Increased serum level of high sensitivity troponin T even prior to surgery can predict adverse events during carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Perioperative stress affects the outcome of carotid endarterectomy performed under regional anesthesia. Here we aimed to explore the temporal profile of the stress marker cortisol and its relationship to high-sensitivity troponin-T, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and S100B as an indicator of blood-brain barrier alteration in the systemic circulation. METHODS: Prospective part of the study: a total of 31 patients with significant carotid stenosis scheduled for carotid endarterectomy in regional anesthesia were enrolled. Follow-up part of the study and retrospective analysis of the outcome: each patient was followed up to five years and morbidity as well as mortality data were collected from an electronic database. Blood samples from each patient were serially taken; prior to surgery (T1), at the time of reperfusion (T2), 24 h (T3) and 72 h later postoperatively (T4), then the plasma concentration of each biomarker was measured. Besides, the clinical and surgical factors and perioperative adverse events were recorded. RESULTS: More positive correlations were found between: the early change of S100B (T2-T1) and late change in plasma cortisol level (T4-T3) (r = 0.403; p < 0.05); the early change of cortisol (T2-T1) and the early postoperative change of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 level (T3-T2) (r = 0.432; p = 0.01); the plasma concentration of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 at 24 postoperative hours and the late change in plasma high-sensitivity troponin-T level (T4-T3) (r = 0.705; p < 0.001). Five patients needed an intraoperative shunt in whom the high-sensitivity troponin-T was elevated even prior to surgery, but definitive stroke never occurred. Plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentration at reperfusion independently predicted the five-year mortality with a cut-off value of 456 ng/ml (sensitivity: 86%, specificity: 84%, area 0.887, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: A higher intraoperative change in S100B level reflecting carotid endarterectomy induced acute silent brain ischemia was associated with more pronounced post-operative change of cortisol. An early elevation of cortisol was found to be associated with a delayed increase of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Importantly, an increased high-sensitivity troponin-T even prior to carotid endarterectomy may predict clamp intolerance, and elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 at reperfusion suggests a poor outcome.

Comparison of the perioperative time courses of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitor (TIMP-1) during carotid artery stenting (CAS) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA).

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to compare the perioperative time courses of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitor (TIMP-1) in during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS). METHODS: In our prospective study, twenty-five patients who were scheduled to undergo CAS were enrolled. We used a matched, historical CEA group as controls. Blood samples were collected at four time points: T1: preoperative; T2: 60 min after stent insertion; T3: first postoperative morning; and T4: third postoperative morning. Plasma MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: In the CEA group, the plasma levels of MMP-9 were significantly elevated at T3 compared to T1. In the CAS group, there was no significant difference in MMP-9 levels in the perioperative period. MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in the T3 samples of the CEA group compared to the CAS group. Significantly lower TIMP-1 levels were measured in both groups at T2 than at T1 in both groups. MMP-9/TIMP-1 at T3 was significantly higher than that at T1 in the CEA group compared to both T1 and the CAS group. CONCLUSIONS: CAS triggers smaller changes in the MMP-9-TIMP-1 system during the perioperative period, which may correlate with a lower incidence of central nervous system complications. Additional studies as well as cognitive and functional surveys are warranted to determine the clinical relevance of our findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine, Clinicaltrials.gov,NCT03410576, 24.01.2018, Retrospectively registered.

Impact of parenchymal loss on renal function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy under warm ischemia.

PURPOSE: To elucidate the impact of renal parenchymal loss and the ischemic reperfusion injury (RI) on the renal function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) under warm ischemia (WI). METHODS: Thirty-five patients with a single polar renal mass ≤4 cm and normal contralateral kidney underwent LPN. Transperitoneal LPN with WI using en bloc hilar occlusion was performed. The total differential renal function (T-DRF) using 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid was evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively over a period of 1 year. A special region of interest (ROI) was selected on the non-tumorous pole of the involved kidney, and was compared with the same ROI in the contralateral kidney. The latter comparison was defined as partial differential renal function (P-DRF). Any postoperative decline in the P-DRF of the operated kidney was attributed to the RI. Subtraction of the P-DRF decline from the T-DRF decline was attributed to the parenchymal loss caused by the resection of the tumor and suturing of the normal parenchyma. RESULTS: The mean WI time was 22 min, and the mean weight of resected specimen was 18 g. The mean postoperative eGFR declined to 87 ml/min/1.73 m2 from its baseline mean value of 97 ml/min/1.73 m2 (p value = 0.075). Mean postoperative T-DRF and P-DRF of the operated kidney declined by 7 and 3 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: After LPN of small renal mass, decline in renal function is primarily attributed to parenchymal loss caused by tumor resection and suturing of the normal parenchyma rather than the RI.

