Hybridization Protection Reaction for Sensitive and Robust Gene Expression Profiling of Clinical Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Samples.

BACKGROUND: RNA profiling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissues for the molecular diagnostics of disease prognosis or treatment response is often irreproducible and limited to a handful of biomarkers. This has led to an unmet need for robust multiplexed assays that can profile several RNA biomarkers of interest using a limited amount of specimen. Here, we describe hybridization protection reaction (HPR), which is a novel RNA profiling approach with high reproducibility. METHODS: HPR assays were designed for multiple genes, including 10 radiosensitivity-associated genes, and compared with TaqMan assays. Performance was tested with synthetic RNA fragments, and the ability to analyze RNA was investigated in FPPE samples from 20 normal lung tissues, 40 lung cancer, and 30 esophageal cancer biopsies. RESULTS: Experiments performed on 3 synthetic RNA fragments demonstrated a linear dynamic range of over 1000-fold with a replicate correlation coefficient of 0.99 and high analytical sensitivity between 3.2 to 10 000 pM. Comparison of HPR with standard quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on FFPE specimens shows nonsignificant differences with > 99% confidence interval between 2 assays in transcript profiling of 91.7% of test transcripts. In addition, HPR was effectively applied to quantify transcript levels of 10 radiosensitivity-associated genes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, HPR is an alternative approach for RNA profiling with high sensitivity, reproducibility, robustness, and capability for molecular diagnostics in FFPE tumor biopsy specimens of lung and esophageal cancer.

Rescue of the genetically engineered Cul4b mutant mouse as a potential model for human X-linked mental retardation.

Mutation in CUL4B, which encodes a scaffold protein of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, has been found in patients with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). However, early deletion of Cul4b in mice causes prenatal lethality, which has frustrated attempts to characterize the phenotypes in vivo. In this report, we successfully rescued Cul4b mutant mice by crossing female mice in which exons 4-5 of Cul4b were flanked by loxP sequences with Sox2-Cre male mice. In Cul4b-deficient (Cul4b(Δ)/Y) mice, no CUL4B protein was detected in any of the major organs, including the brain. In the hippocampus, the levels of CUL4A, CUL4B substrates (TOP1, ß-catenin, cyclin E and WDR5) and neuronal markers (MAP2, tau-1, GAP-43, PSD95 and syn-1) were not sensitive to Cul4b deletion, whereas the number of parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic interneurons was decreased in Cul4b(Δ)/Y mice, especially in the dentate gyrus (DG). Some dendritic features, including the complexity, diameter and spine density in the CA1 and DG hippocampal neurons, were also affected by Cul4b deletion. Together, the decrease in the number of PV-positive neurons and altered dendritic properties in Cul4b(Δ)/Y mice imply a reduction in inhibitory regulation and dendritic integration in the hippocampal neural circuit, which lead to increased epileptic susceptibility and spatial learning deficits. Our results identify Cul4b(Δ)/Y mice as a potential model for the non-syndromic model of XLMR that replicates the CUL4B-associated MR and is valuable for the development of a therapeutic strategy for treating MR.

Leaf on a Film: Mesoporous Silica-Based Epoxy Composites with Superhydrophobic Biomimetic Surface Structure as Anti-Corrosion and Anti-Biofilm Coatings.

In this study, a series of amine-modified mesoporous silica (AMS)-based epoxy composites with superhydrophobic biomimetic structure surface of Xanthosoma sagittifolium leaves (XSLs) were prepared and applied as anti-corrosion and anti-biofilm coatings. Initially, the AMS was synthesized by the base-catalyzed sol-gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and triethoxysilane (APTES) through a non-surfactant templating route. Subsequently, a series of AMS-based epoxy composites were prepared by performing the ring-opening polymerization of DGEBA with T-403 in the presence of AMS spheres, followed by characterization through FTIR, TEM, and CA. Furthermore, a nano-casting technique with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the soft template was utilized to transfer the surface pattern of natural XSLs to AMS-based epoxy composites, leading to the formation of AMS-based epoxy composites with biomimetic structure. From a hydrophilic CA of 69°, the surface of non-biomimetic epoxy significantly increased to 152° upon introducing XSL surface structure to the AMS-based epoxy composites. Based on the standard electrochemical anti-corrosion and anti-biofilm measurements, the superhydrophobic BEAMS3 composite was found to exhibit a remarkable anti-corrosion efficiency of ~99% and antimicrobial efficacy of 82% as compared to that of hydrophilic epoxy coatings.

