Incidence and management of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate in the ICU: An international observational study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic acidosis is a major complication of critical illness. However, its current epidemiology and its treatment with sodium bicarbonate given to correct metabolic acidosis in the ICU are poorly understood. METHOD: This was an international retrospective observational study in 18 ICUs in Australia, Japan, and Taiwan. Adult patients were consecutively screened, and those with early metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.3 and a Base Excess < -4 mEq/L, within 24-h of ICU admission) were included. Screening continued until 10 patients who received and 10 patients who did not receive sodium bicarbonate in the first 24 h (early bicarbonate therapy) were included at each site. The primary outcome was ICU mortality, and the association between sodium bicarbonate and the clinical outcomes were assessed using regression analysis with generalized linear mixed model. RESULTS: We screened 9437 patients. Of these, 1292 had early metabolic acidosis (14.0%). Early sodium bicarbonate was given to 18.0% (233/1292) of these patients. Dosing, physiological, and clinical outcome data were assessed in 360 patients. The median dose of sodium bicarbonate in the first 24 h was 110 mmol, which was not correlated with bodyweight or the severity of metabolic acidosis. Patients who received early sodium bicarbonate had higher APACHE III scores, lower pH, lower base excess, lower PaCO2, and a higher lactate and received higher doses of vasopressors. After adjusting for confounders, the early administration of sodium bicarbonate was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.44 to 1.62) for ICU mortality. In patients with vasopressor dependency, early sodium bicarbonate was associated with higher mean arterial pressure at 6 h and an aOR of 0.52 (95% CI, 0.22 to 1.19) for ICU mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Early metabolic acidosis is common in critically ill patients. Early sodium bicarbonate is administered by clinicians to more severely ill patients but without correction for weight or acidosis severity. Bicarbonate therapy in acidotic vasopressor-dependent patients may be beneficial and warrants further investigation.

The risks of ubiquinone and ß-carotene deficiency and metabolic disorders in patients with oral cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cancer development is mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation, which may correlate with metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant vitamins status and metabolic parameters in patients with oral cancer according to tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages. METHODS: A total of 194 patients with oral cancer were enrolled in this study. The patients were stratified for four groups according to cancer stages and that the statistics are comparisons across these groups. The levels of antioxidant vitamins (ubiquinone, ß-carotene, vitamin A and E), metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes activity, and inflammatory markers were measured. RESULTS: More than half of the subjects had high blood pressure, central obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia regardless of TNM stage. With regard to antioxidant vitamins status, 46 and 94% of patients had ß-carotene and ubiquinone deficiency, respectively. Patients in T3 and T4 stages had significantly lower antioxidant enzyme (catalase, p = 0.03) activity and higher inflammatory markers levels (high sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, p < 0.01) than patients in the other stages. In addition, the level of ß-carotene was negatively associated with waist circumference, and ubiquinone was positively associated with the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.05). Higher ß-carotene and ubiquinone levels were negatively associated with hypertriglyceridemia and the risk of metabolic syndrome (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of patients with oral cancer had ubiquinone or ß-carotene deficiency and metabolic disorders. The level of ubiquinone or ß-carotene was negatively associated with the risk of central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and metabolic syndrome. Since patients with oral cancer suffer from high oxidative stress and inflammation (particularly in the T3 and T4 stages), supplementation with antioxidant vitamins such as ubiquinone or ß-carotene could be preferentially applied.

Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants increased the bleeding risk of bedside percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in critically ill patients.