Perioperative time course of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), its tissue inhibitor TIMP-1 & S100B protein in carotid surgery.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Ischaemic stroke is a life burdening disease for which carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is considered a gold standard intervention. Pro-inflammatory markers like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) and S-100 Beta (S100B) may have a role in the early inflammation and cognitive decline following CEA. This study was aimed to describe the perioperative time courses and correlations between of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and S100B following CEA. METHODS: Fifty four patients scheduled for CEA were enrolled. Blood samples were collected at four time points, T 1 : preoperative, T 2 : 60 min after cross-clamp release, T 3 : first postoperative morning, T 4 : third postoperative morning. Twenty atherosclerotic patients were included as controls. Plasma MMP-9, TIMP-1 and S100B levels were estimated by ELISA. RESULTS: TIMP-1 was decreased significantly in the CEA group (P<0.01). Plasma MMP-9 was elevated and remained elevated from T 1-4 in the CEA group (P<0.05) with a marked elevation in T 3 compared to T 1 (P<0.05). MMP-9/TIMP-1 was elevated in the CEA group and increased further by T 2 and T 3 (P<0.05). S100B was elevated on T 2 and decreased on T 3-4 compared to T 1 . INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides information on the dynamic changes of MMP-9-TIMP-1 system and S100B in the perioperative period. Preoperative reduction of TIMP-1 might be predictive for shunt requirement but future studies are required for verification.

The role of the inhibition of glutathione-S-transferase in the protective mechanisms of ischemic postconditioning.

The antioxidant glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is a crucial determinant of the development of ischaemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways involved in stress response and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether inhibition of GST can abolish the benefit of ischaemic postconditioning (IPoC). A neonatal rat cardiomyocyte cell culture was prepared and divided into 6 groups: (I) control group without treatment; (II) cells exposed to simulated I/R; (III) simulated I/R (sI/R) with IPoC; (IV) ethacrynic acid (EA) alone; (V) sI/R with EA; and (VI) sI/R and IPoC together with EA. Viability of the cells was measured by MTT assay, the quantity of apoptotic cells was assessed by flow cytometry following annexin V-FITC - propidium-iodide double staining. The activation of JNK, p38, ERK/p42-p44 MAPKs, and GSK-3ß protein kinase was determined by flow-cytometric assay. GST inhibition markedly increased the apoptosis and decreased the cell viability despite IPoC. The protective effect of IPoC was lost in GST-inhibited groups for all MAPKs and GSK-3ß. GST activity is required for the survival of cultured cardiomyocytes under stress conditions. GST inhibition was associated with differential activation of MAP and the protein kinases regulating these pathways in the process of ischaemic postconditioning.

Comparison of oxidative stress & leukocyte activation in patients with severe sepsis & burn injury.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: We evaluated pro- and anti-oxidant disturbances in sepsis and non-sepsis burn patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Adhesion molecules and inflammation markers on leukocytes were also analyzed. We hypothesized that oxidative stress and leukocyte activation markers can lead to the severity of sepsis. METHODS: In 28 severe sepsis and 27 acute burn injury patients blood samples were collected at admission and 4 days consecutively. Oxidative stress markers: production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde and endogenous antioxidants: plasma protein sulphydryl groups, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase were measured. Flow cytometry was used to determine CD11a, CD14, CD18, CD49d and CD97 adhesion molecules on leukocytes. Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, platelet count and lactate were also analyzed. RESULTS: Pro-oxidant parameters were significantly elevated in sepsis patients at admission, ROS intensity increased in burn patients until the 5th day. Endogenous antioxidant levels except catalase showed increased levels after burn trauma compared to sepsis. Elevated granulocyte activation and suppressed lymphocyte function were found at admission and early activation of granulocytes caused by increasing activation/migration markers in sepsis. Leukocyte adhesion molecule expression confirmed the suppressed lymphocyte and monocyte function in sepsis. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Severe sepsis is accompanied by oxidative stress and pathological leukocyte endothelial cell interactions. The laboratory parameters used for the evaluation of sepsis and several markers of pro- and antioxidant status were different between sepsis and non-sepsis burn patients. The tendency of changes in these parameters may refer to major oxidative stress in sepsis and developing SIRS in burns.

