Elastocaloric determination of the phase diagram of Sr2RuO4.

One of the main developments in unconventional superconductivity in the past two decades has been the discovery that most unconventional superconductors form phase diagrams that also contain other strongly correlated states. Many systems of interest are therefore close to more than one instability, and tuning between the resultant ordered phases is the subject of intense research1. In recent years, uniaxial pressure applied using piezoelectric-based devices has been shown to be a particularly versatile new method of tuning2,3, leading to experiments that have advanced our understanding of the fascinating unconventional superconductor Sr2RuO4 (refs. 4-9). Here we map out its phase diagram using high-precision measurements of the elastocaloric effect in what we believe to be the first such study including both the normal and the superconducting states. We observe a strong entropy quench on entering the superconducting state, in excellent agreement with a model calculation for pairing at the Van Hove point, and obtain a quantitative estimate of the entropy change associated with entry to a magnetic state that is observed in proximity to the superconductivity. The phase diagram is intriguing both for its similarity to those seen in other families of unconventional superconductors and for extra features unique, so far, to Sr2RuO4.

High-sensitivity heat-capacity measurements on Sr2RuO4 under uniaxial pressure.

A key question regarding the unconventional superconductivity of [Formula: see text] remains whether the order parameter is single- or two-component. Under a hypothesis of two-component superconductivity, uniaxial pressure is expected to lift their degeneracy, resulting in a split transition. The most direct and fundamental probe of a split transition is heat capacity. Here, we report measurement of heat capacity of samples subject to large and highly homogeneous uniaxial pressure. We place an upper limit on the heat-capacity signature of any second transition of a few percent of that of the primary superconducting transition. The normalized jump in heat capacity, [Formula: see text], grows smoothly as a function of uniaxial pressure, favoring order parameters which are allowed to maximize in the same part of the Brillouin zone as the well-studied van Hove singularity. Thanks to the high precision of our measurements, these findings place stringent constraints on theories of the superconductivity of [Formula: see text].

[Bacteriological spectrum and drug susceptibility of pus from severe intra-abdominal infected patients with abdominal trauma].

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the bacteriological spectrum and drug susceptibility of pus flora from abdominal traumatic patients with severe intra-abdominal infection. METHODS: A total of 41 severe intra-abdominal infected patients with abdominal trauma were recruited to collect 123 abdominal pus specimens. And the results of laboratory microbiology and drug sensitivity were analyzed with the WHONET 5.4 software. RESULTS: A total of 297 strains of bacteria were isolated at (7.2 ± 2.3) strains for each patient. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 44.1% (131/297) , Gram-negative bacteria 55.2% (164/297) and fungi 0.7% (2/297). The top five isolates were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Those antibiotics highly sensitive (>90%) to Escherichia coli included cefoperazone (91%), imipenem (98%); highly sensitive to Gram-positive cocci included teicoplanin (100%) and linezolid (100%). Staphylococcus aureus was 100% sensitive to vancomycin. The agents with a high susceptibility to Klebsiella pneumonia included imipenem (100%) and amikacin (79%). Ciprofloxacin (90%) had the highest sensitivity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS: The predominant bacteria of causing severe intra-abdominal infection of traumatic patients is Gram-negative bacteria, but the infection of Gram-positive bacteria, especially the ratio of Staphylococcus aureus infection is also comparatively high. Cefoperazone, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid have higher antibacterial activity.

