Role of serum eosinophil cationic protein in distinct endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels affect the surgical outcome of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps. Primary CRS can be classified into type 2 (T2) and non-T2. We aimed to differentiate the role of serum ECP levels in surgical outcomes between the distinct endotypes of primary CRS. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled patients with bilateral primary CRS who underwent surgical treatment with postoperative follow-up for at least 12 months. Endotyping and serum parameter measurements were completed within 1 week before surgery. RESULTS: In total, 113 patients were enrolled, including 65 with T2 CRS and 48 with non-T2 CRS. Patients in the T2 CRS group with uncontrolled CRS had significantly higher serum ECP levels than those in patients in the non-T2 CRS group. An optimal cut-off value was obtained at 17.0 λg/L using the receiver operating characteristic curve, attaining a sensitivity of 91.7% and specificity of 56.6%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a higher serum ECP level was an independent factor for postoperative uncontrolled disease. The hazard ratio was 11.3 for the T2 group, with serum ECP levels over 17.0 λg/L. In the non-T2 group, no parameters were significantly correlated with postoperative uncontrolled CRS. CONCLUSIONS: Serum ECP levels appear to be a feasible predictor of postoperative uncontrolled disease in patients with T2 CRS as preoperative serum ECP levels >17.0 λg/L in these patients have an approximately 16.7-fold increased risk of postoperative uncontrolled disease and should be closely monitored.

Identifying a sphenoid sinus fungus ball using a nomogram model.

BACKGROUND: Sphenoid sinus fungus ball (SSFB) is a rare entity and usually presents with non-specific symptoms. SSFB could potentially lead to serious orbital and intracranial complications. Computed tomography (CT) scan is usually the first imaging test of the diagnostic workup in patients with specific clinical symptoms. This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and CT features between SSFB and unilateral (non-fungus ball) chronic sphenoid rhinosinusitis (USRS) and help differentiate between these two most common inflammatory diseases of the sphenoid sinus. METHODS: By retrospective database review, 66 patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of isolated SSFB were recruited for analysis. Fifty-four patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery with clinical and histopathological diagnoses of USRS were enrolled as the control group. Clinical characteristics and CT features were evaluated. RESULTS: Headache, rhinorrhoea, nasal obstruction, postnasal dripping, and hyposmia were the most common symptoms in both groups. In the univariate analysis, older age, lower white blood cell counts, irregular surface, bony dehiscence, lateral wall sclerosis, and intralesional hyperdensity (IH) were significant predictors for SSFB. Older age, irregular surface, and IH remained statistically significant in the multivariate analysis. Based on the results of the regression analysis, a nomogram for predicting the probability of SSFB was plotted. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a nomogram model as a novel preoperative diagnostic tool for identifying SSFB according to the predictors both in clinical characteristics and on CT features. This could help the clinicians in predicting the probability of SSFB, to reduce ineffective or delayed treatment and occurrence of complications.

Tissue eosinophilia and computed tomography features in paediatric chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps requiring revision surgery.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is an effective and safe treatment modality for medically recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in the paediatric population, especially in older children or those with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). We aimed to elucidate the inflammatory pattern and clinical characteristics of CRSwNP related to revision surgery after ESS in a paediatric population. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 146 patients with bilateral CRSwNP. Twenty-two patients had recurrent nasal polyps that required revision surgery. The clinical characteristics, computed tomography (CT) features, tissue eosinophil count, and immunoactivity of signature cytokines in the two groups were analysed. RESULTS: Tissue eosinophil infiltration and immunoreactivity of eosinophilic cationic protein and IL-5 in the sinus mucosa were higher in patients that required revision surgery. The revision surgery group was significantly younger and had positive aeroallergen test results, higher total Lund-Mackay scores, and ethmoid/maxillary sinus ratio on CT images than those without revision surgery. A nomogram was developed to predict the probability of the requirement of revision surgery according to the logistic regression analysis results. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a nomogram model using clinical characteristics, tissue eosinophilia, and CT features for the preoperative identification of patients vulnerable to revision surgery in paediatric CRSwNP. This could help clinicians predict the probability of recurrence and perform intensive postoperative adjunct therapy and follow-up.