[Tissue integration of various silicone-coated polypropylene surgical mesh]. / A különbözo szilikonbevonatú polipropilén hálók szöveti integrációja.

INTRODUCTION/AIM: Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair requires a surgical mesh implanted in intraperitoneal position. The combined, double layer meshes are promising in animal models as well as in human practice. The aim of this study was to compare the biological behaviour of two different textured silicone covered polypropylene mesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3 × 4 cm big full thickness defect of the abdominal wall was created in New Zealand White rabbits. The defect was covered in 20 animals with a polypropylene mesh with laminar silicone layer on the visceral surface (LSPP), while the remaining 20 cases the defects were covered with a macroporous textured silicone impregnated polypropylene mesh (MSPP). Intraperitoneal adhesion formation and tissue ingrowth in the meshes were investigated. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect proliferation activity (Ki-67), neovascularization (VEGF), and to visualize mesothelial layer (CK) over the mesh. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the visceral surface of the meshes. RESULTS: While intraperitoneal adhesion formation showed no difference after 1 week, LSPP mesh induced significantly less adhesions after 21 days. The Ki-67 positivity was significantly lower and the number of the VEGF positive cells increased with time in the MSPP group, this was missing in the LSPP group. The thin neoperitoneum layer was detected over MSPP mesh only with CK antibody. CONCLUSION: The material and texture of the mesh are responsible for tissular incorporation which is in accordance with the generated foreign body reaction.

Expression and protective role of heme oxygenase-1 in delayed myocardial preconditioning.

In the study the authors aimed to demonstrate the expression and protective effect of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the delayed preconditioning (PC) on cultured myocardiac cells. Neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were exposed to ischemic (ischemic medium [IM] for 20 min) and pharmacological (adenosine, epinephrine, opioid) PC. Twenty-four hours later cells were subjected to a simulated ischemia (SI)--culturing for 3 h in IM, followed by 2-h reperfusion in normal medium--and then lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), live/death ratio, and apoptosis were measured. For demonstrating the protective role of HO-1, its enzymatic activity was competitively inhibited by administration of zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX), and HO-1 synthesis was blocked with HO-1 siRNA. Cells in control group were cultured under normoxic conditions. In SI group, cells underwent only an SI without PC. HO-1 expression in all of the groups was demonstrated with immunostaining. Our results showed a significant decrease of LDH release, apoptosis, and cell death in PC groups versus SI group, which has been risen in ZnPPIX- and HO-1 siRNA-treated groups. HO-1 immunostaining showed an appreciable HO-1 expression in PC groups, which was abolished with HO-1 siRNA administration, but not in ZnPPIX group. The results therefore suggest that HO-1 expression increases in both ischemic and pharmacological PC, and HO-1 has cellular protective effect against cell death and apoptosis in ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative injury.

Cardioprotective action of urocortin in early pre- and postconditioning.