Imbalance of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors induced by the deletion of CRMP1 accelerates age-related cognitive decline in mice.

Collapsin response mediator protein 1 (CRMP1) is involved in semaphorin 3A signaling pathway, promoting neurite extension and growth cone collapse. It is highly expressed in the nervous system, especially the hippocampus. The crmp1 knockout (KO) mice display impaired spatial learning and memory, and this phenomenon seemingly tends to deteriorate with age. Here we investigated whether CRMP1 is involved in age-related cognitive decline in WT and crmp1 KO mice at adult, middle-aged and older stages. The results revealed that cognitive dysfunction in the Morris water maze task became more severe and decreased glutamate and glutamine level in middle-aged crmp1 KO mice. Additionally, increasing levels of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors and phosphorylation of Tau were observed in middle-aged crmp1 KO mice, leading to synaptic and neuronal loss in the CA3 regions of hippocampus. These findings suggest that deletion of CRMP1 accelerates age-related cognitive decline by disrupting the balance between synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors, resulting in the loss of synapses and neurons.

Serine protease hepsin regulates hepatocyte size and hemodynamic retention of tumor cells by hepatocyte growth factor signaling in mice.

UNLABELLED: The liver architecture plays an important role in maintaining hemodynamic balance, but the mechanisms that underlie this role are not fully understood. Hepsin, a type II transmembrane serine protease, is predominantly expressed in the liver, but has no known physiological functions. Here, we report that hemodynamic balance in the liver is regulated through hepsin. Deletion of hepsin (hepsin(-/-) ) in mice resulted in enlarged hepatocytes and narrowed liver sinusoids. Using fluorescent microbeads and antihepsin treatment, we demonstrated that metastatic cancer cells preferentially colonized the hepsin(-/-) mouse liver as a result of the retention of tumor cells because of narrower sinusoids. The enlarged hepatocytes expressed increased levels of connexin, which resulted from defective prohepatocyte growth factor (pro-HGF) processing and decreased c-Met phosphorylation in the livers of hepsin(-/-) mice. Treatment of hepsin(-/-) mice with recombinant HGF rescued these phenotypes, and treatment of wild-type mice with an HGF antagonist recapitulated the phenotypes observed in hepsin(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that the maintenance of hepatic structural homeostasis occurs through HGF/c-Met/connexin signaling by hepsin, and hepsin-mediated changes in liver architecture significantly enhance tumor metastasis to the liver.

Healing Wounds Efficiently with Biomimetic Soft Matter: Injectable Self-Healing Neutral Glycol Chitosan/Dibenzaldehyde-Terminated Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogel with Inherent Antibacterial Properties.

The high prevalence of acquiring skin wounds, along with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains that lead to infections, impose a threat to the physical, mental, and socioeconomic health of society. Among the wide array of wound dressings developed, hydrogels are regarded as a biomimetic soft matter of choice owing to their ability to provide a moist environment ideal for healing. Herein, neutral glycol chitosan (GC) was cross-linked via imine bonds with varying concentrations of dibenzaldehyde-terminated polyethylene glycol (DP) to give glycol chitosan/dibenzaldehyde-terminated polyethylene glycol hydrogels (GC/DP). These dynamic Schiff base linkages (absorption peak at 1638 cm-1) within the hydrogel structure endowed their ability to recover from damage as characterized by high-low strain exposure in continuous step strain rheology. Along with their good injectability and biodegradability, the hydrogels exhibited remarkable inhibition against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. GC/DP hydrogels demonstrated high LC50 values in vivo using zebrafish embryos as a model system due to their relative biocompatibility and a remarkable 93.4 ± 0.88% wound contraction at 30-dpw against 49.1 ± 3.40% of the control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that developed injectable glycol chitosan/dibenzaldehyde-terminated polyethylene glycol self-healing hydrogels for application in wound healing with intrinsic bacteriostatic properties against the three bacteria.