Sleep impairment in patients with empty nose syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is characterized by paradoxical nasal obstruction that usually occurs after turbinate surgery. Patients with ENS may also experience significant psychiatric symptoms and sleep dysfunction, which negatively affect the quality of life of affected subjects. This study aimed to evaluate sleep impairment and sleepiness in patients with ENS. METHODS: Patients with ENS and control participants were recruited prospectively. The Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-25 (SNOT-25), Empty Nose Syndrome 6-item Questionnaire (ENS6Q), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (EpSS), and modified sleep quality index (MSQI) were used to evaluate the participants before and after nasal surgery. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients with ENS and forty-eight age- and sex-matched control subjects were enrolled. The SNOT-25, ENS6Q, EpSS, and MSQI scores in the ENS group were all significantly higher than those in the control group before and after surgery. After surgery, ENS patients all exhibited significant improvements in SNOT-25, ENS6Q, EpSS, and MSQI scores. Regression analysis revealed that SNOT-25 score was a significant predictor of EpSS and MSQI in preoperative evaluations. ENS patients experiencing daytime sleepiness suffered from significantly more "dryness of nose" and "suffocation" than those not experiencing daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ENS experienced significantly impaired sleep quality and sleepiness. Nasal reconstruction surgery improved the sleep quality of ENS patients. The severity of sleep dysfunction is associated with the severity of ENS symptoms. Recognizing individuals with significant sleep impairment and sleepiness and providing appropriate management are critical issues for ENS patients.

Olfaction after endoscopic surgery for sellar and parasellar disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Whether endoscopic surgery for sellar/parasellar disease causes significant deficits in olfactory function remains unclear. We aimed to systematically review the olfactory outcomes in such settings based on the evidence up to date. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL were searched through February 1, 2021. Included studies were limited to endoscopic surgery for sellar/parasellar disease with follow-up olfactory function measured by standardized olfactory testing methods or subjective assessment. The primary outcome was the change in olfactory function after surgery assessed by standardized olfactory testing methods. The secondary outcome was the change in subjective olfactory function. Random-effects model was used in obtaining combine effects. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastleâ€"Ottawa scale. Sensitivity analysis was carried out using the leave-one-out approach, and publication bias was assessed using Egger's test. RESULTS: The results show no significant difference in olfaction assessed by standardized olfactory testing methods at 1-3 months post-surgery (880 patients in 16 studies) or at 6-12 months post-surgery (1320 patients in 16 studies) compared to pre-surgery, whereas a significantly lower subjective olfaction at 3 months was observed. In addition, the lack of significant change in olfaction as assessed by standardized olfactory testing methods was observed regardless of whether patients were treated with or without the nasoseptal flap (NSF) harvesting. Heterogeneity and publication bias were observed, whereas sensitivity analysis showed the meta-analysis results are robust. CONCLUSION: The findings of this updated systematic review and meta-analysis support the conclusion that endoscopic surgery for sellar and parasellar pathology may pose no greater risk of olfactory dysfunction. In addition, the current evidence does not support there is an increased risk of diminished olfaction among patients treated with NSF during surgery.

Left ventricle geometry, atrial strain, ventricle strain, and hemodynamics across aortic valve before and after transcatheter aortic valve replacements.

INTRODUCTION: Transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVRs) has become widespread throughout the world. To date, there are no echocardiographic studies of TAVR patients from Southeast Asia (SEA). We sought to evaluate (1) changes in echocardiographic and strain values pre- and post-TAVR (2) relationship between aortic stenosis (AS) severity and strain values, (3) left ventricle geometry in severe AS, (4) relationship of flow rate to dimensionless index (DVI) and acceleration time (AT), and (5) effect of strains on the outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 112 TAVR patients in our centre from 2009 to 2020. The echocardiographic and strain images pre (within 1 month), post (day after), and 6 months post-TAVR were analyzed by expert echocardiographer. RESULTS: The ejection fraction (EF) increased at 6 months (53.02 ± 12.12% to 56.35 ± 9.00%) (p=0.044). Interventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVSd) decreased (1.27 ± 0.21 cm to 1.21 ± 0.23 cm) (p=0.038) and left ventricle internal dimension in diastole (LVIDd) decreased from 4.77 ± 0.64 cm to 4.49 ± 0.65 cm (p=0.001). No changes in stroke volume index (SVI pre vs 6 months p=0.187), but the flow rate increases (217.80 ± 57.61 mls/s to 251.94 ± 69.59 mls/s, p<0.001). Global longitudinal strain (GLS) improved from -11.44 ± 4.23% to -13.94 ± 3.72% (p<0.001), left atrial reservoir strain (Lar-S) increased from 17.44 ± 9.16% to 19.60 ± 8.77% (p=0.033). Eight patients (7.5%) had IVSd < 1.0 cm, and 4 patients (3.7%) had normal left ventricle (LV) geometry. There was linear relationship between IVSd and mean PG (r=0.208, p=0.031), between GLS to aortic valve area (AVA) and aortic valve area index (AVAi) (r = - 0.305, p=0.001 and r= - 0.316, p= 0.001). There was also relationship between AT (r=-0.20, p=0.04) and DVI (r=0.35, p<0.001) with flow rate. Patients who died late (after 6 months) had lower GLS at 6 months. (Alive; -13.94 ± 3.72% vs Died; -12.43 ± 4.19%, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: At 6 months, TAVR cause reverse remodelling of the LV with the reduction in IVSd, LVIDd, and improvement in GLS and LAr-S. There is a linear relationship between GLS and AVA and between IVSd and AVA.