BACKGROUND: The main objective of this study was to investigate the safety of bedside percutaneous dilational tracheostomy (PDT) by pulmonologists in critically ill patients, and the factors associated with complications resulting from PDT. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled critically ill patients who had undergone bedside PDT in the intensive care units (ICUs) and respiratory care center from February 2016 to December 2018. RESULTS: A total of 312 patients were included for analysis, with a mean age of 69.6 ± 17.7 years. Two hundred and eight of the patients were male (66.7%). The mean acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score was 25.3 ± 6.3, and the mean body mass index was 22.4 ± 4.2. Most of the patients were intubated due to respiratory disorders (51.3%). Fifty-six patients (17.9%) received antiplatelet agents or an anticoagulant regularly prior to PDT. All enrolled patients were undergone bedside PDT successfully. The total complication rate of PDT was 14.4%. Patients who took antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants regularly before PDT had a higher risk of bleeding than patients who went without (26.8% versus 7.0%, adjusted odds ratio 4.93 [95% f 2.16-11.25], p < 0.001). Finally, a longer length of intubation resulted in a higher probability in the length of ICU stay being ≧28 days (adjusted odds ratio 1.11 [95% CI 1.08-1.14], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that it was feasible for pulmonologists to perform bedside PDT in critically ill patients. However, antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants use increased the risk of bleeding in PDT patients.

Effect of liquid ubiquinol supplementation on glucose, lipids and antioxidant capacity in type 2 diabetes patients: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

Ubiquinone is a lipid antioxidant, and a novel liquid ubiquinol (a hydro-soluble, reduced form of coenzyme Q10) supplement was recently developed. The purpose of this study was to examine the levels of glucose, lipids and antioxidant capacity of type 2 diabetes patients after liquid ubiquinol supplementation. This study was designed as a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. In all, fifty participants were randomly assigned to a placebo (n 25) or liquid ubiquinol (100 mg/d, n 25) group, and the intervention lasted for 12 weeks. Plasma coenzyme Q10, glucose homoeostasis parameters, lipid profiles, oxidative stress and antioxidative enzyme activities were measured during the study. After 12 weeks of supplementation, glyco Hb (HbA1c) value was significantly decreased in the liquid ubiquinol group (P=0·03), and subjects in the liquid ubiquinol group had significantly lower anti-glycaemic medication effect scores (MES) compared with those in the placebo group (P=0·03). The catalase (P<0·01) and glutathione peroxidase (P=0·03) activities were increased significantly after supplementation. Plasma coenzyme Q10 was correlated with the insulin level (P=0·05), homoeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (P=0·07), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (P=0·03) and the anti-hyperglycaemic agents' MES (P=0·03) after supplementation. Lipid profiles did not change after supplementation; however, the subjects in the placebo group had a significantly lower level of HDL-cholesterol after 12 weeks of intervention. In conclusion, oral intake of 100 mg/d liquid ubiquinol might benefit type 2 diabetes patients by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity levels, reducing HbA1c levels and maintaining HDL-cholesterol levels.

Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: L-carnitine (LC) plays an important physiologic role in lipid metabolism. To date, no clinical study has been performed to examine the effect of LC supplementation on the lipid status of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the lipid lowering effects of LC supplementation (1000 mg/d) in CAD patients. METHODS: CAD patients were identified by cardiac catheterization as having at least 50 % stenosis of one major coronary artery. Forty-seven subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to the placebo (n = 24) and to the LC (n = 23) groups. The intervention was administered for 12 weeks. The levels of LC, lipid profiles, and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, SOD) were measured. RESULTS: The subjects in the LC group had significantly higher SOD activity (20.7 ± 4.2 versus 13.1 ± 2.9 U/mg of protein, P < 0.01), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (1.34 ± 0.42 vs. 1.16 ± 0.24 mmol/L, HDL-C, P = 0.03), and apolipoprotein-A1 (Apo-A1, 1.24 ± 0.18 vs. 1.12 ± 0.13 g/L, P = 0.02) than those in the placebo group at week 12. Triglyceride (TG) level was slightly significantly reduced (1.40 ± 0.74 vs. 1.35 ± 0.62 mmol/L, P = 0.06) and the level of LC was negatively correlated with TG and apolipoprotein-B (Apo-B), and positively correlated with HDL-C and Apo-A1 after LC supplementation. Additionally, SOD activity was significantly negatively correlated with lipid profiles (total cholesterol, TG, and Apo-B) after supplementation. CONCLUSION: LC supplementation at a dose of 1000 mg/d showed significantly increased in HDL-C and Apo-A1 levels and a slight decrease in TG levels but no other changes in other lipids in CAD patients, and this lipid-lowering effect may be related to its antioxidant ability. Further studies should be conducted to define an optimal dose of LC for lipid-lowering in patients with CAD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT01819701.

Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activities in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Higher oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of L-carnitine (LC, 1000 mg/d) on the markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activities in CAD patients. METHODS: We enrolled 47 CAD patients in the study. The CAD patients were identified by cardiac catheterization as having at least 50% stenosis of one major coronary artery. The subjects were randomly assigned to the placebo (n = 24) and LC (n = 23) groups. The intervention was administered for 12 weeks. The levels of serum LC, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes activities [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] were measured before and after intervention. RESULTS: Thirty-nine subjects completed the study (placebo, n = 19; LC, n = 20). After 12 weeks of LC supplementation, the level of MDA was significantly reduced (2.0 ± 0.3 to 1.8 ± 0.3 µmol/L, P = 0.02) and the level of LC (33.6 ± 13.6 to 40.0 ± 12.0 µmol/L, P = 0.04) and antioxidant enzymes activities [CAT (12.7 ± 5.5 to 13.1 ± 5.8 U/mg of protein, P = 0.02), SOD (14.8 ± 2.9 to 20.7 ± 5.8 U/mg of protein, P < 0.01), and GPx (20.3 ± 3.4 to 23.0 ± 3.1 U/mg of protein, P = 0.01)] were significantly increased. The level of LC was significantly positively correlated with the antioxidant enzymes activities (CAT, ß = 0.87, P = 0.02; SOD, ß = 0.72, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: LC supplementation at a dose of 1000 mg/d was associated with a significant reduction in oxidative stress and an increase in antioxidant enzymes activities in CAD patients. CAD patients might benefit from using LC supplements to increase their anti-oxidation capacity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT01819701.

Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation (300 mg/day) on antioxidation and anti-inflammation in coronary artery disease patients during statins therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: High oxidative stress and chronic inflammation can contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Coenzyme Q10 is an endogenous lipid-soluble antioxidant. Statins therapy can reduce the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a coenzyme Q10 supplement (300 mg/d; 150 mg/b.i.d) on antioxidation and anti-inflammation in patients who have CAD during statins therapy. METHODS: Patients who were identified by cardiac catheterization as having at least 50% stenosis of one major coronary artery and who were treated with statins for at least one month were enrolled in this study. The subjects (n = 51) were randomly assigned to the placebo (n = 24) and coenzyme Q10 groups (Q10-300 group, n = 27). The intervention was administered for 12 weeks. The concentrations of coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), and inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] were measured in the 42 subjects (placebo, n = 19; Q10-300, n = 23) who completed the study. RESULTS: The levels of the plasma coenzyme Q10 (P < 0.001) and antioxidant enzymes activities (P < 0.05) were significantly higher after coenzyme Q10 supplementation. The levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, P = 0.039) were significantly lower after coenzyme Q10 supplementation. The subjects in the Q10-300 group had significantly higher vitamin E (P = 0.043) and the antioxidant enzymes activities (P < 0.05) than the placebo group at week 12. The level of plasma coenzyme Q10 was significantly positively correlated with vitamin E (P = 0.008) and antioxidant enzymes activities (P < 0.05) and was negatively correlated with TNF-α (P = 0.034) and IL-6 (P = 0.027) after coenzyme Q10 supplementation. CONCLUSION: Coenzyme Q10 supplementation at 300 mg/d significantly enhances antioxidant enzymes activities and lowers inflammation in patients who have CAD during statins therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01424761.

The antioxidant status and concentrations of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E in metabolic syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E and the antioxidant status in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS). Subjects with MS (n = 72) were included according to the criteria for MS. The non-MS group (n = 105) was comprised of healthy individuals with normal blood biochemical values. The plasma coenzyme Q10, vitamin E concentrations, lipid profiles, and antioxidant enzymes levels (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) were measured. The subjects with MS had significantly higher concentrations of plasma coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E than those in the non-MS group, but these differences were not significant after being normalized for triglyceride level. The levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly lower in the MS group than in the non-MS group. The subjects with the higher antioxidant enzymes activities had significant reductions in the risk of MS (P < 0.01) after being adjusted for coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E. In conclusion, the subjects with MS might be under higher oxidative stress resulting in low levels of antioxidant enzyme activities. A higher level of antioxidant enzymes activities was significantly associated with a reduction in the risk of MS independent of the levels of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E.