[Study of using an individualized treatment strategy to treat patients with chronic hepatitis C].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcomes of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients treated with antiviral regimens of interferon (IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) using individualized doses and durations. METHODS: This study was designed as an open-label, prospective clinical trial to analyze the virological responses of 169 CHC patients who received individualized dosages of IFNa-2b or pegylated (Peg)IFNa-2a combined with RBV based on their weight ( less than 60 kg or more than or equal to 60 kg), age (less than 65 years or 65-75 years), morbid state (liver cirrhosis or not), and complications (such as heart disease, diabetes, thyroid disorder). Treatment duration was calculated using the time required to induce HCV RNA negativity. The rates of virological response and adverse effects among the different groups were compared. RESULTS: The IFNa-2b treatment was given to 116 patients, and PegIFNa-2a was given to 53 patients. Compared to the IFNa-2b group, the PegIFNa-2a group showed significantly higher rates of complete early virological response (cEVR; 76.7% vs. 92.5%, P less than 0.05) and sustained virological response (SVR; 53.6% vs. 92.3%, P less than 0.05) among the patients who had completed their course of treatment; the rapid virological response (RVR) rate was also higher for the PegIFNa-2a group but the difference did not reach statistical significance (48.7% vs. 60.4%, P more than 0.05). Seventy-eight patients received the routine dose, and 91 patients received the low dose; there were no significant differences between these two groups for RVR (53.8% vs. 58.9%, P more than 0.05), cEVR (78.0% vs. 80.8%, P more than 0.05), or SVR (65.5% vs. 58.3%, P more than 0.05). CONCLUSION: Use of an individualized antiviral treatment strategy designed according to the patient's baseline condition, early viral kinetics, and tolerability to adverse reactions can achieve a high rate of SVR, as well as improve the safety, prognosis, and cost-effectiveness associated with treating CHC patients.

[Relation of IL-17 polymorphisms and serum levels in patients with chronic HCV infection].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the interleukin 17 (IL-17) gene and serum protein levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. METHODS: A total of 228 patients with chronic HCV infection and 81 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The frequencies of IL-17 rs8193036 and rs2275913 polymorphisms were detected by the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Serum levels of IL-17 protein were detected by ELISA. Pairwise comparisons were made by the Chi-square test, and the significance of between-group differences was assessed by the Student's t-test with P less than 0.05. RESULTS: The patients with chronic HCV infection and the healthy controls showed similar frequencies of the rs8193036 C/T allele (x2 = 1.428, P = 0.232) and the rs2275913 A/G allele (x2 = 0.106, P = 0.744). In addition, the two groups showed similar distribution of the rs8193036 CC (chronic HCV infection: 46.49% vs. healthy controls: 41.98%), CT (45.61% vs. 44.44%) and TT (7.89% vs. 13.58%) genotypes (x2 = 2.346, P = 0.309), and of the rs2275913 AA (16.23% vs. 13.58%), AG (48.25% vs. 50.62%) and GG (35.53% vs. 35.80%) genotypes (x2 = 0.340, P = 0.844). Subgroup analysis of chronic HCV infection patients stratified according to HCV genotypes 1 and 2 showed no differences in the distribution of rs8193036 and rs2275913 alleles (x2 = 1.127, P = 0.288; x2 = 1.088, P = 0.297) and genotypes (x2 = 2.825, P = 0.246; x2 = 0.970, P = 0.616). However, the chronic HCV infection group did show significantly higher levels of serum IL-17 than the controls (97.67+/-39.68 vs. 71.60+/-19.78 pg/ml, t = 2.414, P = 0.033). CONCLUSION: Chronic HCV infection is associated with increased serum IL-17; however, the IL-17 polymorphisms rs8193036 and rs2275913 were not associated with chronic HCV infection susceptibility in this study's Chinese cohort.

Pathogenesis and treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) has been common in patients who require long-term parenteral nutrition. PNALD develops in 40%-60% of infants on long-term parenteral nutrition compared with 15%-40% of adults on home parenteral nutrition for intestinal failure. The pathogenesis of PNALD is multifactorial and remains unclear. There is no specific treatment. Management strategies for its prevention and treatment depend on an understanding of many risk factors. This review aims to provide an update on the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease. DATA SOURCES: A literature search was performed on the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases for articles published up to October 2011, using the keywords: parenteral nutrition associated liver disease, intestinal failure associated liver disease, lipid emulsions and fish oil. The available data reported in the relevant literatures were analyzed. RESULTS: The literature search provided a huge amount of evidence about the pathogenesis and management strategies on PNALD. Currently, lack of enteral feeding, extended duration of parenteral nutrition, recurrent sepsis, and nutrient deficiency or excess may play important roles in the pathogenesis of PNALD. Recent studies found that phytosterols, present as contaminants in soy-based lipid emulsions, are also an important factor in the pathogenesis. Moreover, the treatment of PNALD is discussed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of lipid emulsions, phytosterols in particular, is associated with PNALD. Management strategies for the prevention and treatment of PNALD include consideration of early enteral feeding, the use of specialized lipid emulsions such as fish oil emulsions, and isolated small bowel or combined liver and small bowel transplantation. A greater understanding of the pathogenesis of PNALD has led to promising interventions to prevent and treat this condition. Future work should aim to better understand the mechanisms of PNALD and the long-term outcomes of its treatment.

