Oral ecological environment modifications by hard-cheese: from pH to microbiome: a prospective cohort study based on 16S rRNA metabarcoding approach.

BACKGROUND: The oral ecosystem conditions dental health, and is known to be positively modified by oral hygiene which cannot always be performed between meals, especially outside home. It is therefore important to identify the practices to be adopted to influence the oral environment in an anticariogenic direction. Milk and cheese are considered functional foods and have a role on oral health. There are several mechanisms by which cheese exerts its beneficial effects on teeth. The aim of the present study was to examine whether short term consumption of hard cheese would affect the oral pH and microbial flora of healthy adults modifying ecological oral environment. The Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach was applied to study the effect of Italian Grana Padano (GP), as a prototype of typical hard cheese, on the oral microbiota composition. Finally, we explored Streptococcus mutans/sanguinis ratio as a marker of protective biofilm composition. METHODS: Nine oral-healthy adults were instructed to eat 25 gr of GP cheese for 5 consecutive days. Three time points were chosen for supragingival samples collection and pH measurement. 16S rRNA-gene sequences were obtained both from oral samples and GP cheese using the MiSeq platform and analyzed against the expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD). ProgPerm was used to perform statistical analyses to investigate strain differential representation after cheese consumption. RESULTS: Taxonomic analyses of the oral microbiota revealed that Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. GP cheese significantly modifies oral pH, causing a shift toward basic conditions which are kept for a few hours. The Streptococcus mutans/Streptococcus sanguinis ratio lowers in the last observed timepoint. CONCLUSION: Our results reveal that a portion of GP cheese eaten after dinner provides important micronutrients (i.e. calcium, vitamins and some aminoacids such as arginine) and changes oral pH toward basic conditions, resulting in a light modification of the oral microbiome towards the reduction of the overall amount of acidophilic bacteria. Furthermore, the S. mutans/S. sanguinis ratio is reduced, contributing to obtain a more protecting environment towards caries establishment and evolution.

Maternal peri-conceptional undernourishment perturbs offspring sperm methylome.

The genotype of an organism is stable throughout its life; however, its epigenome is dynamic and can be altered in response to environmental factors, such as diet. Inheritance of acquired epigenetic modifications by the next generation occurs through the germline, although the precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we used a sheep model to evaluate if modification of the maternal diet (CTR; control, UND: undernutrition; FA: undernutrition and folic acid supplementation) during the peri-conceptional period affects the genome-wide methylation status of the gametes of male offspring. Sperm DNA methylation, measured by Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS), identified Differentially Methylated Regions (DMR) in offspring that experienced in utero undernutrition, both in UND (244) and FA (240), compared with CTR. Gene ontology (GO) analysis identified DMRs in categories related to sperm function, therefore we investigated whether the fertilizing capacity of the semen from the three groups differed in an in vitro fertilization assay. Spermatozoa from the undernourished groups showed lower motility and sperm chromatin structure abnormalities, represented by a higher percentage of DNA fragmentation and an increased number of immature cells, compared with CTR. While good quality blastocysts were obtained from all three groups, the proportion of embryos reaching the blastocyst stage was reduced in the UND vs CTR, an effect partially rescued by the FA treatment. The data reported here show that nutritional stress during early pregnancy leads to epigenetic modifications in the semen of the resulting offspring, the effects of which in next generation remain to be elucidated.

Epigenetic analysis of high and low motile sperm populations reveals methylation variation in satellite regions within the pericentromeric position and in genes functionally related to sperm DNA organization and maintenance in Bos taurus.