The relationship between coenzyme Q10, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes activities and coronary artery disease.

A higher oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coenzyme Q10 concentration and lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities and the risk of CAD. Patients who were identified by cardiac catheterization as having at least 50% stenosis of one major coronary artery were assigned to the case group (n = 51). The control group (n = 102) comprised healthy individuals with normal blood biochemical values. The plasma coenzyme Q10, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes activities (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) were measured. Subjects with CAD had significant lower plasma coenzyme Q10, CAT and GPx activities and higher MDA and SOD levels compared to those of the control group. The plasma coenzyme Q10 was positively correlated with CAT and GPx activities and negatively correlated with MDA and SOD. However, the correlations were not significant after adjusting for the potential confounders of CAD with the exception of SOD. A higher level of plasma coenzyme Q10 (≥ 0.52 µmol/L) was significantly associated with reducing the risk of CAD. Our results support the potential cardioprotective impact of coenzyme Q10.

Otalgia and eschar in the external auditory canal in scrub typhus complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure.

BACKGROUND: Scrub typhus, a mite-transmitted zoonosis caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is an endemic disease in Taiwan and may be potentially fatal if diagnosis is delayed. CASE PRESENTATIONS: We encountered a 23-year-old previously healthy Taiwanese male soldier presenting with the right ear pain after training in the jungle and an eleven-day history of intermittent high fever up to 39°C. Amoxicillin/clavulanate was prescribed for otitis media at a local clinic. Skin rash over whole body and abdominal cramping pain with watery diarrhea appeared on the sixth day of fever. He was referred due to progressive dyspnea and cough for 4 days prior to admission in our institution. On physical examination, there were cardiopulmonary distress, icteric sclera, an eschar in the right external auditory canal and bilateral basal rales. Laboratory evaluation revealed thrombocytopenia, elevation of liver function and acute renal failure. Chest x-ray revealed bilateral diffuse infiltration. Doxycycline was prescribed for scrub typhus with acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Fever subsided dramatically the next day and he was discharged on day 7 with oral tetracycline for 7 days. CONCLUSION: Scrub typhus should be considered in acutely febrile patients with multiple organ involvement, particularly if there is an eschar or a history of environmental exposure in endemic areas. Rapid and accurate diagnosis, timely administration of antibiotics and intensive supportive care are necessary to decrease mortality of serious complications of scrub typhus.

Pregnancy-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis combined with autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), presenting with fever, cytopenia, liver dysfunction, hepatosplenomegaly, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperferritinemia, is associated with various etiologies, including infections, collagen vascular diseases, and malignancies. The present report describes a 28-year-old woman who developed HLH combined with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) at 23 weeks of gestation. Without response to corticosteroid, the patient completely recovered from both HLH and AIHA after termination of the pregnancy. Pregnancy-induced immune dysregulation and cytokine overproduction in genetically susceptible women may play critical roles in HLH. The differential diagnosis of pregnant women with fever and cytopenia should include HLH. Pregnancy termination should be considered when pregnancy-induced HLH is refractory to medical treatment.

Miliary Tuberculosis-Related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Complicated with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Syndrome.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) are accompanied with poor outcome and high mortality when miliary tuberculosis is a causative pathogen for both of them. A patient complicated with ARDS and HLH is unusual in critical care, and few case reports are present in PudMed. Besides, the relationship between HLH and ARDS is still unknown and has not been reviewed in the literature. In this report, we present the case of a 74-year-old Taiwanese woman suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis and miliary tuberculosis, and she developed ARDS and HLH on the 3rd day after admission. We arranged serial laboratory examination, various serum markers, bone marrow aspiration, and bronchoscopy with alveolar lavage for survey; we prescribed empirical antibiotics and antituberculosis medication soon after alveolar lavage showing positive acid-fast stain. She was extubated on hospital day 31 and discharged on hospital day 73. In conclusion, early diagnosis and intervention for underlying disease and intensive bundle care for multiorgan failure are crucial for both ARDS and HLH.

