IV gastric cancer. The patient underwent combined modality therapy for 8 years, and local recurrence was controlled via a primary operation.

[Two Cases of Small Intestinal Metastasis of Lung Cancer].

Case 1: A 66-year-old man who had undergone upper right lobe resection for large cell lung carcinoma 2 months earlier presented with abdominal pain and vomiting. Computed tomography showed intussusception of the small intestine. Partial resection of the small intestine was performed. The tumor was pathologically diagnosed as lung cancer metastasis to the small intestine. The patient died 30 days after surgery. Case 2: A 57-year-old man was admitted to hospital due to appetite loss. Computed tomography showed a large intestinal tumor and a small lung tumor, as well as multiple liver metastases and lymph node metastases. We diagnosed perforation of the small intestine tumor, and partial resection of small intestine was performed. Pathological examination and immunohistochemical staining revealed that the tumor was a metastatic adenocarcinoma, and the patient was diagnosed with small intestine metastasis of lung cancer. He died 75 days after surgery. Although small intestine metastasis of lung cancer is rare, the incidence is increasing. The prognosis of lung cancer metastasis of the small intestine is poor, and therefore, we must urgently decide the appropriate treatment.

[Two Cases of Bowel Perforation during Chemotherapy with Bevacizumab to Metastatic Rectal Cancer].

Case 1: A male patient in his 60's who had rectal cancer and liver metastases underwent Hartmann's operation in January 2009. In April 2009, he received chemotherapy with modified FOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab as second-line treatment. Thirteen days later, he complained of abdominal pain and visited the emergency department. Computed tomography(CT)revealed gastrointestinal tract perforation. He underwent emergency surgery. However, dirty brownish ascites was observed, and the perforation point of the gastrointestinal tract could not be found. We suspected perforation of the colon and created an artificial anus in the terminal ileum. After the surgery, his condition improved. Case 2: A male patient in his 60's who had rectal cancer underwent Miles' operation in March 2005. In February 2010, CT revealed local recurrence in the presacral region. After radiotherapy, he received chemotherapy with CapeOX plus bevacizumab. During the course of the chemotherapy, he was admitted for upper abdominal pain and fever. He was diagnosed with a perforation of the transverse colon and underwent emergency surgery. After the surgery, drainage was needed for peritonitis, for about 1 month. At 93 days after the surgery, he was discharged. Gastrointestinal tract perforation is one of the most serious adverse events associated with bevacizumab. To avoid death caused by serious adverse events, medical staff and patient orientation or education on the possible serious adverse event is very important.

[A Case in Which a Patient Was Operated for Intra-Abdominal Desmoid Tumors after Total Colectomy in FAP].

The patient was a 22-year-old woman with FAP, who had undergone laparoscopic total colectomy 3 years previously. She presented to our hospital with a high fever and abdominal pain. Large hard tumors were palpated in the right lower abdomen and pelvis. Blood examination showed an inflammatory response. CT scan revealed 17 cm diameter solid tumors. At surgery, 2 tumors arising from the mesentery of the small intestine were found, neither of which invaded any organs. We performed tumor extirpation with partial resection of the duodenum, ileum, right fallopian tube and rectum. A jejunal stoma was formed, leaving a length of remnant intestine of about 120 cm. The histopathological diagnosis was given as desmoid tumor with infection. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 9th postoperative day. Desmoid tumor is the second most common cause of death in FAP patients. Although desmoids can also occur in the extremities, most FAP patients develop intra-abdominal tumors. Despite being histologically benign, they are locally infiltrative and can cause death through invasion and destruction of adjacent vital structures and organs. Here, we report a case of desmoid tumors with FAP with reference to the literature.

[Intraluminal Type Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Resected by Single-Incision Percutaneous Endoscopic Intragastric Surgery--A Case Report].

We report a patient with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) who underwent single-incision percutaneous endoscopic intragastric surgery. The patient was a 70-year-old man. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and abdominal computed tomography revealed the presence of an intraluminal type gastric submucosal tumor, 4 cm in diameter, in the posterior wall of the gastric body. Laparoscopic partial gastrectomy was performed via a single incision made in the epigastric region. The postoperative course was uneventful. The pathological diagnosis was a low-risk GIST. This method is easy and safe to perform; therefore, we consider it to be an important option for the treatment of intraluminal type gastric GIST.