Pre- and postconditioning are powerful endogenous adaptive phenomenon of the organism whereby different stimuli enhance the tolerance against various types of stress. Urocortin (Ucn), member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family has potent effects on the cardiovascular system. The aim of this article was to investigate the action of Ucn on cultured cardiomyocytes in the process of pre- and postconditioning. Isolated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were preconditioned with adenosine, simulated ischemia, and Ucn (10-min treatment followed by 10-min reperfusion/recovery). For detecting the effect of alternative types of preconditioning, necrosis enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) release, vital staining (trypan blue), and ratio of apoptosis/necrosis were examined after cardiac cells were exposed to 3-h sustained ischemia and 2-h reperfusion. Same parameters were measured in the postconditioned groups (30- or 60-min ischemia followed by postconditioning with 10-min ischemic stimulus or Ucn and 2-h reperfusion). Cells exposed to 3-h ischemia followed by 2-h reperfusion were shown as control. Our results show that LDH release a number of trypan blue-stained dead cells and the ratio of apoptotized and necrotized cells was decreased in all preconditioned groups compared with control group. In postconditioned groups LDH content of culture medium, trypan blue-positive cardiomyocytes, and the rate of apoptotic/necrotic cells was reduced contrasted with non-postconditioned group. We can conclude that preconditioning with Ucn induced such a powerful cell protective effect as adenosine and ischemia. Furthermore, postconditioning with Ucn after 60-min ischemia was more cardioprotective than ischemic postconditioning.

Time course of platelet aggregation during thrombolytic treatment of massive pulmonary embolism.

We studied changes in platelet aggregation and fibrinogen levels during thrombolysis with massive or submassive pulmonary embolism. Fifteen patients were randomized into ultrahigh-dose streptokinase (UH-SK n = 8) or alteplase (tPA n = 7) groups. Arterial blood samples were taken before and after thrombolysis every 4 h between 4 and 36 h, and once daily between 2 and 30 days. In-vitro platelet aggregation was examined as spontaneous (0.9% NaCl) and induced aggregation with adrenaline 10 micromol/l, collagen 2 microg/ml and ADP 10 micromol/l. D-dimer and fibrinogen were measured every 8 h on first day, and later as above. In the UH-SK group, adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation decreased at 4 and 8 h compared with baseline (P < 0.03). Adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation was significantly lower in the UH-SK group than in the tPA group at 36 h and on day 3 (P < 0.03). Platelet aggregation induced by ADP was lower at 4 h than at baseline in the UH-SK group (P < 0.05). Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was lower at 4 and 8 h than at baseline (P < 0.05) in the UH-SK group. Compared with baseline, fibrinogen levels decreased in both groups after thrombolysis. D-dimer levels were elevated in both groups at 8 h (tPA group, P < 0.0004; UH-SK group, P < 0.05). Spontaneous platelet aggregation, major bleeding or re-embolism was not documented. Platelet aggregation decreased after thrombolysis with UH-SK for 12 h, in comparison tPA caused an insignificant decrease. Fibrinogen level decreased with UH-SK treatment for 5 days but in case of tPA we could not measure significant changes. According to our findings, tPA is a more suitable drug but streptokinase is also effective because of its cost-benefit ratio.

Time courses of changes of para-, meta-, and ortho-tyrosine in septic patients: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: Sepsis is associated with oxidative stress. Due to oxidative stress, three tyrosine isoforms, para-, meta-, and ortho-tyrosine (p-, m-, and o-Tyr), can be formed non-enzymatically in smaller amounts. p-Tyr is mainly formed physiologically in the kidneys through the activity of the phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme. The three tyrosine isoforms may undergo different renal handling. METHODS: Twenty septic patients were involved in the study and 25 healthy individuals served as controls. Blood and urine levels of p-, m-, and o-Tyr were measured on admission and four consecutive days. RESULTS: Serum m-Tyr levels were higher in septic patients than in controls on days 2 (P = 0.031) and 3 (P = 0.035). Serum p-Tyr levels were lower in the cases than in controls on days 1 (P = 0.005) and 2 (P = 0.040), and subsequently normalized due to a day-by-day elevation (P = 0.002). The tendency of urinary m-Tyr concentration was decreasing (P = 0.041), while that of urinary p-Tyr concentration was increasing (P = 0.001). Fractional excretion of m-Tyr (FEm-Tyr) showed a decreasing tendency (P = 0.009), and was, on all days, higher than FEp-Tyr, which remained near-normal, less than 4%. Procalcitonin showed significant correlation with FEm-Tyr (r = 0.454; P < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Our data suggest that the oxidative stress marker m-Tyr and physiologic p-Tyr may be handled differently in septic patients. The excretion of m-Tyr correlates with inflammation. m-Tyr may be actively secreted or produced in the kidney in some patients, whereas the decreased serum level of p-Tyr is a consequence of diminished renal production and not of renal loss.

