Leydig cell tumour of the ovary localised with positron emission tomography/computed tomography.

Androgen-producing ovarian tumours can lead to assessment difficulties because of their small size. We present a case of virilising steroid cell ovarian tumour in a 41-year-old woman localised with Fluorine-18-Deoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography ((18)FDG-PET/CT). Although the biochemical evaluation pointed to an ovarian source of androgen, diagnostic attempts to localise the source of hyperandrogenism with transvaginal ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pelvis failed. Additional evaluation with (18)FDG-PET/CT showed an increased uptake in the right ovary. A laparoscopic right oophorectomy was performed and histopathology examination revealed a 1.2-cm Leydig cell tumour. The patient showed regression of clinical signs.

Correlation of radiation dose and heart rate in dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography.

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) has been widely used since the introduction of 64-slice scanners and dual-source CT technology, but the relatively high radiation dose remains a major concern. PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between radiation exposure and heart rate (HR), in dual-source CTCA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 218 CTCA examinations, performed with a dual-source 64-slices scanner, were statistically evaluated. Effective radiation dose, expressed in mSv, was calculated as the product of the dose-length product (DLP) times a conversion coefficient for the chest (mSv = DLPx0.017). Heart rate range and mean heart rate, expressed in beats per minute (bpm) of each individual during CTCA, were also provided by the system. Statistical analysis of effective dose and heart rate data was performed by using Pearson correlation coefficient and two-sample t-test. RESULTS: Mean HR and effective dose were found to have a borderline positive relationship. Individuals with a mean HR >65 bpm observed to receive a statistically significant higher effective dose as compared to those with a mean HR ≤65 bpm. Moreover, a strong correlation between effective dose and variability of HR of more than 20 bpm was observed. CONCLUSION: Dual-source CT scanners are considered to have the capability to provide diagnostic examinations even with high HR and arrhythmias. However, it is desirable to keep the mean heart rate below 65 bpm and heart rate fluctuation less than 20 bpm in order to reduce the radiation exposure.

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Versus Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography for Detecting Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Ischemia: Comparison with Coronary Angiography.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of stress single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the same patients, using coronary angiography as the reference standard. METHODS: Thirty patients with known or suspected CAD who were referred for exercise SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) for the evaluation of myocardial ischemia underwent stress CMR MPI and computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) or selective coronary angiography (SCA). The data from the two stress modalities were compared against the data from angiography. RESULTS: In our study population, 30% of the recruited subjects had significant CAD. The CMR sensitivity for the detection of significant CAD and/or myocardial ischemia was 89% and specificity was 76%. For SPECT, the corresponding sensitivity was 78% and specificity was 52%. The negative predictive value was 92% for CMR and 83% for SPECT. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis evaluating the presence of significant CAD, CMR (area under the curve (AUC) 0.78) outperformed SPECT (AUC 0.59) (p < 0.01). The ROC analysis evaluating the presence of myocardial ischemia was also in favor of CMR (AUC 0.82) versus SPECT (AUC 0.67) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CMR has high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of CAD and stress-induced ischemia and appears to outperform SPECT. CMR may thus be the preferred noninvasive imaging modality to assess patients with known or suspected CAD.

Lower limb veins color and spectral Doppler ultrasonography examination. An examination protocol.

Lower extremity's venous pathology was traditionally investigated by intravenous venography. Nowadays Color Doppler flow imaging is widely accepted as a well established, noninvasive method for the evaluation of deep pelvic and lower extremity's venous system. The vast majority of authors conclude that the method can safely replace diagnostic venography in all patients with venous thrombosis, thrombophlebitis and valve or communicating veins insuffciency. Optimal performance of Color Doppler flow imaging as a diagnostic tool for the whole lower limb veins requires: Proper equipment specifications and settings. Knowledge of regional venous anatomy. Established examination protocols. Evaluation of morphological and functional findings. Documentation of the findings. All these steps are described as a sequence of guidelines, photographs and multiple ultrasonographic images. Our paper can be useful to all physicians or sonographers involved with color Doppler studies for the evaluation of lower limb venous diseases and abnormalities.

Coronary artery anomalies in adults: imaging at dual source CT coronary angiography.

Congenital abnormalities of the coronary arteries have an incidence of 1%, and most of these are benign. However, a small number are associated with myocardial ischaemia and sudden death. Various imaging modalities are available for coronary artery assessment. Recently, multi-detector CT has emerged as an accurate diagnostic tool for defining coronary artery anomalies. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to review the dual source CT appearance of congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries in adults.

Imaging of coronary artery bypass grafts by computed tomography coronary angiography.

In recent years, computed tomography coronary angiography is commonly performed as a follow-up examination after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Coronary grafts owing to their minimal motion are well visualized by computed tomography coronary angiography, allowing radiologists to assess their patency noninvasively with very high diagnostic accuracy. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to provide an excellent overview of the anatomy and findings concerning coronary artery bypass grafts.