Nanocurcumin Reduces High Glucose and Particulate Matter-Induced Endothelial Inflammation: Mitochondrial Function and Involvement of miR-221/222.

Purpose: Particulate matter (PM) 2.5, harmful air pollutants, and diabetes are associated with high morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the combined effects of PM and diabetes on CVD remain unclear. Methods: Endothelial cells (ECs) treated with high glucose (HG) and PM mimic hyperglycemia and air pollutant exposure in CVD. Endothelial inflammation was evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence of ICAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion. The mechanisms underlying endothelial inflammation were elucidated through MitoSOX Red analysis, JC-1 staining, MitoTracker analysis, and Western blot analysis of mitochondrial fission-related, autophagy-related, and mitophagy-related proteins. Furthermore. nanocurcumin (NCur) pretreatment was used to test if it has a protective effect. Results: ECs under co-exposure to HG and PM increased ICAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion, whereas NCur pretreatment attenuated these changes and improved endothelial inflammation. PM exposure increased mitochondrial ROS levels, worsened mitochondrial membrane potential, promoted mitochondrial fission, induced mitophagy, and aggravated inflammation in HG-treated ECs, while NCur reversed these changes. Also, HG and PM-induced endothelial inflammation is through the JNK signaling pathway and miR-221/222 specifically targeting ICAM-1 and BNIP3. PM exposure also aggravated mitochondrial ROS levels, mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, and endothelial inflammation in STZ-induced hyperglycemic mice, whereas NCur attenuated these changes. Conclusion: This study elucidated the mechanisms underlying HG and PM-induced endothelial inflammation in vitro and in vivo. HG and PM treatment increased mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial fission, and mitophagy in ECs, whereas NCur reversed these conditions. In addition, miR-221/222 plays a role in the amelioration of endothelial inflammation through targeting Bnip3 and ICAM-1, and NCur pretreatment can modulate miR-221/222 levels. Therefore, NCur may be a promising approach to intervene in diabetes and air pollution-induced CVD.

Absence of biallelic TCRγ deletion predicts induction failure and poorer outcomes in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: The absence of biallelic TCRγ deletion (ABD) is a characteristic of early thymocyte precursors before V(D)J recombination. The ABD was reported to predict early treatment failure in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study aimed to investigate its prognostic value in Taiwanese patients with T-cell ALL. PROCEDURE: Forty-five children with T-cell ALL were enrolled from six medical centers in Taiwan. Quantitative DNA polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) was performed to check the status of TCRγ deletion. The threshold for homozygous deletions by Q-PCR was defined as a fold-change <0.35. RESULTS: ABD was found in 20 patients [20:45] who had higher incidences of induction failure than those without ABD (P = 0.03; hazard ratio [HR] = 8.13; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.23-53.77) after multivariate regression analysis. Patents with ABD also had inferior EFS and OS (P = 0.071 and 0.0196, respectively). Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that the association between ABD and overall survival was independent of age and leukocyte count on presentation (P = 0.036; HR = 4.25; 95% CI = 1.10-16.42). CONCLUSIONS: The absence of TCRγ deletion is a predictor of a poor response to induction chemotherapy for pediatric patients with T-cell ALL in Taiwan. Providing patients with T-cell ALL and ABD with alternative regimens may be worthwhile to test in future clinical trials.

A microRNA signature for clinical outcomes of pediatric ALL patients treated with TPOG protocols.