Zinc-depletion associates with tissue eosinophilia and collagen depletion in chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Zinc plays an important role in many biological processes. Reduced zinc levels have been found in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients, however, its role in the pathophysiology of this disease remains unknown. This study examined zinc levels in the serum, mucus and tissue from CRS patients in relation to collagen content and eosinophil infiltration. The effect of zinc depletion on inflammatory cytokine production and collagen synthesis was assessed in vitro. METHODOLOGY: Zinc levels were determined in serum, mucus and tissue from controls, CRS with (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) patients. Tissue zinc levels, collagen and inflammatory cell infiltration was examined using zinquin assays, immunofluorescence and histology on Tissue Micro Arrays. Cytokine expression and collagen synthesis was evaluated in zinc depleted primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) and primary fibroblasts. RESULTS: CRSwNP patients showed reduced tissue zinc levels in correlation with a reduction in collagen content, and increased eosinophil numbers. Zinc depletion of HNECs and fibroblasts induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MUC5AC and reduced collagen secretion. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest mucosal zinc depletion associates with tissue eosinophilia and collagen depletion in CRSwNP and induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and reduction of collagen synthesis in vitro.

What drives depression in empty nose syndrome? A Sinonasal Outcome Test-25 subdomain analysis.

BACKGROUND: Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is a debilitating disorder characterised by paradoxical nasal obstruction after excessive surgical excision of nasal tissues. ENS negatively impacts the quality of life (QOL) and psychological status of patients. This study aimed to determine the associations among disease-specific QOL impairments and the severity of anxiety and depression before and after surgery in ENS patients. METHODS: A total of 68 ENS patients were prospectively recruited and underwent submucosal Medpor implantation. QOL impairments and the severity of anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Sinonasal Outcome Test-25 (SNOT-25), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) 1 day before and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: The BDI-II and BAI scores were significantly associated with the total score and ear/facial symptoms, psychological dysfunction, sleep dysfunction, and empty nose symptoms domains of the SNOT-25. Surgery improved disease-specific and psychological symptoms. Post-operative changes in the BDI-II score were correlated with changes in the total score and sleep dysfunction and empty nose symptoms domains of the SNOT-25. A SNOT-25 total score of greater than 60, sleep dysfunction domain score of greater than 18, and empty nose symptoms domain score of greater than 14 were good predictors of moderate-to-severe depression. CONCLUSIONS: ENS symptoms are associated with psychological burden and could be good predictors of moderate-to-severe depression. Targeted symptom improvement could reduce the psychological burden.

Association between fetal fraction on cell-free DNA testing and first-trimester markers for pre-eclampsia.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between fetal fraction on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing and first-trimester markers for pre-eclampsia, and to investigate the possible association of low fetal fraction with increased risks for pre-eclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study including all women with a singleton pregnancy who had risk calculation for PE and FGR between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks' gestation and who also had cfDNA as a primary or secondary screening test for chromosomal abnormalities at any gestational age at two fetal medicine clinics in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, between March 2013 and May 2017. Logarithmically transformed fetal fraction results were adjusted for gestational age and maternal characteristics. Associations with mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI), pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), placental growth factor (PlGF), and risks for PE < 34 weeks, PE < 37 weeks and FGR < 37 weeks were analyzed using correlation analysis and univariable and multivariable linear regressions. RESULTS: In total, 4317 singleton pregnancies that underwent cfDNA testing with fetal fraction reported were included. Significant prediction of fetal fraction was provided by gestational age, conception by in-vitro fertilization, maternal age, body mass index, chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, South Asian ethnicity and being parous without history of PE or FGR. Fetal fraction was associated inversely with MAP and UtA-PI and associated positively with PAPP-A and PlGF. The lower the fetal fraction, the higher were the risks for PE < 34 weeks, PE < 37 weeks and FGR < 37 weeks (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between fetal fraction result and first-trimester markers for adverse pregnancy outcome. Low fetal fraction is associated with an increased risk for pregnancy complication, but its capacity to act an as independent first-trimester marker in an algorithm for screening for PE and FGR requires further research. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

