Improving and evaluating the adhesion and stability of make-up by enhancing the affinity between skin/make-up layer.

PURPOSE: Make-up clumps, bumps and collapses are the three factors that determine how well make-up has been performed. The purpose of this study is to reduce the three factors mentioned above by using amphiphilic substances to increase the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer. In addition, it aims to evaluate the improvement of the make-up layer by developing an objective make-up layer evaluation method. METHODS: Experiments were performed in an attempt to increase the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer by minimizing the difference in surface energy between the two. Multiple types of artificial skin (leather and bio-skin) were used and treated to form the liquid foundation layer. Qualitative evaluation of the make-up layer was conducted by analyzing the surface, cross-section, and fracture area of the make-up layer, using the evaluation method proposed in this study. RESULTS: After applying this method and taking measurements by 3D surface analysis, the surface roughness of the make-up layer reduced by 46%, and the maximum thickness of the make-up layer reduced by about 50% in comparison with the control group (method not applied). In the case of the make-up layer to which this method was applied, two-dimensional cross-sectional Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image analysis confirmed that agglomeration was reduced, and the thickness of the make-up layer was also reduced by an average of 54%. According to this result, the technique of increasing the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer reduces the level of aggregation of make-up and encourages the formation of a uniform and thin make-up layer. Also, the fracture area after motion simulation was reduced by 33%. These results indicate that the method of increasing the affinity between skin/make-up membranes positively affects the formation of a uniform make-up layer. CONCLUSION: Increasing the affinity by reducing the surface energy between the skin and the make-up layer plays an important role in forming a thin and uniform make-up layer by improving the problems of lifting, agglomeration, and collapse of the make-up. In addition, it has been confirmed that through this method, the quality of consumer experience related to make-up satisfaction can be improved. The results show that objective analyses of make-up help the understanding of the quality of consumer experience on make-up.

Synthesis of zinc tin oxide (ZTO) nanocrystallites at room temperature through association with peptide-containing bolaamphiphile molecules.

Single crystalline zinc tin oxide (ZTO) nanocrystallites were prepared at room temperature through association with a peptide-containing bolaamphiphile molecule. The bolaamphiphile molecules self-assembled to form spherical structures with creation of ZTO nanocrystallites inside. ZTO nanocrystallite synthesis was achieved only when the bolaamphiphile molecule was present, while a mixture of amorphous Sn and Zn precipitates was formed in the absence of the bolaamphiphile molecule. The bolaamphiphile molecule is thought to stabilize the Zn(2+) and Sn(4+) precursor ions by ligation and to induce subsequent condensation forming crystalline ZTO. The ZTO formation was achieved only at a strong acidic condition that promotes dissociation and ionization of Zn and Sn precursors and represses formation of ZnO and H(2)SnO(3). The prepared ZTO nanocrystallites had almost the same band gap energy as ZTO nanoparticles prepared by the conventional hydrothermal process. The outcomes of this study indicate that the controlled mineralization of metal precursor ions in a peptide-containing bolaamphiphile molecule suspension can be an alternative method to synthesize metal oxides at room temperature, while maintaining their crystalline structure and optoelectrical properties.