[Clinical evaluation of the risk factors for liver abscess after TACE or RFA].

Radiofrequency ablation(RFA)and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) are widely enforced as a standard combined therapy for liver cancer. Liver abscess occurs occasionally as a complication. This clinical study was conducted to determine risk factors for liver abscess. We investigated the clinical background of 10 cases complicated by liver abscess in 957 cases of patients who underwent TACE or RFA for liver cancer at Minoh City Hospital between April 2002 and March 2012. Risk factors for liver abscess were analyzed statistically in comparison to a control group without liver abscess. Diabetes and a history of biliary tract organic disease were statistically significant independent risk factors determined by multivariate analysis. We consider patients with a history of biliary tract organic disease, or who have a potential biliary tract infection, and diabetes, to be susceptible to infection. A case presenting with diabetes and a history of biliary tract disease is in a high-risk group, so treatment with TACE or RFA for such cases should be considered carefully.

[Recurrent gastric cancer treated with fourth-line chemotherapy consisting of capecitabine and cisplatin leading to partial response].

A 70-year-old man with advanced gastric cancer was treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of S-1 plus cisplatin( CDDP). He exhibited symptoms of cerebral infarction during the second course of chemotherapy. Distal gastrectomy was performed and the histological diagnosis was pT3N3aM0, pStage IIIB. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered; however, after the second course, gastric cancer recurred in the lymph nodes. Second-line chemotherapy with irinotecan (CPT-11) and CDDP was initiated. Thereafter, third-line chemotherapy with docetaxel was performed. However, the response to treatment was progressive disease (PD). Subsequently, fourth-line chemotherapy was performed with capecitabine and CDDP (XP chemotherapy). After the fourth course of XP chemotherapy, the response was partial response (PR). Moreover, PR was maintained after 20 courses of chemotherapy.

[Two cases of liver abscess caused by Clostridium perfringens after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization].

Case 1 involved a 74-year-old man. After transcatheter arterial chemoembolization( TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a gas-containing lesion in the liver. The patient was diagnosed as having a gas-containing liver abscess, necessitating emergency drainage under laparotomy. Blood culture revealed Clostridium perfringens. He was discharged on day 63 after surgery. Case 2 involved a 70-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital for obstructive jaundice caused by HCC. He was treated with TACE after endoscopic retrograde biliary tract drainage (ERBD). On the second day, he was diagnosed as having a ruptured gas-containing liver abscess with massive hemolysis, necessitating emergency drainage under laparotomy. He died the next day after surgery. The clinical course of liver abscess caused by Clostridium perfringens can be fulminant and fatal with massive hemolysis.

[Palliative care during chemotherapy for advanced colon cancers].

BACKGROUND: The median survival time following chemotherapy for unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is approximately 2 years. Although palliative care during the chemotherapy period is very important, it has not been reported in detail. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Information on the palliative care of 110 patients with Stage IV mCRC, who were treated from September 2007 to March 2011, was retrospectively examined. RESULTS: Following an explanation of their recurrence or metastases of mCRC, all the patients received mental care from nurses or psychiatrists. They also needed care to prevent the side effects of chemotherapy. Some patients experienced pain associated with tumor growth. Thus, they required NSAIDs or opioids to reduce the cancer-related pain. After they could not be taken chemotherapy, 87.5% of these patients consulted medical social workers to discuss where they would live. CONCLUSIONS: The patients required palliative care depending on the duration of chemotherapy for mCRC. Thus, we believe that palliative care is an important part of treatment for advanced cancer.

[A case of superior sulcus tumor treated with carbon ion radiotherapy].