A new technique for evaluating heel xerosis grade and the effects of moisturizer on heel skin dryness.

BACKGROUND: Dryness-related heel skin problems are common; however, there are very few studies about heel skin dryness. The objective of this study was to develop new assessment methods for evaluating heel skin dryness, to clarify the characteristics associated with heal skin dryness, and assess the effectiveness of moisturizer use according to dryness severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the heel skin of 150 Korean women (aged 20-78 years). Heel skin images were taken using a DSLR camera and the distribution or severity of flakes, scaling, cracking, and fissures were visually assessed. Skin properties such as hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), amount of dead skin cells, and efficacy of moisturizer were evaluated according to heel xerosis grade. Furthermore, as conventional evaluation methods for desquamation are not appropriate for heel skin, we developed new techniques using binarization of magnified images. RESULTS: Skin hydration tended to decrease and TEWL tended to increase as heel dryness grade increased. The amount of dead skin cells increased with increasing dryness grade using the new technique. Subjects in the severe dryness group achieved similar hydration levels as normal subjects at baseline after 3 hours of moisturizer application. CONCLUSION: Our new methods of visually classifying heel dryness and quantifying dead skin cells using magnified images effectively evaluated heel skin properties. As heel skin is prone to dryness, daily repetitive application of moisturizer might be helpful for hydrating dry heel skin, and ultimately preventing complications.

Ovo-vegetarian diet is associated with lower systemic blood pressure in Taiwanese women.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate blood pressure (BP) profiles among Taiwanese women with different dietary patterns. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A total of 269 non-hypertensive Taiwanese women, 40 years of age or older, were surveyed using structured questionnaires, and measurements of BP and physiological parameters were made. To assess differences among vegans, ovo-vegetarians, and meat eaters in terms of BP, demographic, and health behavior data, the chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were employed for categorical variables, and analysis of variance and independent t-tests were performed for continuous variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between BP and dietary patterns while controlling for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: A significant difference was found among the three test groups in terms of age, education, employment, stress, and waist-hip ratio. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) significantly differed among the three groups. After controlling for age, body weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference, the three groups were observed to be a significant risk factor of the SBP and DBP. The SBP and DBP of the ovo-vegetarian group were significantly lower than those of the meat-eater group. No significant differences were found between the vegan and meat-eater groups in terms of SBP and DBP. CONCLUSION: Dietary pattern is a likely risk factor for SBP and DBP outcomes in Taiwanese women. In particular, the SBP and DBP of ovo-vegetarians are the lowest among the values observed for all dietary patterns. This finding suggests that an ovo-vegetarian diet is beneficial for long-term BP control and prevention of hypertension in females.

Lymphangioma Arising From the Ovary.

Primary lymphangioma arising from the ovary is a rare tumor, with only 24 cases reported to date. As it is often accompanied by ascites or recurrence, similar to a malignant tumor, an aggressive treatment approach is used for disease control. In this report, we describe a 75-year-old woman with a left ovarian lymphangioma that increased in size during the menopause period. Microscopic examination of the tumor showed thin-walled multilocular cystic spaces and immunoreactivity for D2-40, a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium, lining the cystic spaces. The patient has been doing well for 5 years postoperatively. Ovarian cystic lymphangioma should be included in the differential diagnosis of an ovarian cyst and long-term follow-up is recommended to exclude malignant behavior. We also summarize a total of 25 cases, including the case presented here.

An isolated intracranial mucocoele herniated from the frontal sinus.