MicroRNA (miRNA) expression is reportedly associated with clinical outcomes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Here, we aimed at investigating whether miRNA expression is associated with clinical outcomes in pediatric ALL patients treated with the Taiwan Pediatric Oncology Group (TPOG) protocols. The expression of 397 miRNAs was measured using stem-loop quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction miRNA arrays in 60 pediatric ALL patients treated with TPOG-ALL-93 or TPOG-ALL-97 VHR (very high-risk) protocols. In order to identify prognosis-related miRNAs, original cohort was randomly split into the training and testing cohort in a 2:1 ratio, and univariate Cox proportional hazards regression was applied to identify associations between event-free survival (EFS) and expressions of miRNAs. Four prognosis-related miRNAs were selected and validated in another independent cohort composed of 103 patients treated with the TPOG-ALL-2002 protocol. Risk score, including the impact of four prognosis-related miRNAs, was calculated for each patients, followed by grouping patients into the high or low risk-score groups. Irrespective of the training, testing, or validation cohort, risk-score group was significantly associated with EFS and overall survival (OS). Risk-score group combining with clinical characteristics including the age onset (≥10 years), white blood cell counts (≥100 × 109/L), cell type (T- or B-cell), sex, and risk groups of the treatment protocols were used as predictors of EFS using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Results showed that the risk-score group was the strongest predictor. In the validation cohort, hazard ratios (HRs) of the risk-score group were 7.06 (95% CI=1.93-25.84, p-value =0.003) and 14.03 (95% CI=3.34-59.04, p-value =0.003) for EFS and OS, respectively. High risk-score group had higher risk of having poor prognosis and risk of death than that in the low risk group. Accuracy of the prediction model for 5-year EFS could reach 0.76. For the prediction of 5-year OS, accuracy was 0.75. In conclusion, a miRNA signature was associated with clinical outcomes in childhood ALL patients treated with TPOG protocols and might be a suitable prognostic biomarker.

IKZF1 deletions predict a poor prognosis in children with B-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a multicenter analysis in Taiwan.

Despite current risk-directed therapy, approximately 15-20% of pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have relapses. Recent genome-wide analyses have identified that an alteration of IKZF1 is associated with very poor outcomes in B-cell progenitor ALL. In this study, we determined the prognostic significance of IKZF1 deletions in patients with childhood ALL. This study analyzed 242 pediatric B-cell progenitor ALL patients in Taiwan. We developed a simple yet sensitive multiplex quantitative PCR coupled with capillary electrophoresis to accurately determine the allele dose of IKZF1, and high resolution melting was used for mutation screening for all coding exons of IKZF1. Twenty-six (10.7%) pediatric B-cell progenitor ALL patients were found to harbor these deletions. Most of the deletions were broader deletions that encompassed exon 3 to exon 6, consistent with previous reports. Genomic sequencing of IKZF1 was carried out in all cases and no point mutations were identified. Patients with IKZF1 deletions had inferior event-free survival (P < 0.001), and overall survival (P = 0.0016). The association between IKZF1 deletions and event-free survival was independent of age, leukocyte count at presentation, and cytogenetic subtype by multivariate Cox analysis (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 2.45). This study indicates that detection of IKZF1 deletions upon diagnosis of B-cell progenitor ALL may help to identify patients at risk of treatment failure. IKZF1 deletions could be incorporated as a new high-risk prognostic factor in future treatment protocols. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the poor prognosis of IKZF1 deletions in an Asian population.

Conditioned medium from adipose-derived stem cells attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury through the microRNA-221/222/PUMA/ETS-1 pathway.