Dynamic changes of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 after burn injury.

PURPOSE: Severe burn is a life-threatening condition. Many trials discuss the role of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in diseases generating systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and in some, their prognostic importance has been established. We aimed to describe the time courses of the aforementioned system and to evaluate the difference between survivors and nonsurvivors in burns. MATERIALS: Thirty-one patients were enrolled. Blood samples were collected on admission and on the 5 consecutive days. Circulating matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) have been measured. Healthy individuals were invited as controls. RESULTS: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 increased in the burn group (P < .001) by day 2 and remained elevated thereafter. Plasma MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 were already elevated on admission (P < .001) and decreased in tendency thereafter. In burned patients, significantly lower MMP-9 were noted on days 4 to 6 as MMP-9/TIMP-1 were also lower on days 3 to 6 (P < .01) compared with controls. We experienced difference regarding survival on days 5 and 6 by TIMP-1 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our research is the first follow-up study elucidating the dynamic changes of MMP-9-TIMP-1 system in severe burns. Alteration of MMP-9-TIMP-1 balance might influence systemic inflammatory response and related mortality. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 might be a good injury marker in burns after an extensive trial.

Evaluation of the studies on decline of pesticide residues.

A specifically designed field trial was carried out in an apple orchard by applying Reldan 50 EC (active ingredient, chlorpyrifos-methyl) according to registered uses in Hungary to study the variability of results derived from supervised field trials. Two types of composite samples (A, size 24; and C, size 12) were taken at days 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 after application to study the uncertainty of estimated residue values derived from supervised trials. In the case of type A the sampling officer selected the fruits from the specified quadrant of the tree, whereas for type C the fruits were taken from the vicinity of the marked position at consecutive sampling times. An evaluation model applying various formulas for the linearization of the decline curves of pesticide residues was applied, which enabled using the statistics of linear regression for calculating the best fit and confidence intervals for the experimental data. The results indicated that the uncertainty of sampling contributed approximately 84-90% of the combined uncertainty of the results (24-30%). In the decline studies performed simultaneously on the same field, the estimated time required to decrease the initial concentration to half ranged from 0.64 to 4.7 days. Despite the fact that the sample size of type C is half that of type A, both sampling methods provided similar results.

Comparison of inflammatory response following coronary revascularization with or without cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that conventional coronary revascularization is associated with a pronounced systemic inflammatory response due to the application of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with (on-pump) or without (off-pump) extra-corporeal circulation observing certain inflammatory response parameters. METHODS: TWENTY PATIENTS UNDERGOING CABG WITH (CPB GROUP: 10 patients) or without (off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting [OPCAB] group: 10 patients) CPB were enrolled in this prospective, randomized study. Blood samples were collected three times during the operation and on postoperative days 1, 2, 3 and 7. The plasma level of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method following stimulation, and the expression of adhesion molecules (CD11, CD18) of leukocytes were determined by flow cytometry. Furthermore, white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil count were carried out. RESULTS: The WBC and neutrophil counts rose markedly in both groups following the operation and remained at this increased level during the observation period. There was a significant difference in WBC and neutrophil counts between the two groups of patients on postoperative day 7. A significant difference in the level of TNF-alpha was found between the two groups on postoperative day 2 (P<0.05). An intense increase was observed with CPB, which significantly exceeded the values of the OPCAB group without extracorporeal circulation in the early postoperative period. The CD11a and CD18 expression of leukocytes decreased during the operation and on postoperative day 1; thereafter, it increased markedly. There was a significant difference in adhesion molecule expression between the two groups on postoperative day 2. CONCLUSION: The investigation revealed that inflammatory response reactions following extracorporeal circulation could be reduced significantly using the off-pump technique.

Time course of CD marker expression in patients with burns and its prognostic value.