BACKGROUND: Sperm epigenetics is an emerging area of study supported by observations reporting that abnormal sperm DNA methylation patterns are associated with infertility. Here, we explore cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpGs) methylation in high (HM) and low motile (LM) Bos taurus sperm populations separated by Percoll gradient. HM and LM methylation patterns were investigated by bisulfite sequencing. RESULTS: Comparison between HM and LM sperm populations revealed that methylation variation affects genes involved in chromatin organization. CpG Islands (CGIs), were highly remodelled. A high proportion of CGIs was found to be methylated at low/intermediate level (20-60%) and associated to the repetitive element BTSAT4 satellite. The low/intermediate level of methylation in BTSAT4 was stably maintained in pericentric regions of chromosomes. BTSAT4 was hypomethylated in HM sperm populations. CONCLUSIONS: The characterization of the epigenome in HM and LM Bos taurus sperm populations provides a first step towards the understanding of the effect of methylation on sperm fertility. Methylation variation observed in HM and LM populations in genes associated to DNA structure remodelling as well as in a repetitive element in pericentric regions suggests that maintenance of chromosome structure through epigenetic regulation is probably crucial for correct sperm functionality.

Distribution of ncRNAs expression across hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in Capra hircus.

BACKGROUND: Molecular regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis plays an essential role in the fine tuning of seasonal estrus in Capra hircus. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as key regulators in sexual development and mammalian reproduction. In order to identify ncRNAs and to assess their expression patterns, along the HPG axis, we sequenced ncRNA libraries from hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary of three goats. RESULTS: Among the medium length noncoding RNAs (mncRNAs) identified, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and transfer RNAs (tRNAs) were found to be more abundant in ovary and hypothalamus, respectively. The observed GC content was representative for different classes of ncRNAs, allowing the identification of a tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) subclass, which had a peak distribution around 32-38% GC content in the hypothalamus. Differences observed among organs confirmed the specificity of microRNA (miRNA) profiles for each organ system. CONCLUSIONS: Data on ncRNAs in organs constituting the HPG axis will contribute to understanding their role in the physiological regulation of reproduction in goats.

Hepatoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine in trabectedin-induced liver toxicity in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma.

PURPOSE: Trabectedin is one of the few active agents in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) but hepatotoxicity is frequent and represents a dose-limiting factor. Protective strategies aiming at counteracting this important side effect have a crucial clinical impact. Due to its antioxidant properties, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has a recognized hepatoprotective effect and this provides the rationale for testing NAC in the management of trabectedin-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS: Patients with recurrent or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma, consecutively observed at our institution, who were considered eligible to trabectedin, received concomitant NAC if they had impaired hepatic or renal function at baseline or developed hepatotoxicity during treatment. The study aim was to retrospectively explore trabectedin administration in terms of number of cycles, mean dose, and dose intensity (DI) in patients who received NAC as compared with those who did not. Secondary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: A total number of 18 patients were enrolled in this study. Nine received NAC and nine did not. The median number of administered trabectedin cycles, mean trabectedin dose/cycles, and median DI was comparable in the two groups (p = 0.450, p = 0.534, and p = 0.450, respectively). The PFS and OS curves overlapped. CONCLUSION: This explorative study suggests that NAC can have a hepatoprotective activity in patients receiving trabectedin allowing to maintain an adequate dose intensity and continuative administration in patients with impaired liver and renal function or developing treatment-induced hepatotoxicity. A prospective randomized trial is warranted.

Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in hypothalamus and ovary of Capra hircus.

BACKGROUND: DNA methylation is a frequently studied epigenetic modification due to its role in regulating gene expression and hence in biological processes and in determining phenotypic plasticity in organisms. Rudimentary DNA methylation patterns for some livestock species are publically available: among these, goat methylome deserves to be further explored. RESULTS: Genome-wide DNA methylation maps of the hypothalamus and ovary from Saanen goats were generated using Methyl-CpG binding domain protein sequencing (MBD-seq). Analysis of DNA methylation patterns indicate that the majority of methylation peaks found within genes are located gene body regions, for both organs. Analysis of the distribution of methylated sites per chromosome showed that chromosome X had the lowest number of methylation peaks. The X chromosome has one of the highest percentages of methylated CpG islands in both organs, and approximately 50% of the CpG islands in the goat epigenome are methylated in hypothalamus and ovary. Organ-specific Differentially Methylated Genes (DMGs) were correlated with the expression levels. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison between transcriptome and methylome in hypothalamus and ovary showed that a higher level of methylation is not accompanied by a higher gene suppression. The genome-wide DNA methylation map for two goat organs produced here is a valuable starting point for studying the involvement of epigenetic modifications in regulating goat reproduction performance.