Rationale: Cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction (MI), are the leading causes of death worldwide. Reperfusion therapy is the common standard treatment for MI. However, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) causes cardiomyocyte injury, including apoptosis and fibrosis. We aimed to investigate the effects of conditioned medium from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC-CM) on apoptosis and fibrosis in I/R-treated hearts and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-treated cardiomyocytes and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: ADSC-CM was collected from ADSCs. The effects of intramuscular injection of ADSC-CM on cardiac function, cardiac apoptosis, and fibrosis examined by echocardiography, Evans blue/TTC staining, TUNEL assay, and Masson's trichrome staining in I/R-treated mice. We also examined the effects of ADSC-CM on apoptosis and fibrosis in H/R-treated H9c2 cells by annexin V/PI flow cytometry, TUNEL assay, and immunocytochemistry. Results: ADSC-CM treatment significantly reduced heart damage and fibrosis of I/R-treated mice and H/R-treated cardiomyocytes. In addition, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, such as p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), p-p53 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), as well as the fibrosis-related proteins ETS-1, fibronectin and collagen 3, were significantly reduced by ADSC-CM treatment. Moreover, we demonstrated that ADSC-CM contains a large amount of miR-221/222, which can target and regulate PUMA or ETS-1 protein levels. Furthermore, the knockdown of PUMA and ETS-1 decreased the induction of apoptosis and fibrosis, respectively. MiR-221/222 overexpression achieved similar results. We also observed that cardiac I/R markedly increased apoptosis and fibrosis in miR-221/222 knockout (KO) mice, while ADSC-CM decreased these effects. The increased phosphorylation of p38 and NF-κB not only mediated myocardial apoptosis through the PUMA/p53/BCL2 pathway but also regulated fibrosis through the ETS-1/fibronectin/collagen 3 pathway. Conclusions: Overall, our results show that ADSC-CM attenuates cardiac apoptosis and fibrosis by reducing PUMA and ETS-1 expression, respectively. The protective effect is mediated via the miR-221/222/p38/NF-κB pathway.

Pharmacogenomic variations in treatment protocols for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

OBJECTIVES: This retrospective study evaluates the role of pharmacogenomic determinants in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the Taiwanese population. METHODS: A total of 105 childhood ALL patients received combined chemotherapy of different intensities based on risk-directed Taiwan Pediatric Oncology Group (TPOG)-ALL-93 protocols. Seventeen genetic polymorphisms in 13 pharmacogenomic targets were analyzed by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probe hybridization. Pharmacogenomic polymorphisms were correlated with event-free survival (EFS) of patients, with confounding effects adjusted by multivariate regression. RESULTS: Three polymorphic alleles in the multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) ABCB1 gene, and homozygotic MDR1 2677GG, 3435CC, and 2677G-3435C genotypes were highly associated with a significant reduction in EFS in those patients treated by the standard risk (SR) protocol (TPOG-ALL-93-SR). The hazard ratios were 6.8 (p = 0.01), 21.7 (p = 0.009), and 6.8 (p = 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Independent pharmacogenomic determinants associated with treatment outcome were identified in subsets of Taiwanese ALL patients.

Multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction as diagnostic molecular screening of 4 common fusion chimeric genes in Taiwanese children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: The classification of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by specific chromosomal translocations has prognostic implications for risk-directed therapy. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay is a useful tool for detecting fusion transcripts from common chromosomal translocations of ALL cells. METHODS: Multiplex RT-PCR and nested-PCR assays were used to detect ALL-type BCR-ABL1 transcripts of the t(9;22), TCF-PBX1 transcripts of t(1;19), the MLL-AF4 transcripts of t(4;11), and 2 variants of ETV6-RUNX1 of the cryptic t(12;21) in 148 leukemic samples upon diagnosis. The patients received risk-directed protocols of the Taiwan Pediatric Oncology Group-ALL-2002 that consisted of multiple chemotherapeutic agents of different intensities. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were analyzed for genetic abnormalities detected by multiplex PCR and conventional cytogenetic analysis by the Kaplan-Meier method, and compared with the Mantel-Haenszel test. The Cox proportional hazards model was implemented to identify independent prognostic factors for EFS and OS. RESULTS: In this cohort of Taiwanese children, the relative frequencies of the 4 translocations of B-lineage ALL were 8% with ALL-type t(9;22)/BCR-ABL1, 4% with (1;19)/TCF-PBX1, 2% with t(4;11)/MLL-AF4, and 17.6% with t(12;21)/ETV6-RUNX1. Patients with t(12;21)/ETV6-RUNX1 fusion, hyperdiploidy, and t(1;19)/TCF-PBX1 fusion had the most favorable outcomes, whereas those with the t(9;22)/BCR-ABL1 fusion or t(4;11) and other MLL gene rearrangement had poor prognosis (P<0.001 for EFS and OS). BCR-ABL1, MLL gene rearrangement, and very high-risk group were independent prognostic factors after Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The biological factors of leukemia cells are associated with treatment outcomes in childhood ALL. Multiplex RT-PCR assay is an efficient and sensitive diagnostic tool that may improve the ability to accurately and rapidly risk-stratify children with ALL.