[Outcomes of chronic radiation intestinal injury treated with surgical interventions].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the surgical approaches and clinical outcomes of chronic radiation intestinal injury (CRII). METHODS: From January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2010, at Department of Surgery, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Command a consecutive series of 206 CRII patients undergoing surgical interventions was reviewed retrospectively. There were 64 males and 142 females with an age range of (50 ± 11) years old. The indications, surgical approaches, surgical complications and mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: 206 CRII patients received 229 surgical treatment, 31 patients underwent two or more operations. The course of surgical interventions included intestinal obstruction (n = 142), intestinal fistula (n = 56), proctitis (n = 12), bleeding (n = 6) and others (n = 13). They underwent 229 laparotomies including intestinal resection and primary anastomosis (n = 142), intestinal resection and enterostomy (n = 57), exclusion of radiation-related gastrointestinal diseases (n = 14) and other procedures (n = 16). The occurrence rate of postoperative intestinal complications was 25.7% (53/206). Five patients (2.4%) died within the postoperative 28 days. CONCLUSION: Surgery is often required for patients with chronic radiation-induced intestinal obstruction, fistula, hemorrhage and perforation, etc. Resection and primary anastomosis with undamaged segments may be performed safely in selected patients. And a judicious use of stoma can reduce the rates of major surgical mortality and morbidity.

[Damage control surgery for pancreatic injuries after blunt abdominal trauma].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the management of pancreatic injuries after blunt abdominal trauma. METHODS: The clinical data of 42 patients with blunt pancreatic injury admitted from January 2001 to December 2010 was analyzed retrospectively. There were 38 male and 4 female patients, aging from 13 to 65 years with a mean of 31 years. The organ injury scaling of Committee of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST grade): grade I in 3 patients, grade II in 12 patients, grade III in 9 patients, grade IV in 13 patients and grade V in 5 patients. The mean injury severity score was 27 ± 21. Patients above AAST grade II underwent peritoneal drainage and "three neostomy" (gastrostomy, jejunostomy and gallbladder) according to damage control theory. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients got abdominal CT scanning with a positive rate of 79.9% (30/38). Forty patients underwent surgical procedures, and 2 patients with non-operative management. The surgical procedures include peritoneal drainage and "three neostomy" in 32 patients, pancreas suture or pancreatic tail resection in 6 patients, pancreatoduodenectomy or caudal pancreaticojejunostomy in 2 patients. Forty patients (95.2%) survived, 2 patients (4.8%) died and 16 patients (38.1%) had complications such as pancreatic fistula,pulmonary infection. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal CT scanning will benefit the preoperative diagnosis of blunt pancreatic trauma. Although the survival rate of patients with blunt pancreatic trauma might be improved by using the damage control surgery, the management of damage control surgery also needs to be modified because of the high rate of complications.

Growth hormone for intestinal adaptation in patients with short bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of growth hormone (GH) treatment in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). METHODS: Electronic searches were performed to identify all publications describing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of GH with or without glutamine for the treatment of patients with SBS. The outcomes of interest were body weight, lean body mass, and intestinal absorption function. RESULTS: Four trials involving 70 patients were included in the review. A meta-analysis of these trials suggested that GH had a positive effect in terms of increased weight (mean difference [MD] = 1.66; 95% CI, 0.69-2.63, P < 0.001), lean body mass (MD = 1.93; 95% CI, 0.97-2.90; P < 0.001), energy absorption (MD = 4.42; 95% CI, 0.26-8.58; P = 0.04), nitrogen absorption (MD = 4.85; 95% CI, 0.20-9.49; P = 0.04), and fat absorption (MD = 5.02; 95% CI, 0.21-9.82; P = 0.04) for patients with SBS. Adverse effects occurred during active treatment in all trials. Only 1 trial included a 12-week follow-up study. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a possible short-term benefit in terms of body weight, lean body mass, and absorptive capacities; however, no conclusion of long-term efficacy of GH could be obtained. Large-scale, long-term follow-up RCTs are needed to confirm the efficacy and tolerability of GH in the future.