Amiloride Is Effective in the Management of Abiraterone-Induced Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome without Interfering with Its Antineoplastic Activity.

BACKGROUND: The administration of abiraterone acetate (abiraterone) leads to an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-driven increase in mineralocorticoid hormones, requiring glucocorticoid supplementation that may stimulate the growth of prostate cancer (PCa). Amiloride is a drug that selectively reduces the aldosterone-sensitive Na+/K+ exchange and could be effective in the management of mineralocorticoid excess syndrome (MCES). METHODS: The efficacy of amiloride + hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in the clinical management of abiraterone-induced MCES was assessed in 5 consecutive patients with castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Then, using the in vitro experimental model of PCa cell lines, the possible effects of drugs usually used in the clinical management of CRPC patients on PCa cell viability were investigated. RESULTS: Amiloride/HCT led to a complete disappearance of all clinical and biochemical signs of abiraterone-induced MCES in the 5 treated patients. The in vitro study showed that abiraterone treatment significantly decreased cell viability of both androgen receptor (AR)-expressing VCaP (vertebral-cancer of the prostate) and LNCaP (lymph node carcinoma of the prostate) cells, with no effect on AR-negative PC-3 cells. Prednisolone, spironolactone, and eplerenone increased LNCaP cell viability, while amiloride reduced it. The non-steroid aldosterone antagonist PF-03882845 did not modify PCa cell viability. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of amiloride/HCT was effective in the management of abiraterone-induced MCES. Amiloride did not negatively interfere with the abiraterone inhibition of PCa cell viability in vitro.

Variability and Number of Circulating Complementary Sex Determiner (Csd) Alleles in a Breeding Population of Italian Honeybees under Controlled Mating.

In Apis mellifera, csd is the primary gene involved in sex determination: haploid hemizygous eggs develop as drones, while females develop from eggs heterozygous for the csd gene. If diploid eggs are homozygous for the csd gene, diploid drones will develop, but will be eaten by worker bees before they are born. Therefore, high csd allelic diversity is a priority for colony survival and breeding. This study aims to investigate the variability of the hypervariable region (HVR) of the csd gene in bees sampled in an apiary under a selection scheme. To this end, an existing dataset of 100 whole-genome sequences was analyzed with a validated pipeline based on de novo assembly of sequences within the HVR region. In total, 102 allelic sequences were reconstructed and translated into amino acid sequences. Among these, 47 different alleles were identified, 44 of which had previously been observed, while 3 are novel alleles. The results show a high variability in the csd region in this breeding population of honeybees.

Characterization of BoHV-4 ORF45.

Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a Gammaherpesvirus belonging to the Rhadinovirus genus. The bovine is BoHV-4's natural host, and the African buffalo is BoHV-4's natural reservoir. In any case, BoHV-4 infection is not associated with a specific disease. Genome structure and genes are well-conserved in Gammaherpesvirus, and the orf 45 gene and its product, ORF45, are one of those. BoHV-4 ORF45 has been suggested to be a tegument protein; however, its structure and function have not yet been experimentally characterized. The present study shows that BoHV-4 ORF45, despite its poor homology with other characterized Rhadinovirus ORF45s, is structurally related to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is a phosphoprotein, and localizes in the host cell nuclei. Through the generation of an ORF45-null mutant BoHV-4 and its pararevertant, it was possible to demonstrate that ORF45 is essential for BoHV-4 lytic replication and is associated with the viral particles, as for the other characterized Rhadinovirus ORF45s. Finally, the impact of BoHV-4 ORF45 on cellular transcriptome was investigated, an aspect poorly explored or not at all for other Gammaherpesvirus. Many cellular transcriptional pathways were found to be altered, mainly those involving p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and signal-regulated kinase (ERK) complex (RSK/ERK). It was concluded that BoHV-4 ORF45 has similar characteristics to those of KSHV ORF45, and its unique and incisive impact on the cell transcriptome paves the way for further investigations.