Superior sulcus tumor( SST) is a rare type of lung cancer. Treatment usually consists of surgical resection after chemoradiotherapy. We report a case of a woman in her fifties who underwent carbon ion radiotherapy for SST. The patient complained of left shoulder pain, and imaging studies revealed a 5.2×3.5-cm local solid tumor at the apex of the left lung, invasion to the ribs, and no lymph node swelling. The level of tumor marker, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), was 5.7 ng/mL. Needle biopsy specimen revealed adenocarcinoma. The diagnosis was SST, T3N0M0, stage IIB. We did not detect Horner syndrome. Carbon ion radiotherapy at 66 Gy equivalent dose per 10 fractions was administered to the SST site. Subsequently, the tumor size decreased to 4.5×1.9-cm. The adverse effect was Grade 1 skin and pulmonary toxicity. Six months later, Grade 2 left shoulder connective tissue toxicity was observed; it was difficult to differentiate this from tumor recurrence. After 2.5 years from radiotherapy, the patient is free from recurrence. Carbon ion radiotherapy is effective and safe and can be considered as an important treatment option for SST.

[Fluoropyrimidines with oxaliplatin(L-OHP) as an adjuvant chemotherapy for Stage III colon cancer].

As an adjuvant treatment for Dukes B2 and C colon cancer, adding oxaliplatin (L-OHP) to a regimen of fluorouracil and Leucovorin improved disease-free survival in Western countries. In Japan, however, adjuvant chemotherapy with L-OHP is not commonly used to treat Stage III colon cancer. We report the present condition of adjuvant treatment for colon cancer in our hospital. Between September 2009 and December 2011, 66 patients with Stage III colon cancer were enrolled after curative surgery. The details of adjuvant therapy with fluoropyrimidines with and without L-OHP were explained to the patients. After the explanation, 33.3% of the patients(IIIa: 18.9%, IIIb: 55.5%) selected L-OHP chemotherapy. Regardless of the side effects, adjuvant chemotherapy including L-OHP is expected to protect against cancer recurrence in patients with Stage IIIb colon cancer.

[A case of advanced gastric cancer with Trousseau syndrome and pulmonary embolism].

A 60-year-old man showed symptoms associated with pulmonary embolism and anemia in June 2011, and was subsequently diagnosed with stage IV gastric cancer. Following frequent multiple cerebral infarctions and the development of symptoms, the patient was diagnosed with Trousseau syndrome. A total gastrectomy was performed to control bleeding. After the surgery, oral ingestion became possible. The patient was discharged and a hypodermic injection of heparin was given by the home doctor.

[Chemotherapy-mediated tumor regression in a patient with stage IV stomach small cell cancer].

Gastrointestinal tract endoscopy revealed the presence of a 5-cm-diameter type 3 tumor in the cardiac portion of the stomach. The tumor was chromogranin positive, and stomach small cell cancer was diagnosed by immunostaining and biopsy pathology. S-1+CDDP therapy was administered as the first-line treatment. A switch to S-1 monotherapy was made after the patient experienced grade 4 hyponatremia. However, following 7 courses of therapy the disease had progressed. Second-line chemotherapy of CPT-11+CDDP was initiated and after 2 courses the disease stabilized.

[A case of bilateral 3-lung lesion (metastatic and primary tumour, tumourlet) resected simultaneously].

A 70-year-old male patient underwent right nephrectomy for renal clear cell carcinoma. After 8 years an X-ray showed a nodule on the left lung, and CT scan detected it to be a 15 × 12 mm mass in S1+2 segment of the left lung. CT also detected another 15 × 7 mm mass in the right S3 segment. These lesions had a high FDG accumulation. Pre-operative diagnosis is bilateral pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma, and bilateral lung segmentectomy was performed. Left S1+2 resected tumor was histologically clear cell carcinoma by intra-operative examination, then right S3 segmentectomy was done. And that time, small tumor was found in the middle lung lobe, and a wedge resection was performed. These specimens revealed a primary lung carcinoma of right S3, and tumourlet of middle lobe. It is very rare that three different histlogical types of lung tumor were found.

[A case of advanced transvers colon cancer with inguinal lymph node metastasis].