Mucocoeles are chronic mucosa-lined retention cysts that occur due to sinus ostium obstruction and expand along the path of least resistance, most commonly involving the frontal sinus. A frontal mucocoele typically appears as a smooth and rounded expansile enlargement of a completely opacified frontal sinus, with or without thinning of the bony wall of the sinus. Here we report a rare case of isolated intracranial mucocoele that presented with posterior herniation to the anterior cranial fossa through a small bony defect on the posterior table of the frontal sinus. The findings upon imaging could easily be confused with intracranial abscess, potentially leading to craniotomy drainage. In the present case of mucocoele, the frontal intracranial lesion was completely resolved following endoscopic frontal sinusotomy.

Screen-detected colorectal cancers are associated with an improved outcome compared with stage-matched interval cancers.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancers (CRCs) detected through the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) have been shown to have a more favourable outcome compared to non-screen-detected cancers. The aim was to identify whether this was solely due to the earlier stage shift of these cancers, or whether other factors were involved. METHODS: A combination of a regional CRC registry (Northern Colorectal Cancer Audit Group) and the BCSP database were used to identify screen-detected and interval cancers (diagnosed after a negative faecal occult blood test, before the next screening round), diagnosed between April 2007 and March 2010, within the North East of England. For each Dukes' stage, patient demographics, tumour characteristics, and survival rates were compared between these two groups. RESULTS: Overall, 322 screen-detected cancers were compared against 192 interval cancers. Screen-detected Dukes' C and D CRCs had a superior survival rate compared with interval cancers (P=0.014 and P=0.04, respectively). Cox proportional hazards regression showed that Dukes' stage, tumour location, and diagnostic group (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.29-0.69, P<0.001 for screen-detected CRCs) were all found to have a significant impact on the survival of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The improved survival of screen-detected over interval cancers for stages C and D suggest that there may be a biological difference in the cancers in each group. Although lead-time bias may have a role, this may be related to a tumour's propensity to bleed and therefore may reflect detection through current screening tests.

Costs of illness and quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in South Korea.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the costs of illness, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and their associated factors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in South Korea. METHOD: Two hundred and one patients with SLE were enrolled at the Rheumatology clinic of Seoul National University Hospital. Direct, indirect and total costs and HRQOL were measured using hospital electronic data and face-to-face interview. Socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with cost of illness and HRQOL were analyzed using multiple regression and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The average total cost of illness was estimated to be KRW 9.82 million (US $ 8993) per year, of which 41.6% was accounted for by direct costs and 58.4% by indirect costs. In multivariate regression, patients with renal involvement and those with depression incurred an average increment in annual total costs of 37.6% (p = 0.050) and 49.1% (p = 0.024), respectively, and an average increment in annual direct costs of 26.4% (p = 0.050) and 43.3% (p = 0.002), respectively, compared with patients without renal involvement and depression, respectively. In addition, disease damage was positively associated with an average increment in annual total and direct costs (55.3%, p = 0.006; 33.3%, p = 0.013, respectively), and the occurrence of indirect costs (OR 2.21, 1.09-4.88). There was no significant difference in HRQOL between patients with and without renal involvement (0.655 vs. 0.693, p = 0.203) CONCLUSION: Renal involvement, depression, and disease damage were major factors associated with higher total and medical costs for patients with SLE in South Korea. Effective treatment of renal disorders and depression may reduce the high economic burden of SLE.

Clinical analysis of submucosal Medpor implantation for empty nose syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Empty nose syndrome (ENS) describes symptomatology and radiographic findings after surgeries on turbinates.The treatment of ENS is still debatable. PURPOSE: To analyse clinical outcomes of submucosal Medpor® implantation for ENS. METHODS: A total of 18 patients underwent submucosal Medpor® implantation from 2006 to 2011. We applied SNOT-22 (SinoNasalOutcome Test) for statistical survey of the patients' symptoms before and after surgery. RESULTS: Two patients were lost to follow up after the surgery. Most of the patients developed ENS-related symptoms gradually within 2 years to 16 years after the previous nasal surgery or treatment. The sites of submucosal implantation are mainly septum and nasal floor, unilaterally or bilaterally. There is a significant improvement of SNOT-22 pre-operatively to one year post-operatively. CONCLUSIONS: The symptomatolgy remains the most important point when dealing with patients with ENS. Submucosal implantation of Medpor® is a feasible surgical treatment to ENS. A positive cotton test is suggested for the surgical indication and planning.

Management of complex colonic polyps in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme.