INTRODUCTION: Due to immune suppression sepsis has remained the leading cause of mortality after burns. CD marker expression in circulating blood has not been fully examined in humans. The aim of our study was to asses CD marker expression after burns and to compare it between survivors and non-survivors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Blood samples from all patients (n = 35) receiving intensive care treatment with more than 20% burned surface area were collected on admission and 5 consecutive days thereafter. Expressions of CD11a, CD11b, CD18, CD49d, CD97 and CD14 were measured on granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. RESULTS: Expressions of granulocytes CD11a (days 1-2), CD18 (day 1), lymphocytes CD11a (days 1-5), CD11b (days 2-4), CD18 (days 1-6), CD49d (days 1-6), CD97 (day 1), monocytes CD11a (days 1-6), CD11b (day 2 and 5-6), CD18 (days 1-6), CD49d (days 1-6), CD97 (days 1-2), and CD14 (days 4-6) were significantly lower in patients than in healthy controls. Expressions of granulocyte CD11a (days 3-6), lymphocytes CD11a (days 3-6), CD11b (days 4-6), CD18 (days 4-6), monocyte CD97 (days 3-6) were significantly higher in survivors (n = 20) than in non-survivors (n = 15). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that burns is associated with immunosuppression and overwhelming anti-inflammatory processes may be signs of bad prognosis.

The effect of Na-selenite treatment on the oxidative stress-antioxidants balance of multiple organ failure.

PURPOSE: Our study tested the hypothesis that sodium (Na)-selenite expression treatment can reduce oxidative stress and increase plasma antioxidants, whereas modulating white blood cell antigen expression in severe sepsis. Selenite is a well known cofactor of glutathione peroxidases and other antioxidant enzymes; therefore, one may expect an antioxidant effect of treatment. MATERIALS: We randomized 40 severe septic patients into treatment and control groups. Treatment group (n = 21) received 1000-µg/2 hours Na-selenite load, followed by a 1000-µg/die medication. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde, maximal free radical production, and plasma antioxidants: free sulfhydryl groups, glutathione levels, and superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activity were measured. RESULTS: According to our results, the treatment regime successfully restored serum selenium levels. Treatment group developed a significant malondialdehyde increase by the fifth study day, whereas reactive oxygen species production decreased significantly. Reduced glutathione and plasma sulfhydryl groups showed no significant difference. Treatment group showed deteriorated expression of CD11a and slight increase of CD49d expression on monocytes throughout our study. CONCLUSIONS: Although our Na-selenite treatment regime successfully restored the selenium deficiency of severe septic patients, antioxidant and white blood cell antigen expression modulating effect of the therapy was not observed in our patient group.

PARP-inhibitor treatment prevents hypertension induced cardiac remodeling by favorable modulation of heat shock proteins, Akt-1/GSK-3ß and several PKC isoforms.

Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a suitable model for studies of the complications of hypertension. It is known that activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme (PARP) plays an important role in the development of postinfarction as well as long-term hypertension induced heart failure. In this study, we examined whether PARP-inhibitor (L-2286) treatment could prevent the development of hypertensive cardiopathy in SHRs. 6-week-old SHR animals were treated with L-2286 (SHR-L group) or placebo (SHR-C group) for 24 weeks. Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as aged-matched, normotensive controls (WKY group). Echocardiography was performed, brain-derived natriuretic peptide (BNP) activity and blood pressure were determined at the end of the study. We detected the extent of fibrotic areas. The amount of heat-shock proteins (Hsps) and the phosphorylation state of Akt-1(Ser473), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3ß(Ser9), forkhead transcription factor (FKHR)(Ser256), mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes were monitored. The elevated blood pressure in SHRs was not influenced by PARP-inhibitor treatment. Systolic left ventricular function and BNP activity did not differ among the three groups. L-2286 treatment decreased the marked left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy which was developed in SHRs. Interstitial collagen deposition was also decreased by L-2286 treatment. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2(Thr183-Tyr185), Akt-1(Ser473), GSK-3ß(Ser9), FKHR(Ser256), and PKC ε(Ser729) and the level of Hsp90 were increased, while the activity of PKC α/ßII(Thr638/641), ζ/λ(410/403) were mitigated by L-2286 administration. We could detect signs of LV hypertrophy without congestive heart failure in SHR groups. This alteration was prevented by PARP inhibition. Our results suggest that PARP-inhibitor treatment has protective effect already in the early stage of hypertensive myocardial remodeling.

Dynamic changes of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in severe sepsis.