The current status of multivisceral transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Multivisceral transplantation (MVTx) is concurrent transplantation of the stomach, spleen, pancreaticoduodenal complex, and intestine, with (MVTx) or without (modified MVTx) the liver. MVTx has been performed more frequently worldwide, and the survival of patients approximates that of patients who have undergone transplantation of other solid organs. This review introduces the recent development in MVTx. DATA SOURCES: Two English-language medical databases, MEDLINE and SPRINGERLINK, were searched for articles on "multivisceral transplantation", "graft procurement", "immunosuppression", and related topics. RESULT: MVTx has been the optimal therapy for the intestine with liver failure and/or failure of several other organs, despite many difficulties in preventing rejection and infection. CONCLUSION: Further study is needed to improve the long-term survival of recipients and reduce the complications.

Immunological protection of small bowel by simultaneously transplanted liver graft in pigs.

BACKGROUND: A simultaneously transplanted liver shields a bowel graft from immunologic attack in small animals, while the possible immuno-tolerance induced by the liver in liver and small bowel transplantation (LSBT) is uncertain in large animal models. To investigate the clinically suspected beneficial effect of the liver on small bowel allograft, we developed a new model of composite LSBT in the pig. METHODS: Seventy outbred long-white pigs were randomized into four groups. LSBT without immunosuppressive treatment (n=10, group A); LSBT with routine immunosuppressive treatment (n=10, group B); LSBT with a lower dose of immunosuppressive treatment (n=10, group C); and small bowel segment allotransplantation without immunosuppressive treatment (n=10, group D). RESULTS: There was no remarkable difference in survival time between groups A and D (10.33 vs. 12.89 days, P>0.05), but the initial time of acute rejection of the intestinal graft in group A was clearly delayed when compared to group D (8.22 vs. 4.33 days, P<0.05), and the rejection scores in group A were remarkably lower than those in group D at each postoperative time point (0 vs. 0.44 on day 3, P<0.05; 0.22 vs. 1.78 on day 5, P<0.05; 1.11 vs. 2.56 on day 7, P<0.05). There were evident differences in postoperative survival time, initial time of acute rejection and postoperative rejection scores between groups A, B and C. Postoperative survival time (30.00 vs. 28.13 days, P>0.05), initial acute rejection time (25.40 vs. 22.13 days, P>0.05) or rejection score did not differ between groups B and C within one postoperative month. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to isolated segment small bowel allotransplantation, the intestinal graft in LSBT (group A) had a delayed initial time of acute rejection and a lower postoperative acute rejection score, and a lower dose of immunosuppressive treatment led to persistent graft immuno-tolerance in LSBT. Thus the simultaneously transplanted liver graft may reduce the risk of intestinal rejection and protect the bowel graft from severe acute rejection.

[Preliminary experience with partial tolerance protocol in small bowel transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To report the preliminary experience of 4 cases of small bowel transplantation. METHODS: Thirty microgram of Campath 1H was infused during the small bowel transplantation. The patients received 1 gram of Solu-Medrol followed by the Campath 1H and another gram of Solu-Medrol before reperfusion. The infusion of tacrolimus started just after reperfusion. The route of tacrolimus administration was transferred from vein to gut tract gradually, the tacrolimus trough levels were aimed at 10-15 microg/L within the first 3 postoperative months, 5-10 microg/L at 4-6 months post-operation and taped to 5 microg/L thereafter. RESULTS: Two of these 4 cases survived more than one year. The follow-ups of other 2 patients were 6 and 2 months respectively. Three episodes of IND to mild acute rejection verified by pathology through routine ileoscopical biopsy were found at 1-3 months post-operation, anther 3 episodes of IND to mild acute rejection verified during at 4-6 months post-operation and one episode of moderate acute rejection found at 7-12 months post-operation. The patients totally recovering after a low-dose steroid or bolus steroid were given respectively. The grafted intestine achieved an excellent function. And the patients discontinued TPN at 2-3 weeks post-operation respectively and lived on a normal oral intake to maintain their nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: The partial tolerance steroid-free protocol of combining Campath 1H induction with a low-dose monotherapy of tacrolimus can effectively control the graft rejection in small bowel transplantation. And the grafted intestine regains an excellent function.