Genetic diversity and historical demography of underutilised goat breeds in North-Western Europe.

In the last decade, several studies aimed at dissecting the genetic architecture of local small ruminant breeds to discover which variations are involved in the process of adaptation to environmental conditions, a topic that has acquired priority due to climate change. Considering that traditional breeds are a reservoir of such important genetic variation, improving the current knowledge about their genetic diversity and origin is the first step forward in designing sound conservation guidelines. The genetic composition of North-Western European archetypical goat breeds is still poorly exploited. In this study we aimed to fill this gap investigating goat breeds across Ireland and Scandinavia, including also some other potential continental sources of introgression. The PCA and Admixture analyses suggest a well-defined cluster that includes Norwegian and Swedish breeds, while the crossbred Danish landrace is far apart, and there appears to be a close relationship between the Irish and Saanen goats. In addition, both graph representation of historical relationships among populations and f4-ratio statistics suggest a certain degree of gene flow between the Norse and Atlantic landraces. Furthermore, we identify signs of ancient admixture events of Scandinavian origin in the Irish and in the Icelandic goats. The time when these migrations, and consequently the introgression, of Scandinavian-like alleles occurred, can be traced back to the Viking colonisation of these two isles during the Viking Age (793-1066 CE). The demographic analysis indicates a complicated history of these traditional breeds with signatures of bottleneck, inbreeding and crossbreeding with the improved breeds. Despite these recent demographic changes and the historical genetic background shaped by centuries of human-mediated gene flow, most of them maintained their genetic identity, becoming an irreplaceable genetic resource as well as a cultural heritage.

Maternal undernutrition during periconceptional period affects whole-genome ovine muscle methylation in adult offspring.

Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that maternal nutritional status during early pregnancy, including the period around the time of conception, may induce long-lasting epigenetic changes in the offspring. However, this remains largely unexplored in livestock. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate if modification of the maternal diet of sheep (CTR: control; UND: 50% undernutrition) during the periconceptional period (42 d in total: -14/+28 from mating), would impact CpG methylation in muscle tissue (Longissimus dorsi) of adult offspring (11.5 mo old). Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing identified 262 (Edge-R, FDR < 0.05) and 686 (logistic regression, FDR < 0.001) differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the UND and CTR groups. Gene ontology analysis identified genes related to development, functions of the muscular system, and steroid hormone receptor activity within the DMRs. The data reported here show that nutritional stress during early pregnancy leads to epigenetic modifications in the muscle of the resulting offspring, with possible implications for cardiac dysfunction, muscle physiology, and meat production.

The formation of the epigenetic pattern of an organism is highly sensitive to environmental factors, especially during early mammalian development, when epigenetic reprogramming of the whole genome takes place. In utero adverse conditions experienced during early pregnancy, such as maternal undernutrition, may induce long-lasting epigenetic changes in the resulting offspring. This study investigated the CpG methylation variations in muscle tissue of adult offspring induced by differences in the diet of their mothers during pregnancy. Our data show that undernutrition during pregnancy leads to epigenetic alterations in the muscle of the offspring, with a potential impact on animal health and productivity.

Analysis of Complementary Sex-Determiner (csd) Allele Diversity in Different Honeybee Subspecies from Italy Based on NGS Data.

Sexual regulation in Apis mellifera is controlled by the complementary sex-determiner (csd) gene: females (queens and workers) are heterozygous at this locus and males (drones) are hemizygous. When homozygous diploid drones develop, they are eaten by worker bees. High csd allelic diversity in honeybee populations is a priority for colony survival. The focus of this study is to investigate csd variability in the genomic sequence of the hypervariable region (HVR) of the csd gene in honeybee subspecies sampled in Italy. During the summer of 2017 and 2018, worker bees belonging to 125 colonies were sampled. The honeybees belonged to seven different A. mellifera subspecies: A. m. ligustica, A. m. sicula, A. m cecropia, A. m. carnica, A. m. mellifera, Buckfast and hybrid Carnica. Illumina genomic resequencing of all samples was performed and used for the characterization of global variability among colonies. In this work, a pipeline using existing resequencing data to explore the csd gene allelic variants present in the subspecies collection, based on de novo assembly of sequences falling within the HVR region, is described. On the whole, 138 allelic sequences were successfully reconstructed. Among these, 88 different alleles were identified, 68 of which match with csd alleles present in the NCBI GenBank database.