BACKGROUND: Large sessile or flat colonic polyps, defined as polyps at least 20 mm in size, are difficult to treat endoscopically and may harbour malignancy. The aim of this study was to describe their current management to provide insight into optimal management. METHODS: This retrospective observational study identified patients with large sessile or flat polyps detected in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme between 2006 and 2009. Initial therapeutic modality (surgical or endoscopic), subsequent management and outcomes were recorded. The main outcome measures analysed were: presence of malignancy, need for surgical treatment, complications, and residual or recurrent polyp at 12 months. RESULTS: In total, 557 large sessile or flat polyps with benign appearance or initial histology were identified in 557 patients. Some 436 (78.3 per cent) were initially managed endoscopically and 121 (21.7 per cent) were managed surgically from the outset. Seventy of those initially treated endoscopically subsequently required surgery owing to the presence of malignancy (19) or not being suitable for further endoscopic management (51). Residual or recurrent polyp was present at 12 months in 26 (6.0 per cent) of 436 patients managed endoscopically. There was wide variation between centres in the use of surgery as a primary therapy, ranging from 7 to 36 per cent. Endoscopic complications included bleeding in 13 patients (3.0 per cent) and perforation in two (0.5 per cent). CONCLUSION: Management of large sessile or flat colonic polyps is safe and effective in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Wide variation in the use of surgery suggests a need for standardized management algorithms. Presented to a meeting of the British Society of Gastroenterology, Birmingham, U.K., March 2011.

Longer mean colonoscopy withdrawal time is associated with increased adenoma detection: evidence from the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme in England.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Increasing colonoscopy withdrawal time (CWT) is thought to be associated with increasing adenoma detection rate (ADR). Current English guidelines recommend a minimum CWT of 6 minutes. It is known that in the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) in England there is wide variation in CWT. The aim of this observational study was to examine the relationship between CWT and ADR. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study examined data from 31 088 colonoscopies by 147 screening program colonoscopists. Colonoscopists were grouped in four levels of mean CWT ( < 7, 7 - 8.9, 9 - 10.9, and ≥ 11 minutes). Univariable and multivariable analysis (binary logistic and negative binomial regression) were used to explore the relationship between CWT, ADR, mean number of adenomas and number of right-sided and advanced adenomas. RESULTS: In colonoscopists with a mean CWT < 7 minutes, the mean ADR was 42.5 % compared with 47.1 % in the ≥ 11-minute group (P < 0.001). The mean number of adenomas detected per procedure increased from 0.77 to 0.94, respectively (P < 0.001). The increase in adenoma detection was mainly of subcentimeter or proximal adenomas; there was no increase in the detection of advanced adenomas. Regression models showed an increase in ADR from 43 % to 46.5 % for mean CWT times ranging from 6 to 10 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that longer mean withdrawal times are associated with increasing adenoma detection, mainly of small or right-sided adenomas. However, beyond 10 minutes the increase in ADR is minimal. Mean withdrawal times longer than 6 minutes are not associated with increased detection of advanced adenomas. Withdrawal time remains an important quality metric of colonoscopy.

Outcome of 12-month surveillance colonoscopy in high-risk patients in the National Health Service Bowel Cancer Screening Programme.

AIM: Current British guidelines recommend surveillance colonoscopy at 12 months for individuals found to have five or more adenomas, or three or more adenomas of which at least one is ≥ 1 cm in size. This study describes the yield of surveillance colonoscopy in this group and explores patient and clinical factors that may be associated with the presence of advanced adenomas or cancer at surveillance. METHOD: Data were retrieved from the national database of the National Health Service Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. The detection of advanced colonic neoplasia (ACN, cancer or advanced adenoma) was used as the main outcome variable. Multivariable analysis was used to analyse relationships between patient factors (age, gender, body mass index, smoking and alcohol use) and clinical findings (number, size and nature of adenomas detected during index colonoscopy) with the outcome variable. RESULTS: One-thousand, seven-hundred and sixty individuals were included in the study. The yield of ACN at 12-month surveillance was 6.6% (116/1760), of which 14/1760 (0.8%) had colorectal cancer. Nine (64.3%) of these 14 cancers were Dukes A at diagnosis. The presence of a villous adenoma or a right-sided adenoma at screening colonoscopy was associated with ORs of 1.98 (95% CI: 1.11-3.53, P = 0.012) and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.13-2.74, P = 0.020), respectively, for detection of ACN at surveillance. CONCLUSION: Twelve-month surveillance colonoscopy is necessary in this group of patients. The presence of villous or proximal lesions at baseline is associated with increased risk of ACN at surveillance. Site and histological type of baseline lesions may be relevant for determining the surveillance interval.