An 80-year-old woman complaining of a right inguinal induration and pain was performed an inguinal lymph node resection. Histological examination with immnohistochemistry revealed that the lymph node was metastasis of colon carcinoma. With total colonoscopy, she was diagnosed as advanced transvers colon cancer with right inguinal lymph node metastasis. She was performed a right hemi-colectomy. She was dead with peritoneal metastasis of colon cancer 2 years and 1 month later. We report this case that was diagnosed having transverse colon cancer with inguinal lymph node metastasis.

[A case of unresectable gastric cancer with pyloric stenosis which was resectable by chemotherapy after gastrojejunostomy].

A man in his fifties was referred to our hospital for anorexia and vomiting. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a gastric cancer (Borrmann Type 3) with pyloric stenosis. We performed gastrojejunostomy to allow oral intake for a tumor invading the pancreas head (cT4bN1H0P0CY1, Stage IV). After the operation, systemic chemotherapy with S-1 (120 mg/m²) was administered from July 2007, which caused grade 3 mucositis oral and drug rash after one week. Then, bi- weekly administration of CPT-11 (60 mg/m²) and CDDP (30 mg/m²) was started from August 2007 as second-line chemotherapy. The treatment was repeated for 14 courses till an allergic reaction happened. A weekly paclitaxel (PTX) therapy (80 mg/m²) was started from January 2009 as third-line. After 6 courses, CT showed that direct invasion to the pancreas was not clear any more, so a distal gastrectomy with D1 lymphadenectomy was performed on August 2009 (ypT3N- 1P0CY0, Stage IIB). The patient received 9 courses of weekly PTX therapy and after that the treatment has been discontinued. Recurrence was not observed for 48 months after an initial treatment.

Efficacy of pleural coverage with polyglycolic acid sheet after bullectomy for postoperative recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax in young patients: a multi-institutional cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Various surgical procedures have been performed to decrease the recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax after video-assisted thoracic surgery. This study aimed to examine the efficiency of pleural coverage for the prevention of postoperative recurrence in relatively young patients. METHODS: Between January 2008 and December 2012, a total of 357 cases of 345 patients (age 15-29 years) with primary spontaneous pneumothorax who underwent bullectomy at 13 institutions were enrolled in this multi-institutional retrospective cohort study. A concurrent bilateral operation was counted as two cases. Polyglycolic acid sheets were used in 238 cases, and oxidized regenerated cellulose sheets were used in 37 cases to cover the visceral pleura, with no pleural coverage in 82 cases. The average observation period was 4.2 ± 2.0 years. RESULTS: Postoperative recurrence was observed in 50 cases (14.0%) after video-assisted thoracic surgery. Twenty-six cases (10.9%) in the polyglycolic acid group, eight (21.6%) in the oxidized regenerated cellulose group, and sixteen (19.5%) in the non-coverage group experienced postoperative recurrence. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the rate of freedom from postoperative recurrence in the polyglycolic acid group was significantly higher than that in the non-coverage group. Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 20 years and coverage with polyglycolic acid sheets were associated with reduced risk factors for postoperative recurrence. CONCLUSION: Pleural coverage with a polyglycolic acid sheet is suggested to be effective in preventing postoperative recurrence of pneumothorax compared with non-coverage in relatively young patients.

[A case of pneumocystis pneumonia during chemotherapy for gastric cancer].

We report a death case of a man in his sixties with pneumocystis pneumonia during chemotherapy for gastric cancer. He was diagnosed with cStage IIIB (T4a, N2, H0, P0, M0). Because of bulky N2, systemic chemotherapy of S-1 and CDDP was performed from April 2009. But no reductions were noted after 2 courses. We next treated this patient with S-1 and CPT-11. He had also received corticosteroid treatment for nausea. Because of high fever and choke, he came to our hospital at day 12 in 3 courses, and a severe respiratory failure occurred. CT of the chest showed diffuse ground-glass bilateral opacities, and we immediately started a treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethozazole and corticosteroid for the possibility of pneumocystis pneumonia. We finally deduced pneumocystis pneumonia from markedly elevated serum beta-D-glucan and PCR positive after hospitalization. In spite of early treatments, he died of bacterial pneumonia and gastric cancer. We should be careful of pneumocystis pneumonia during chemotherapy and corticosteroid treatment.