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for malignant liver tumours in challenging locations.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the treatment results of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for primary and metastatic malignant liver tumours in challenging locations and also to present the treatment strategy that was used in these cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 2007 to January 2010, we performed CT-guided RFA on 528 lesions in 402 patients (265 men and 137 women; mean age 65.1 years, range 19-82 years) with liver tumours (primary and metastatic) of which 98 lesions in 84 patients (55 men and 29 women; mean age 67.8 years, range 33-82 years) were located in challenging locations, defined as less than 5 mm from a large vessel or an extrahepatic organ (heart, lung, gall bladder, right kidney or gastrointestinal tract). The sizes of the tumours ranged 1.5-6 cm. We used two different RFA systems with an expandable needle electrode (RITA; Rita Medical Systems, Inc, Mountain View, CA, USA and MIRAS; Invatec S.r.l., Roncadelle, Italy).The tumours were considered as ablated completely if no viability was found on dual-phase dynamic contrast-enhanced CT at 1 month after RFA. RESULTS: Complete ablation was obtained in 89.7% (88/98) of the high-risk located lesions, while 10 (10.3%) of the lesions were managed with repeated RFA because of tumour residue. The 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 82.6, 67.3 and 54.1%, respectively. Minor complications occurred in eight of the 84 patients (9.5%), including small sub-capsular haematoma in four, small pleural effusion in three and partial liver infarction in one. Local tumour progression rate was 9.2% (9/98). CONCLUSION: RFA is a safe and effective method of treatment of primary and metastatic liver tumours even located in challenging locations when performed by a well-trained and experienced interventional radiologist.

The impact of FDG-PET/CT on the management of breast cancer patients with elevated tumor markers and negative or equivocal conventional imaging modalities.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical impact of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/computed tomography (CT) scan on restaging breast cancer patients with rising tumor markers and negative or equivocal findings in conventional imaging studies. METHODS: We studied 46 patients with breast cancer of an average age of 57.6 years (ranging from 38 to 68 years). All patients were referred for an FDG-PET/CT scan because of elevated tumor markers, without any other obvious clinical or laboratory sign of relapse. Conventional imaging study results were either negative (29 out of 46 patients) or inconclusive (17 out of 46 patients). All patients underwent a whole-body FDG-PET/CT scan in a combined PET/CT. The findings were confirmed by a follow-up at least 9 months later, and when it was possible, final diagnosis was obtained by histopathology. RESULTS: In 34 out of 46 patients, an FDG-PET/CT scan showed sites of increased metabolic activity, indicating active disease. In 23 out of 46 patients, the therapeutic approach and further clinical management were affected. The FDG-PET/CT scan was true-positive in 33 patients, false-positive in one patient, false-negative in five patients, and true-negative in seven patients. On the basis of our results in this population, an FDG-PET/CT scan had a sensitivity of 86.8%, a specificity of 87.5%, and an accuracy of 86.9%. The positive predictive value was 97.1% and the negative predictive value was 58.3%. Clinical management was affected in 50% of these patients. CONCLUSION: The FDG-PET/CT scan plays an important role in restaging breast cancer patients with rising tumor markers and negative or equivocal findings in conventional imaging techniques, with a consequent significant clinical impact on further management in these patients.

Patient presenting with lipoma of the index finger: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Lipomas can be found anywhere in the body with the majority located in the head and neck region as well as in the shoulder and back. They are not very common in the hand and those involving the fingers are very rare. Although, it is not the only case reported, lipoma of the index finger is very uncommon. CASE PRESENTATION: A 52-year-old Caucasian man presented with a lipoma of the right index finger. He complained of no pain but he had difficulty in manual movements. Treatment was surgical excision of the lipoma. There has been no recurrence for two years. CONCLUSION: Although lipomas of the fingers are rare entities, their awareness is imperative since the differential diagnosis from other soft tissue tumors and from the special lipomatous subtype involved is quite extensive.

Hysterosalpingography: technique and applications.

Hysterosalpingography (HSG) remains an important radiologic procedure in the investigation of infertility and has become a commonly performed examination due to recent advances of reproductive medicine. HSG demonstrates the morphology of the uterine cavity, the lumina, and the patency of the fallopian tubes. In this review article, we present the technical parameters of the examination, indications, contraindications, and possible complications of HSG. We also illustrate a variety of abnormalities of the uterus and fallopian tubes that can be detected accurately with HSG. We believe that, with the increased demand for HSG, radiologists should be familiar with HSG technique and the interpretation of HSG images.

Computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment efficacy and complications.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and complications of computed tomography (CT)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A retrospective study of 282 patients (231 males, 51 females, age range: 44-76 years, mean age: 62 years) with HCC (322 lesions) who had been treated by CT-guided RFA over a period of 5 years, was performed. The diameter of the tumors ranged from 1.5 to 5 cm. The tumors were considered as ablated completely, if no viability was found on dual-phase dynamic contrast enhanced CT at 1 month after RFA. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 68 months (mean 29 months) and included a dual-phase dynamic contrast enhanced CT at 1, 3 and 6 months post-RFA and every 6 months afterwards. Patient outcome was evaluated and the survival and recurrence rates were assessed. Each case was reviewed for short-term and long-term complications. RESULTS: The ablation success rate was 87.3% (281/322 HCC nodules), while 41 (12.7%) lesions were managed with repeated RFA because of tumor residue. The survival rates at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years were 94.8%, 86.6%, 73.1%, 64.2% and 51.1%, respectively. A total number of 9 (2.8% per procedure) minor complications occurred. No major complications were observed. During the follow-up period, the local tumour progression rate was 22%, while the recurrence rate of new intrahepatic nodules was 48%. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support that RFA is an effective and safe technique for the treatment of unresectable HCC.

A case of primary isolated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the esophagus in an immunocompetent patient.

Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the esophagus is a rare disease. A case of primary isolated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the esophagus in a 77-year-old man without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is presented. We describe the clinical features and the imaging findings (barium swallow, endoscopic ultrasonography and CT) of a biopsy proven B-cell lymphoma with diffuse transmural involvement of the esophagus wall, which was discovered incidentally. We also briefly review the literature.