Small-molecule fluorogenic probes for mitochondrial nanoscale imaging.

Mitochondria are inextricably linked to the development of diseases and cell metabolism disorders. Super-resolution imaging (SRI) is crucial in enhancing our understanding of mitochondrial ultrafine structures and functions. In addition to high-precision instruments, super-resolution microscopy relies heavily on fluorescent materials with unique photophysical properties. Small-molecule fluorogenic probes (SMFPs) have excellent properties that make them ideal for mitochondrial SRI. This paper summarizes recent advances in the field of SMFPs, with a focus on the chemical and spectroscopic properties required for mitochondrial SRI. Finally, we discuss future challenges in this field, including the design principles of SMFPs and nanoscopic techniques.

Improving docosahexaenoic acid productivity of Schizochytrium sp. by a two-stage AEMR/shake mixed culture mode.

In this work, an aeration-enhanced membrane reactor (AEMR) was built to control dissolved oxygen in Schizochytrium sp. broth. The effect of culture modes, i.e. single shake and AEMR mode, on the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) productivity of Schizochytrium sp. was investigated. Experimental results showed that the biomass production in the AEMR mode was higher than that in the single shake mode, while the final DHA productivity in single shake mode was higher than that in the AEMR mode. A two-stage mixed culture mode was proposed, in which Schizochytrium sp. was cultured in AEMR mode at a flow rate of 0.2 L min(-1) for 60 h to first increase biomass production, and then shifted to shake mode to improve DHA productivity. Compared to the single shake mode, the DHA productivity in mixed mode costed 40% less culture time and the DHA productivity at 96 h exhibited a relative increase of 60%.