Optimal Time and Target for Evaluating Energy Delivery after Adjuvant Feeding with Small Bowel Enteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients at High Nutrition Risk.

Small bowel enteral nutrition (SBEN) may improve nutrient delivery to critically ill patients intolerant of gastric enteral nutrition. However, the optimal time and target for evaluating SBEN efficacy are unknown. This retrospective cohort study investigates these parameters in 55 critically ill patients at high nutrition risk (modified NUTRIC score ≥ 5). Daily actual energy intake was recorded from 3 days before SBEN initiation until 7 days thereafter. The energy achievement rate (%) was calculated as follows: (actual energy intake/estimated energy requirement) × 100. The optimal time was determined from the day on which energy achievement rate reached >60% post-SBEN. Assessment results were as follows: median APACHE II score, 27; SOFA score, 10.0; modified NUTRIC score, 7; and median time point of SBEN initiation, ICU day 8. The feeding volume, energy and protein intake, and achievement rate (%) of energy and protein intake increased significantly after SBEN (p < 0.001). An energy achievement rate less than 65% 3 days after SBEN was significantly associated with increased mortality after adjusting for confounding factors (odds ratio, 4.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.44⁻17.07). SBEN improves energy delivery in critically ill patients who are still at high nutrition risk after 1 week of stomach enteral nutrition.

Ruptured Multifocal Hepatic Aneurysms in a Woman with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Successfully Treated with Transcatheter Arterial Embolization: A Case Report and Literature Review.

To present a first reported case of ruptured multifocal hepatic aneurysms in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who was treated successfully with transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in literature, similar cases in the previous English literature were also reviewed and analyzed to summarize the clinical manifestations, management, and outcome in these patients. The data were gathered from the medical record and literature reviews were searched from PudMed. In our review, patients with SLE-related hepatic aneurysms were often middle-aged females. Most of them presented with acute abdominal pain and hypotension. The overall mortality rate was 50%, but it was lower (12.5%) in patients who received TAE. Both TAE and surgical intervention are used to treat SLE-related hepatic aneurysms. Our review raised concerns about early detection, diagnosis, and prompt intervention of possible hepatic aneurysm rupture in patients with SLE.

A case of non-O1 and non-O139 Vibrio cholerae septicemia with endophthalmitis in a cirrhotic patient.

Septicemia of Vibrio spp. such as non-O1 Vibrio cholerae presented with diarrhea, fasciitis, cellulitis or otitis media are common in cirrhotic patients (Lin, C.-J., Chiu, C.-T., Lin, D.-Y., et al., Am. J. Gastroenterol., 91, 336-340, 1996). It may result from a lower C3/C4 level, a lower serum ferritin level or opsonophagocytosis dysfunction. High mortality in such cases has been noted. However, endophthalmitis is rare in such patients, and has never been reported. We present a cirrhotic patient of non-O1 and non-O139 V. cholerae septicemia complicated with endophthalmitis.

Hemophagocytic syndrome in miliary tuberculosis presenting with noncaseating granulomas in bone marrow and liver.

Tuberculosis is a common infection in Taiwan, and it is probably a cause of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. We report the case of a 63-year-old man with initial presentation of fever and progressive jaundice. Hemophagocytic syndrome was documented by the findings of peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy. Although chemotherapy and antituberculous therapy were administered early, he passed away. Sputum and bone marrow cultures confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3 weeks later. Bone marrow biopsy revealed noncaseating granuloma. Patients with hemophagocytic syndrome should be rigorously screened for tuberculosis and antituberculous therapy should be initiated early to improve prognosis.

Chryseobacterium meningosepticum sepsis complicated with retroperitoneal hematoma and pleural effusion in a diabetic patient.