[Preliminary experience with Campath 1H induction combined with low-dose monotherapy of tacrolimus in small bowel transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To report preliminary experience of the protocol of combining Campath 1H induction with low-dose monotherapy of tacrolimus and no steroid in two cases of small bowel transplantation. METHODS: Campath 1H 30 mg was infused during the small bowel transplantation, and the patients were given 1 gram of methylprednisolone followed by the Campath 1H and another gram of methylprednisolone before reperfusion. Tacrolimus was infused just after the reperfusion. The tacrolimus was administered from vein first and then from gut tract, the blood tacrolimus level was controlled at 10 to 15 microg/L within the first 3 months after the operation, and reduced to 5 microg/L thereafter. RESULTS: The two recipients have survived more than 1 year, one received surgical closure of intestinal graft terminal stoma 13 months after the transplantation. One episode of indeterminate to mild acute rejection was verified by pathology through routine ileoscopical biopsy in each cases, and one episode of mild to moderate acute rejection occurred 8 months after the transplantation, and the patients recovered after low dose or bolus steroid therapy. The peripheral lymphocyte counts and monocyte counts decreased greatly after Campath 1H was given, and recovered very slowly thereafter. No sign of infection and graft versus host disease (GVHD) was found, and the grafted intestine achieved excellent function. The total parenteral nutrition was ceased on the day 21 and 14 after the operation, respectively, and the patients lived on oral intake to maintain nutrition status. CONCLUSIONS: It's showed that the protocol combining Campath 1H induction with low-dose monotherapy of tacrolimus without steroid in small bowel transplantation can control graft rejection effectively without increasing the opportunity of infection, no sign of GVHD is found, and the grafted intestine could achieve excellent function.

Spatial control of heavy-fermion superconductivity in CeIrIn5.

Although crystals of strongly correlated metals exhibit a diverse set of electronic ground states, few approaches exist for spatially modulating their properties. In this study, we demonstrate disorder-free control, on the micrometer scale, over the superconducting state in samples of the heavy-fermion superconductor CeIrIn5 We pattern crystals by focused ion beam milling to tailor the boundary conditions for the elastic deformation upon thermal contraction during cooling. The resulting nonuniform strain fields induce complex patterns of superconductivity, owing to the strong dependence of the transition temperature on the strength and direction of strain. These results showcase a generic approach to manipulating electronic order on micrometer length scales in strongly correlated matter without compromising the cleanliness, stoichiometry, or mean free path.

Non-composite combined liver and intestinal allotransplantation.

BACKGROUND: Patients with short bowel syndrome may require combined liver and intestinal transplantation due to total parenteral nutrition(TPN)-related liver damage. We report combined liver and intestinal allotransplantation as a non-composite technique in a patient in China. METHODS: During the operation, a 380 cm long intestine was transplanted with systemic drainage and aortic inflow, while the liver graft was placed in a piggyback fashion. Warm ischemic time of the donor graft was 2 minutes and 30 seconds, and cold ischemic time for intestinal and the liver graft was 6 hours and 40 minutes and 8 hours and 7 minutes, respectively. Immunosuppressants used after operation included tacrolimus, methylprednisolone, mycophenolate mofetil and Zenapax. RESULTS: The recipient recovered with no evidence of rejection and was kept well on tube feeding. Eventually, he died of massive hemorrhage of the thoracic cavity on day 210 after transplantation. CONCLUSION: The non-composite combined liver and intestinal allotransplantation is superior to composite technique in adult patients, particularly those who have had abdominal infection or repeated abdominal operations.

[Surgical management of chronic radiation enteritis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the surgical methods and the clinical results of chronic radiation enteritis. METHODS: Treatments were applied to forty-nine cases of chronic radiation enteritis complicated with intestinal obstruction, enterocutaneous fistula, intestinal stenosis, intestinal bleeding, severe proctocolitis and intestinal perforation, among whom 47 cases received an average of 2.8 +/- 2.1 operations. Twenty-six cases received resection of the injured segment with primary anastomosis, fourteen cases received intestinal resection and proximal enterostomy, among whom 6 ostomies were permanent, and another 8 cases received secondary ostomy closure. The injured intestinal segments were spared in 7 cases. RESULTS: Forty-seven among 49 cases were cured (success rate, 96%) with no anastomotic leakage. Two patients died. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical complications of chronic radiation enteritis should be managed operatively. The operative method should be chosen according to the general condition of the patients and the complexity of the abdomen. Perioperative management and proper selection of intestinal segments for anastomosis are essential for the success.