Targeting fibroblast CD248 attenuates CCL17-expressing macrophages and tissue fibrosis.

The role of fibroblasts in tissue fibrosis has been extensively studied. Activated fibroblasts, namely myofibroblasts, produce pathological extracellular matrix. CD248, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, is expressed in fibroblasts after birth. In human chronic kidney disease, upregulated CD248 in myofibroblasts is linked to poor renal survival. In this study, we demonstrated a novel interaction between CD248 and macrophages to be a key step in mediating tissue fibrosis. CD248 was upregulated in myofibroblasts in murine models of renal and peritoneal fibrosis. Cd248 knockout (Cd248-/-) could attenuate both renal and peritoneal fibrosis. By parabiosis of GFP reporter mice and Cd248-/- mice, we showed that attenuation of renal fibrosis was associated with a decrease of macrophage infiltration in Cd248-/- mice. Moreover, decrease of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 and Ccl22 was found in macrophages isolated from the fibrotic kidneys of Cd248-/- mice. Because galectin-3-deficient macrophages showed decreased Ccl17 and Ccl22 in fibrotic kidneys, we further demonstrated that CD248 interacted specifically with galectin-3 of macrophages who then expressed CCL17 to activate collagen production in myofibroblasts. Mice with DNA vaccination targeting CD248 showed decreased fibrosis. We thus propose that CD248 targeting should be studied in the clinical tissue fibrosis setting.

MicroRNA-221/222 Mediates ADSC-Exosome-Induced Cardioprotection Against Ischemia/Reperfusion by Targeting PUMA and ETS-1.

Cardiovascular disease is a major health problem in industrialized and developing countries and is the leading cause of death and disability. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) causes cardiomyocyte damage such as apoptosis and hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC-Exo) on hearts from I/R mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms. ADSC-Exo significantly decreased I/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and hypertrophy, as detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining, respectively. In addition, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins p-p53 and PUMA and hypertrophy-related proteins ETS-1 and ANP were significantly reduced in the cardiomyocytes of ADSC-Exo-treated I/R mice compared to those of control mice. Both PUMA and ETS-1 are reported to be target genes for miR-221/222. I/R operation significantly reduced miR-221/222 expression, while ADSC-Exo treatment increased miR-221/222 expression, as detected by RT-qPCR. We also observed that cardiac I/R operation markedly increased cell apoptosis and hypertrophy in miR-221/222 knockout (KO) mice, while ADSC-Exo reduced the effects of I/R operation. Furthermore, ADSC-Exo protected H9c2 cardiomyocytes from H2O2-induced damage by reducing apoptosis and hypertrophy in vitro. H2O2 treatment significantly reduced miR-221/222 expression, while ADSC-Exo treatment reversed this effect in H9c2 cells. ADSC-Exo treatment decreased H2O2-induced PUMA and ETS-1 expression. Compared with control treatment, I/R treatment significantly reduced p-AKT and increased p-p65, while ADSC-Exo and miR-221/222 mimics attenuated these effects. The AKT activator SC79 and p65 inhibitor Bay 11-7082 reduced H2O2-induced cell apoptosis and hypertrophy. Based on these findings, ADSC-Exo prevents cardiac I/R injury through the miR-221/miR-222/PUMA/ETS-1 pathway. Therefore, ADSC-Exo is an effective inhibitor of I/R-induced heart injury.

