BET bromodomain ligands: Probing the WPF shelf to improve BRD4 bromodomain affinity and metabolic stability.

Ligands for the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family of bromodomains have shown promise as useful therapeutic agents for treating a range of cancers and inflammation. Here we report that our previously developed 3,5-dimethylisoxazole-based BET bromodomain ligand (OXFBD02) inhibits interactions of BRD4(1) with the RelA subunit of NF-κB, in addition to histone H4. This ligand shows a promising profile in a screen of the NCI-60 panel but was rapidly metabolised (t½â€¯= 39.8 min). Structure-guided optimisation of compound properties led to the development of the 3-pyridyl-derived OXFBD04. Molecular dynamics simulations assisted our understanding of the role played by an internal hydrogen bond in altering the affinity of this series of molecules for BRD4(1). OXFBD04 shows improved BRD4(1) affinity (IC50 = 166 nM), optimised physicochemical properties (LE = 0.43; LLE = 5.74; SFI = 5.96), and greater metabolic stability (t½â€¯= 388 min).

Bioactivation of Isoxazole-Containing Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain (BET) Inhibitors.

The 3,5-dimethylisoxazole motif has become a useful and popular acetyl-lysine mimic employed in isoxazole-containing bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors but may introduce the potential for bioactivations into toxic reactive metabolites. As a test, we coupled deep neural models for quinone formation, metabolite structures, and biomolecule reactivity to predict bioactivation pathways for 32 BET inhibitors and validate the bioactivation of select inhibitors experimentally. Based on model predictions, inhibitors were more likely to undergo bioactivation than reported non-bioactivated molecules containing isoxazoles. The model outputs varied with substituents indicating the ability to scale their impact on bioactivation. We selected OXFBD02, OXFBD04, and I-BET151 for more in-depth analysis. OXFBD's bioactivations were evenly split between traditional quinones and novel extended quinone-methides involving the isoxazole yet strongly favored the latter quinones. Subsequent experimental studies confirmed the formation of both types of quinones for OXFBD molecules, yet traditional quinones were the dominant reactive metabolites. Modeled I-BET151 bioactivations led to extended quinone-methides, which were not verified experimentally. The differences in observed and predicted bioactivations reflected the need to improve overall bioactivation scaling. Nevertheless, our coupled modeling approach predicted BET inhibitor bioactivations including novel extended quinone methides, and we experimentally verified those pathways highlighting potential concerns for toxicity in the development of these new drug leads.

Fragment-Based Identification of Ligands for Bromodomain-Containing Factor 3 of Trypanosoma cruzi.

The Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) parasite is the cause of Chagas disease, a neglected disease endemic in South America. The life cycle of the T. cruzi parasite is complex and includes transitions between distinct life stages. This change in phenotype (without a change in genotype) could be controlled by epigenetic regulation, and might involve the bromodomain-containing factors 1-5 (TcBDF1-5). However, little is known about the function of the TcBDF1-5. Here we describe a fragment-based approach to identify ligands for T. cruzi bromodomain-containing factor 3 (TcBDF3). We expressed a soluble construct of TcBDF3 in E. coli, and used this to develop a range of biophysical assays for this protein. Fragment screening identified 12 compounds that bind to the TcBDF3 bromodomain. On the basis of this screen, we developed functional ligands containing a fluorescence or 19F reporter group, and a photo-crosslinking probe for TcBDF3. These tool compounds will be invaluable in future studies on the function of TcBDF3 and will provide insight into the biology of T. cruzi.

Controlling Intramolecular Interactions in the Design of Selective, High-Affinity Ligands for the CREBBP Bromodomain.

CREBBP (CBP/KAT3A) and its paralogue EP300 (KAT3B) are lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) that are essential for human development. They each comprise 10 domains through which they interact with >400 proteins, making them important transcriptional co-activators and key nodes in the human protein-protein interactome. The bromodomains of CREBBP and EP300 enable the binding of acetylated lysine residues from histones and a number of other important proteins, including p53, p73, E2F, and GATA1. Here, we report a work to develop a high-affinity, small-molecule ligand for the CREBBP and EP300 bromodomains [(-)-OXFBD05] that shows >100-fold selectivity over a representative member of the BET bromodomains, BRD4(1). Cellular studies using this ligand demonstrate that the inhibition of the CREBBP/EP300 bromodomain in HCT116 colon cancer cells results in lowered levels of c-Myc and a reduction in H3K18 and H3K27 acetylation. In hypoxia (<0.1% O2), the inhibition of the CREBBP/EP300 bromodomain results in the enhanced stabilization of HIF-1α.