Open abdomen in trauma patients: a double-edged sword.

The use of open abdomen (OA) as a technique in the treatment of exsanguinating trauma patients was first described in the mid-19(th) century. Since the 1980s, OA has become a relatively new and increasingly common strategy to manage massive trauma and abdominal catastrophes. OA has been proven to help reduce the mortality of trauma. Nevertheless, the OA method may be associated with terrible and devastating complications such as enteroatmospheric fistula (EAF). As a result, OA should not be overused, and attention should be given to critical care as well as special management. The temporary abdominal closure (TAC) technique after abbreviated laparotomy was used to improve wound healing and facilitate final fascial closure of OA. Negative pressure therapy (NPT) is the most commonly used TAC method.

Decreased FOXF1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis, invasion, and stemness and is associated with poor clinical outcome.

Forkhead box F1 (FOXF1), a member of the forkhead transcription factor superfamily, plays critical roles in the progression of certain types of cancers. However, the expression and function of FOXF1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still unclear. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry detected the relatively lower expression status of FOXF1 in HCC cases. Soft agar and transwell assays clearly demonstrated that FOXF1-knockdown cells showed significantly increased in vitro cell tumorigenesis and invasion, and FOXF1-overexpressing cells had significantly reduced growth and invasion potential. Our study also examined the role of FOXF1 in HCC cell stemness by sphere formation, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1) activity, and CD44/133-positive cell analysis. Enforced FOXF1 expression decreased HCC cell stemness, and the downregulation of FOXF1 promoted cancer cell stemness. The in vivo study showed that overexpressed FOXF1 inhibits nude mouse tumorigenicity with downregulation of CD44 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. More importantly, loss of FOXF1 expression was linked to poor overall survival time by Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Individualized treatment strategies and predictors of virological response for chronic hepatitis C: a multicenter prospective study from China.

Combination therapy comprising pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFNα) and ribavirin (RBV) has been the standard of care for the chronic hepatitis C patients for more than a decade. Recently, direct antiviral agents show better efficacy, tolerance, and shorter treatment duration. However, the prohibitive costs of the regimens limit their use in developing countries where most of the HCV infection exists. Optimizing the treatment and understanding the host- and virus-factors associated with viral clearance were necessary for individualizing therapy to maximize sustained virologic response. To explore individualized antiviral strategies with PegIFNα-2a/IFNα-2b plus ribavirin for CHC patients, and to clarify predictive factors for virological response. A cohort of 314 patients were included in this open-label, prospective clinical trial, which received individualized doses of PegIFNα-2a or IFNα-2b combined with RBV according to body weight, disease status and complications, with the duration of 44 weeks after HCV RNA undetectable. All the IL-28B (rs8099917), IL-17A (rs8193036), IL-17B (rs2275913) and PD-1.1 SNPs were genotyped using the TaqMan system. The sustained virological response (SVR) in PegIFNα-2a group was significantly higher than that in IFNα-2b (85.8% vs 75.0%, P = 0.034), especially in HCV genotype 1 (84.0% vs 64.3%, P = 0.022). However, no significant differences were found in rapid virological response (RVR), complete early virological response (cEVR) and SVR between PegIFNα-2a and IFNα-2b according to different doses, respectively. The genotype frequency of IL-28B TT in patients with cEVR, SVR was higher than that in non-responsed patients (93.8% vs 78.1%, χ(2) = 7.827, P = 0.005; 95.9% vs 80.4%, χ(2) = 9.394, P = 0.002). No significant correlation between the genotype distribution of IL-17A, IL-17B and PD-1.1 with virological response. Individualized regimens of PegIFNα-2a/RBV and IFNα-2b/RBV could achieve satisfied virological response in Chinese HCV patients. The IL-28B (rs8099917) TT genotype is a clinical usefully marker for cEVR and SVR.