Intra-abdominal infection due to Chryseobacterium meningosepticum is rare, and bacteremia complicated with pleural effusion and retroperitoneal hematoma caused by C. meningosepticum has not been reported previously. A 57-year-old diabetic man presented with bacteremia with retroperitoneal abscess and pleural effusion caused by C. meningosepticum on the 12th day of hospitalization. His clinical condition improved after antimicrobial therapy with levofloxacin and rifampin, debridement of the retroperitoneal hematoma and left-side chest tube insertion. Antibiotics were administered for 1 month, and he was later transferred to a local respiratory care ward under afebrile condition. C. meningosepticum should be included in the list of suspected nosocomial infections, especially in patients with immunocompromised status. Administration of appropriate antibiotics, such as quinolone, minocycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or rifampin, and treatment of local infection improve the clinical outcome of patients with C. meningosepticum infection.

Relationship of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Oral Cancer.

Oral cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in Taiwan, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) has also increased globally. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations between the components of MS and oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with oral cancer based on their areca-nut-chewing habits. Two hundred patients diagnosed with oral cancer were recruited, and metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme activities, and inflammatory markers were measured. 63% of the subjects have concomitant MS. Subjects who had an areca-nut-chewing habit had significantly higher levels of fasting glucose (p = 0.04), oxidative stress (p = 0.02), and inflammatory markers (p = 0.02) than those who never chewed. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level (p = 0.03) and superoxidase dismutase activity (p = 0.02) were significantly lower in individuals who had chewed or were currently chewers. Areca-nut-chewing habit was associated with the increased risks for MS and hypertriglyceridemia; the components of MS were positively correlated with oxidative stress and inflammation. In conclusion, patients with oral cancer who had an areca-nut-chewing habit exhibited higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, which might be related to an increased risk of MS.

Targeted Energy Intake Is the Important Determinant of Clinical Outcomes in Medical Critically Ill Patients with High Nutrition Risk.

The clinical conditions of critically ill patients are highly heterogeneous; therefore, nutrient requirements should be personalized based on the patient's nutritional status. However, nutritional status is not always considered when evaluating a patient's nutritional therapy in the medical intensive care unit (ICU). We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study to assess the effect of ICU patients' nutrition risk status on the association between energy intake and clinical outcomes (i.e., hospital, 14-day and 28-day mortality). The nutrition risk of critically ill patients was classified as either high- or low-nutrition risk using the modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill score. There were 559 (75.3%) patients in the high nutrition risk group, while 183 patients were in the low nutrition risk group. Higher mean energy intake was associated with lower hospital, 14-day and 28-day mortality rates in patients with high nutrition risk; while there were no significant associations between mean energy intake and clinical outcomes in patients with low nutrition risk. Further examination of the association between amount of energy intake and clinical outcomes showed that patients with high nutrition risk who consumed at least 800 kcal/day had significantly lower hospital, 14-day and 28-day mortality rates. Although patients with low nutrition risk did not benefit from high energy intake, patients with high nutrition risk are suggested to consume at least 800 kcal/day in order to reduce their mortality rate in the medical ICU.

Young-Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease is Associated with Major Cardiovascular Complications.

Background: Patients with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) might have a risk of cardiovascular diseases because several cardiovascular risk factors are occasionally associated with PKD patients. Data on the association between PKD and the risk of cardiovascular events, including acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke, and congestive heart failure (CHF), are scant. Methods: Patients aged ≥20 years who were newly diagnosed with PKD (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 753.12 and 753.13) between 2000 and 2011 were selected as a PKD cohort (N = 5157). The association between PKD and cardiovascular events was analyzed. Results: We randomly selected a comparison cohort of people without PKD, who were frequency-matched by sex, age, and index date of diagnosis. At the end of 2011, the PKD cohort had a 1.40-fold greater incidence of ACS compared with the comparison cohort (8.59 vs. 6.17 per 1000 person-years), in addition to a 1.40-fold greater incidence of stroke, a 1.49-fold greater incidence of CHF, and a 1.64-fold greater incidence of mortality. Conclusions: This retrospective cohort study shows that patients with PKD have an increased risk of cardiovascular events including ACS, stroke, and CHF as well as mortality, particularly in younger patients. Early identification is necessary to attenuate the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with PKD.