Embryonic Cul4b is important for epiblast growth and location of primitive streak layer cells.

Cul4b-null (Cul4bΔ/Y) mice undergo growth arrest and degeneration during the early embryonic stages and die at E9.5. The pathogenic causes of this lethality remain incompletely characterized. However, it has been hypothesized that the loss of Cul4b function in extraembryonic tissues plays a key role. In this study, we investigated possible causes of death for Cul4b-null embryos, particularly in regard to the role of embryonic Cul4b. First, we show that the loss of embryonic Cul4b affects the growth of the inner cell mass in vitro and delays epiblast development during the gastrulation period at E6.5~E7.5 in vivo, as highlighted by the absence of the epiblastic transcription factor Brachyury from E6.5~E7.5. Additionally, at E7.5, strong and laterally expanded expression of Eomes and Fgf8 signaling was detected. Sectioning of these embryos showed disorganized primitive streak layer cells. Second, we observed that Mash2-expressing cells were present in the extraembryonic tissues of Cul4b-deficient embryos at E6.5 but were absent at E7.5. In addition, the loss of Cul4b resulted in decreased expression of cyclin proteins, which are required for the cell cycle transition from G1 to S. Taken together, these observations suggest that the embryonic expression of Cul4b is important for epiblast growth during E6.5~E7.5, and the loss of Cul4b results in either delayed growth of the epiblast or defective localization of primitive streak layer cells. As a result, the signaling activity mediated by the epiblast for subsequent ectoplacental cone development is affected, with the potential to induce growth retardation and lethality in Cul4bΔ/Y embryos.

Mice deficient in collapsin response mediator protein-1 exhibit impaired long-term potentiation and impaired spatial learning and memory.

Collapsing response mediator protein-1 (CRMP-1) was initially identified in brain and has been implicated in plexin-dependent neuronal function. The high amino acid sequence identity among the five CRMPs has hindered determination of the functions of each individual CRMP. We generated viable and fertile CRMP-1 knock-out (CRMP-1(-/-)) mice with no evidence of gross abnormality in the major organs. CRMP-1(-/-) mice exhibited intense microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) staining in the proximal portion of the dendrites, but reduced and disorganized MAP2 staining in the distal dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. Immunoreactivity to GAP-43 (growth-associated protein-43) and PSD95 (postsynaptic density-95) (a postsynaptic membrane adherent cytoskeletal protein) was also decreased in the CA1 region of the knock-out mice. These changes were consistent with the mutant mice showing a reduction in long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region and impaired performance in hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory tests. CRMP-1(-/-) mice showed a normal synapsin I labeling pattern in CA1 and normal paired-pulse facilitation. These findings provide the first evidence suggesting that CRMP-1 may be involved in proper neurite outgrowth in the adult hippocampus and that loss of CRMP-1 may affect LTP maintenance and spatial learning and memory.

The effects of wild bitter gourd fruit extracts on ICAM-1 expression in pulmonary epithelial cells of C57BL/6J mice and microRNA-221/222 knockout mice: Involvement of the miR-221/-222/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway.