Estimating Prognosis and Frailty in Persons Aged ≥75 Years in the Emergency Department: Further Validation of Dynamic Silver Code.

OBJECTIVES: To assess concurrent validity of the Dynamic Silver Code (DSC), a tool based on administrative data that predicts prognosis in older adults accessing the emergency department (ED), in terms of association with markers of poor functional and cognitive status. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were obtained in the AIDEA study, which enrolled a cohort of ≥75-year-old patients, accessing the ED of 2 hospitals in Florence, Italy. METHODS: The DSC score and classes (I to IV, corresponding to an increasing risk of death) were obtained from administrative data. Information on health and functional status prior to ED access were collected from face-to-face, direct, or proxy interviews. The 4AT test was administered to screen for possible delirium. Bivariate comparisons of the prevalence of each functional and cognitive marker across 4 DSC classes were performed. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the multivariable risk of being in II, III, or IV DSC class vs I. RESULTS: Among 3358 participants (mean age 83 years, men 44%), 32.9%, 30.3%, 19.5%, and 17.2% were in DSC class I, II, III, and IV. Preadmission abnormal functional and cognitive conditions, and delirium in the ED, were increasingly more common from DSC class I through IV (P < .001). In particular, the prevalence of total inability to walk increased from 2.9% (class I) to 23.4% (class IV). In multivariable analyses, this was the strongest predictor of being in progressively worse DSC classes, whereas feeling of exhaustion, reporting of serious falls, weight loss, and severe memory loss or diagnosis of dementia gave some contribution. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The ability of the DSC to predict survival in older persons appears to rely on its prevailing association with markers of functional impairment. These results may support clinical use of the tool.

Investigating circulating miRNA in transition dairy cows: What miRNAomics tells about metabolic adaptation.

In the current study, we investigated dairy cows' circulating microRNA (miRNA) expression signature during several key time points around calving, to get insights into different aspects of metabolic adaptation. In a trial with 32 dairy cows, plasma samples were collected on days -21, 1, 28, and 63 relative to calving. Individually extracted total RNA was subjected to RNA sequencing using NovaSeq 6,000 (Illumina, CA) on the respective platform of IGA Technology Services, Udine, Italy. MiRDeep2 was used to identify known and novel miRNA according to the miRbase collection. Differentially expressed miRNA (DEM) were assessed at a threshold of fold-change > 1.5 and false discovery rate < 0.05 using the edgeR package. The MiRWalk database was used to predict DEM targets and their associated KEGG pathways. Among a total of 1,692 identified miRNA, 445 known miRNA were included for statistical analysis, of which 84, 59, and 61 DEM were found between days -21 to 1, 1 to 28, and 28 to 63, respectively. These miRNA were annotated to KEGG pathways targeting the insulin, MAPK, Ras, Wnt, Hippo, sphingolipid, T cell receptor, and mTOR signaling pathways. MiRNA-mRNA network analysis identified miRNA as master regulators of the biological process including miR-138, miR-149-5p, miR-2466-3p, miR-214, miR-504, and miR-6523a. This study provided new insights into the miRNA signatures of transition to the lactation period. Calving emerged as a critical time point when miRNA were most affected, while the following period appeared to be recovering from massive parturition changes. The primarily affected pathways were key signaling pathways related to establishing metabolic and immune adaptations.

Variations of follicular fluid extracellular vesicles miRNAs content in relation to development stage and season in buffalo.

In buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) reproductive seasonality, causing cycles of milk production, is one of the major factors affecting farming profitability. Follicular fluid (FF) contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) playing an important role in modulating oocyte developmental competence and carrying microRNAs (miRNAs) essential for in vitro fertilization outcomes. The aim of this work was to characterize the FF-EVs-miRNA cargo of antral (An) and preovulatory (pO) follicles collected in the breeding (BS) and non-breeding (NBS) seasons, to unravel the molecular causes of the reduced oocyte competence recorded in buffalo during the NBS. In total, 1335 miRNAs (538 known Bos taurus miRNAs, 324 homologous to known miRNAs from other species and 473 new candidate miRNAs) were found. We identified 413 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) (FDR < 0.05) between An and pO groups. A subset of the most significant DE-miRNAs between An and pO groups targets genes which function is related to the lipid and steroid metabolism, response to glucocorticoid and oestradiol stimulus. Comparison between BS and NBS showed 14 and 12 DE-miRNAs in An-FF-EVs and pO-FF-EVs, which regulate IL6 release and cellular adhesion, respectively. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the miRNA cargo of buffalo FF-EVs varies in relation to both follicular development and season.

A Combined Flow Cytometric Semen Analysis and miRNA Profiling as a Tool to Discriminate Between High- and Low-Fertility Bulls.

Predicting bull fertility is one of the main challenges for the dairy breeding industry and artificial insemination (AI) centers. Semen evaluation performed in the AI center is not fully reliable to determine the level of bull fertility. Spermatozoa are rich in active miRNA. Specific sperm-borne miRNAs can be linked to fertility. The aim of our study is to propose a combined flow cytometric analysis and miRNA profiling of semen bulls with different fertility to identify markers that can be potentially used for the prediction of field fertility. Sperm functions were analyzed in frozen-thawed semen doses (CG: control group) and high-quality sperm (HQS) fraction collected from bulls with different field fertility levels (estimated relative conception rate or ERCR) by using advanced techniques, such as the computer-assisted semen analysis system, flow cytometry, and small RNA-sequencing. Fertility groups differ for total and progressive motility and in the abnormality degree of the chromatin structure (P < 0.05). A backward, stepwise, multiple regression analysis was applied to define a model with high relation between in vivo (e.g., ERCR) and in vitro (i.e., semen quality and DE-miRNA) fertility data. The analysis produced two models that accounted for more than 78% of the variation of ERCR (CG: R 2 = 0.88; HQS: R 2 = 0.78), identifying a suitable combination of parameters useful to predict bull fertility. The predictive equation on CG samples included eight variables: four kinetic parameters and four DNA integrity indicators. For the HQS fraction, the predictive equation included five variables: three kinetic parameters and two DNA integrity indicators. A significant relationship was observed between real and predicted fertility in CG (R 2 = 0.88) and HQS fraction (R 2 = 0.82). We identified 15 differentially expressed miRNAs between high- and low-fertility bulls, nine of which are known (miR-2285n, miR-378, miR-423-3p, miR-191, miR-2904, miR-378c, miR-431, miR-486, miR-2478) while the remaining are novel. The multidimensional preference analysis model partially separates bulls according to their fertility, clustering three semen quality variable groups relative to motility, DNA integrity, and viability. A positive association between field fertility, semen quality parameters, and specific miRNAs was revealed. The integrated approach could provide a model for bull selection in AI centers, increasing the reproductive efficiency of livestock.

Methylome Patterns of Cattle Adaptation to Heat Stress.

Heat stress has a detrimental impact on cattle health, welfare and productivity by affecting gene expression, metabolism and immune response, but little is known on the epigenetic mechanisms mediating the effect of temperature at the cellular and organism level. In this study, we investigated genome-wide DNA methylation in blood samples collected from 5 bulls of the heat stress resilient Nellore breed and 5 bulls of the Angus that are more heat stress susceptible, exposed to the sun and high temperature-high humidity during the summer season of the Brazilian South-East region. The methylomes were analyzed during and after the exposure by Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing, which provided genome-wide single-base resolution methylation profiles. Significant methylation changes between stressful and recovery periods were observed in 819 genes. Among these, 351 were only seen in Angus, 366 were specific to Nellore, and 102 showed significant changes in methylation patterns in both breeds. KEGG and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses showed that responses were breed-specific. Interestingly, in Nellore significant genes and pathways were mainly involved in stress responses and cellular defense and were under methylated during heat stress, whereas in Angus the response was less focused. These preliminary results suggest that heat challenge induces changes in methylation patterns in specific loci, which should be further scrutinized to assess their role in heat tolerance.

Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Italian Honeybees (Apis mellifera).

At the end of the last glaciation, Apis mellifera was established in northern Europe. In Italy, Apis melliferaligustica adapted to the mild climate and to the rich floristic biodiversity. Today, with the spread of Varroa destructor and with the increasing use of pesticides in agriculture, the Ligustica subspecies is increasingly dependent on human action for its survival. In addition, the effects of globalization of bee keeping favored the spread in Italy of other honeybee stocks of A. mellifera, in particular the Buckfast bee. The purpose of this study was to characterize the Italian honeybee's population by sequencing the whole genome of 124 honeybees. Whole genome sequencing was performed by Illumina technology, obtaining a total coverage of 3720.89X, with a mean sample coverage of 29.77X. A total of 4,380,004 SNP variants, mapping on Amel_HAv3.1 chromosomes, were detected. Results of the analysis of the patterns of genetic variation allowed us to identify and subgroup bees according to their type. The investigation revealed the genetic originality of the Sicula, and in A.m. ligustica limited genetic introgression from the other breeds. Morphometric analysis of 5800 worker bees was in agreement with genomic data.

Clinical Prognostic Factors in Patients With Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma Treated With Second Line Gemcitabine Plus Capecitabine Chemotherapy.

Gemcitabine plus Capecitabine (Gem/Cape) is a frequently adopted second line chemotherapy for metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), but only a minority of patients is destined to obtain a clinical benefit. The identification of baseline predictive factors of efficacy is relevant. We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 50 consecutive patients with metastatic progressing ACC treated between 2011 and 2019. Patients received intravenous Gemcitabine and oral Capecitabine on a metronomic schedule. Previous mitotane therapy was maintained. Clinical benefit (partial response + stable disease) at 4 months was 30%, median progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) from Gem/Cape start were 3 and 8 months, respectively. Among clinical variables evaluated before the start of Gem/Cape, presence of ECOG performance status ≥1 [HR 6.93 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03-0.54, p.004] and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≥5 [HR 3.88, 95% (CI) 0.81-0.90, p.003] were independent indicators of poor PFS at multivariate analysis. Conversely, surgery of primary tumor, the presence of lung or lymph-node metastases, blood mitotane level, anemia, and the Advanced Lung cancer Inflammation index (ALI) failed to be independently associated. This study confirms that the Gem/Cape schedule is modestly active in heavily pretreated ACC patients (28% received at least two previous chemotherapy lines). NLR and performance status (PS) are easily available clinical parameters that are helpful to identify patients not likely to derive significant advantage from Gem/Cape chemotherapy.

Water management and phenology influence the root-associated rice field microbiota.

Microbial communities associated with plants are greatly influenced by water availability in soil. In flooded crops, such as rice, the impact of water management on microbial dynamics is not fully understood. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the rice microbiota investigated in an experimental field located in one of the most productive areas of northern Italy. The microbiota associated with paddy soil and root was investigated using 454 pyrosequencing of 16S, ITS and 18S rRNA gene amplicons under two different water managements, upland (non-flooded, aerobic) and lowland (traditional flooding, anaerobic), at three plant development stages. Results highlighted a major role of the soil water status in shaping microbial communities, while phenological stage had low impacts. Compositional shifts in prokaryotic and fungal communities upon water management consisted in significant abundance changes of Firmicutes, Methanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes and Glomeromycotina. A vicariance in plant beneficial microbes and between saprotrophs and pathotrophs was observed between lowland and upland. Moreover, through network analysis, we demonstrated different co-abundance dynamics between lowland and upland conditions with a major impact on microbial hubs (strongly interconnected microbes) that fully shifted to aerobic microbes in the absence of flooding.