PURPOSE: Little is known about the dynamic changes of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in sepsis. Our aim was therefore to investigate the time course of MMPs and their inhibitors in patients experiencing severe sepsis. METHODS: Our prospective controlled analysis included 38 patients with severe sepsis. Plasma levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were measured daily at a 5-day-long period with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seventeen healthy volunteers were invited as controls. RESULTS: MMP-2 showed no difference compared to controls, whereas significantly elevated MMP-9 levels were detected on admission (P < .005). Significantly elevated but declining TIMP-1 levels were measured during the whole trial (P < .002-.004). Except for the second day, TIMP-2 levels were significantly lower than controls (P < .05-.009). MMP2/TIMP-1 ratios were significantly lower in septic patients (P < .03-.006), whereas MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios were elevated throughout our study (P < .03-.006). MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios were significantly lower at the first 3 days (P < .05-.008). MMP-9/TIMP-2 was significantly elevated on admission (P < .006). CONCLUSIONS: Our research is the first follow-up study dealing with MMPs, TIMPs, and their ratios in severe sepsis. Our results indicate that MMPs and TIMPs may play a crucial role in severe sepsis, especially TIMP-1, MMP-9, and possibly TIMP-2, after an extensive study.

Comparative immunohistochemical study of tissue integration of macroporous and laminar surgical meshes.

Intraperitoneal surgical mesh implantation is required for laparoscopic ventral hernia repair. Composite meshes are well known in animal models and human practice. The aim of our study is to compare the biological behaviour of two different textured silicone-covered polypropylene meshes. Transmural abdominal wall defect was created in 40 rabbits and treated as follows: In 20 animals a polypropylene mesh with a laminar silicone covering (LSPP) and in the rest a macroporous textured mesh knitted of silicone-impregnated polypropylene filaments (MSPP) was applied. One and three weeks after implantation we evaluated the intraperitoneal adhesion formation of the mesh macroscopically, histologically and immunohistochemically to detect the reactive cells, especially inflammatory, endothelial and mesothelial cells, as well as their proliferative activity, and with Scanning Electron microscopy to visualize the surface of the meshes. The adhesion formation caused by the composites showed no statistical difference after one week although in the three weeks old samples the LSPP adhesion was significantly weaker than that of MSPP. As complications, serome formation in both groups, fistulas, abscesses, and sc. haematoma in the LSPP group were found. Only in MSPP containing tissues was the decrease of Ki-67 positive proliferating cells significant. A significant increase in VEGF expressing cells was observed only in MSPP containing three week old samples, suggesting better regulation of vascular growth in tissues surrounding the implants. In one week old specimens we observed an irregular proliferation of cytokeratin containing mesothelial cells in both group. The intraperitoneal surface of MSPP mesh was covered with neoperitoneum, while it was not regularly seen on LSPP mesh after three week.

Burn trauma induces early HMGB1 release in patients: its correlation with cytokines.

High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that may be released actively from monocytes and macrophages or passively from necrotic or damaged cells. Several experimental data suggest that burn injury is accompanied by elevated plasma HMGB, but there are only few data available about its changes in burned patients. The aim of this study was to follow the time course and the prognostic value of plasma HMGB1 and cytokine changes in patients with severe burn injury affecting more than 10% of body surface area (n = 26). Blood samples were taken on admission and on the following 5 days. Plasma HMGB1 concentration was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, whereas IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were assayed by the cytometric bead array kit. The HMGB1 and IL-10 concentrations were elevated on admission and gradually decreased thereafter. Significant differences were observed between survivors and nonsurvivors in HMGB1 (P < 0.01) and IL-10 (P < 0.001) concentrations on admission with higher levels in nonsurvivors. IL-6 and IL-8 started to increase markedly from day 2. Positive correlation (r = 0.669, P < 0.01) was found between burned body surface and HMGB1 on admission. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of data on admission showed that at a level of 16 ng/mL, HMGB1 indicated lethality, with 75.0% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity. Using the cutoff level of 14 pg/mL, IL-10 predicted intensive care unit mortality, with 85.7% sensitivity and 84.2% specificity. Very early HMGB1 and IL-10 release may have an important impact on the immune function of patients after burn trauma.