BACKGROUND: The extracts from wild bitter gourd fruit (WBGE) were reported to possess numerous pharmacological activities. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of WBGE on human lung epithelial cells and the underlying mechanisms have not been determined. PURPOSE: To evaluate the molecular basis of the effects of WBGE on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in alveolar epithelial (A549) cells, C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice and microRNA (miR)-221/-222 knockout (KO) mice with or without tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α; 3 ng/ml) treatment. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: WT mice and miR-221/-222 KO mice were fed a control diet and divided into four groups (C: control mice; T: treated with TNF-α alone; WBGE/T: pretreated with WBGE and then stimulated with TNF-α; WBGE: treated with WBGE alone). The effects of WBGE on ICAM-1 expression and the related signals in A549 cells and mice with or without TNF-α treatment were examined by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS: WBGE significantly decreased the TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression in A549 cells through the inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT)/ nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-κB)/ inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) phosphorylation and decreased leukocyte adhesion. In addition, WBGE reduced endogenous ICAM-1 expression and upregulated miR-221/-222 expression. The overexpression of miR-222 decreased PI3K/AKT/NF-κB/IκB and ICAM-1 expression, which resulted in reducing monocyte adhesion. Moreover, WBGE reduced ICAM-1 expression in lung tissues of WT mice with or without TNF-α treatment and upregulated miR-221/222. WBGE did not affect the miR-221/-222 level and had little effect on ICAM-1 expression in miR-221/-222 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that WBGE reduced ICAM-1 expression both under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The protective effects were mediated partly through the miR-221/-222/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway.

Resveratrol attenuates ICAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesiveness to TNF-α-treated endothelial cells: evidence for an anti-inflammatory cascade mediated by the miR-221/222/AMPK/p38/NF-κB pathway.

Resveratrol, an edible polyphenolic phytoalexin, improves endothelial dysfunction and attenuates inflammation. However, the mechanisms have not been thoroughly elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the molecular basis of the effects of resveratrol on TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression in HUVECs. The resveratrol treatment significantly attenuated the TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression. The inhibition of p38 phosphorylation mediated the reduction in ICAM-1 expression caused by resveratrol. Resveratrol also decreased TNF-α-induced IκB phosphorylation and the phosphorylation, acetylation, and translocation of NF-κB p65. Moreover, resveratrol induced the AMPK phosphorylation and the SIRT1 expression in TNF-α-treated HUVECs. Furthermore, TNF-α significantly suppressed miR-221/-222 expression, which was reversed by resveratrol. miR-221/-222 overexpression decreased p38/NF-κB and ICAM-1 expression, which resulted in reduced monocyte adhesion to TNF-α-treated ECs. In a mouse model of acute TNF-α-induced inflammation, resveratrol effectively attenuated ICAM-1 expression in the aortic ECs of TNF-α-treated wild-type mice. These beneficial effects of resveratrol were lost in miR-221/222 knockout mice. Our data showed that resveratrol counteracted the TNF-α-mediated reduction in miR-221/222 expression and decreased the TNF-α-induced activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB, thereby suppressing ICAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion. Collectively, our results show that resveratrol attenuates endothelial inflammation by reducing ICAM-1 expression and that the protective effect was mediated partly through the miR-221/222/AMPK/p38/NF-κB pathway.

Lack of Thromboxane Synthase Prevents Hypertension and Fetal Growth Restriction after High Salt Treatment during Pregnancy.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a potentially fatal pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder characterized by poor placenta development that can cause fetal growth restriction. PE-associated pathologies, including thrombosis, hypertension, and impaired placental development, may result from imbalances between thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacyclin. Low-dose aspirin, which selectively inhibits TXA2 production, is used to prevent high-risk PE. However, the role of TXA2 in aspirin-mediated protective effects in women with PE is not understood fully. In this study, we examined the role of prostanoids in PE using human samples and an induced PE mouse model. We demonstrated that the administration of salted drinking water (2.7% NaCl) to wild-type mice resulted in elevated placental TXA2 synthase (TXAS) and plasma TXA2, but not prostacyclin, levels, which was also found in our clinical PE placenta samples. The high salt-treated wild-type pregnant mice had shown unchanged maternal body weight, hypertension (MAP increase 15 mmHg), and decreased pup weight (~50%) and size (~24%), but these adverse effects were ameliorated in TXAS knockout (KO) mice. Moreover, increased expression of interleukin-1ß and downstream phosphorylated-p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase were concordant with apoptosis induction in the placentas of salt water-treated wild-type mice. These alterations were not observed in TXAS KO mice. Together, our data suggest that TXA2 depletion has anti-PE effects due to the prevention of hypertension and placental damage through downregulation of the interleukin-1ß pathway.