Stabilizing Dye-Sensitized Upconversion Hybrids by Cyclooctatetraene.

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can convert low-energy near-infrared (NIR) light into high-energy visible light, making them valuable for broad applications. UCNPs often suffer from poor light-harvesting capabilities, which can be significantly improved by incorporating organic dye antennas. However, the dye-sensitized upconversion systems are prone to severe photobleaching in an ambient atmosphere. Here, we present a synergistic approach to mitigate photobleaching by introducing triplet state quencher cyclooctatetraene (COT). COT effectively suppresses the generation of singlet oxygen by quenching the triplet states of the dye and consumes the existing singlet oxygen through oxidant reactions. The inclusion of COT extends the half-life of IR806 by 4.7-times by preventing the oxidation of its poly(methylene) chains. Without significantly affecting emission intensity and dynamics, COT effectively stabilized dye-UCNPs, demonstrating a notable 3.9-fold increase in half-life under continuous laser irradiation. Our findings suggest a new strategy to enhance the photostability of near-infrared dyes and dye-sensitized upconversion nanohybrids.

Real-time stealth optical transmission via fast laser frequency dithering.

We report a real-time 150 kbps stealth transmission within public optical communication of 10 Gbps dual polarization QPSK. The stealth data is modulated onto the frequency tuning signals of a fast-tuning laser source in the transmitter, which causes slight frequency dithering for the transmitted optical signal. In the receiver, the stealth receiver recovers the stealth data from the estimated frequency offset by the QPSK DSP algorithm. The experiments show the stealth transmission has few impacts on the public channel over a 300 km distance. The proposed method is fully compatible with existing optical transmission systems, and the only hardware change is to upgrade the transmitter laser to support frequency tuning through an external analog port for receiving stealth signal. The proposed stealth scheme can combine with cryptographic protocols to improve the integrated security of the system, and can be used as signaling transport for low level network control to reduce the communication overhead.

Experimental demonstration of 17.5 Gb/s physical layer key distribution over 100†km fiber link based on channel physical intrinsic property and polarization reciprocity.

Secure key distribution (SKD) schemes based on fiber channel reciprocity provide information-theoretic security as well as a simple symmetric structure. However, the nonlinear effects and backscattering effects introduced during the bidirectional transmission process degrade the channel reciprocity. Recent unidirectional SKD schemes avoid non-reciprocal factors but require additional negotiation mechanisms to aggregate the transmitter and receiver data. Here, we propose a unidirectional SKD scheme based on channel physical intrinsic property and polarization reciprocity. The designed loopback structure constructs asymmetry between legitimate and illegitimate parties while aggregating data. The deployment of a broadband chaotic entropy source significantly improves the key generation rate (KGR). In the experiment, the KGR reaches 17.5 Gb/s, and the distribution distance reaches 100 km.

Low complexity sub-baud rate sampling reception in a bandwidth-limited IM/DD system.

This Letter presents what is to our knowledge a novel approach to reduce the digital signal processing (DSP) complexity in intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) systems, which is critical for short-reach optical communication systems with severe bandwidth limitations. We propose a sub-baud rate sampling reception method utilizing a polyphase feedforward equalizer-based maximum likelihood sequence estimation (PFFE-MLSE), which could operate effectively under a sampling rate of 0.6 samples per symbol. This new architecture eliminates the need for resampling, allowing the adaptive equalizer to operate with significantly reduced complexity-over 60% compared to traditional FFE-MLSE. An offline experiment, transmitting a 100-Gbaud on-off keying (OOK) signal over a 5-km single-mode fiber (SMF) link, demonstrates the feasibility of our approach with bit error ratio (BER) meeting the KP4-forward error correction (KP4-FEC) threshold in the optical back-to-back (OBTB) scenario and 7% hard-decision FEC (HD-FEC) threshold in the 5-km SMF transmission.

Seamless rate adaptation for wide SNR range in FSO systems based on rate compatible modulation.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a large-range and seamless rate-adaptive free-space optical (FSO) scheme based on rate compatible modulation (RCM). It utilizes a mapping method through weighted summation, enabling an even increase of bit energy. This allows the system to seamlessly adjust the throughput. In addition, the handover mechanism based on rate check and acknowledgment signals ensures a wide coverage of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) fluctuation. It is worth noting that this scheme does not require any changes to the mapping matrix and decoding algorithm, making it easier to implement in real-world systems. Simulation proves the superiority of the proposed approach in terms of coding rate coverage by applying a fixed mapping matrix compared to a traditional adaptive modulation and coding scheme. Experimental demonstration over a 50 m FSO link verifies that the SNR dynamic range of this scheme is >15 dB with a seamless rate adjustment between 6.7 Gb/s and 53.6 Gb/s and the operability of RCM is not limited by the time scale of turbulence, revealing huge potential for the massive connections in future smart cities.

High-security constellation shaped self-homodyne coherent system with 4-D joint encryption.

In recent years, the self-homodyne coherent (SHC) system and the constellation shaping (CS) technique have drawn considerable attention due to their abilities to further improve the transmission capacity for various scenarios. From the security point of view, the CS technique and the SHC infrastructure also provide new dimensions for encryption. We propose a high-security and reliable SHC system based on the CS technique and the digital chaos. With a four-dimensional hyperchaotic system, chaotic sequences are generated and used for the exclusive or operation, chaotic constant composition distribution matching, phase disturbance, and optical-layer time-delay disturbance. Moreover, 64-ary circular quadrature amplitude modulation (64CQAM) format is adopted for transmission due to its advantages of sensitivity to phase noise, immunity to conventional digital signal processing, and ability of time-mismatch masking, which is verified by simulation in a SHC system. Last, we conduct an experimental verification in a 20GBaud probabilistically shaped 64CQAM SHC system. Consequently, with a large-linewidth laser source, optical-layer security can be protected by time mismatches of tens of picoseconds. And the digital-layer security is protected by an enormous key space of 10127. The proposed scheme can provide reliable real-time encryption for the optical fiber transmission, serving as a potential candidate for the future high-capacity inter/intra-datacenter security interconnect.

Towards high spectral efficiency UDWDM-PON based on the simplified coherent reception of pulsed shaped PAM-4 signals.

Enhancing spectral efficiency (SE) of ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (UDWDM-PON) is vital to providing broadband access for massive users. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a high SE UDWDM-PON in the C-band, based on the simplified coherent reception of 10 Gb/s 4-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-4) signals. We investigate the WDM signal reception by mathematical derivation and propose to enhance the SE by adopting both intradyne detection and pulse shaping techniques. Then, both approaches are numerically evaluated, with an identification that there occurs a trade-off between SE and power budget improvements. Finally, we experimentally achieve a SE of 0.83 (bit/s)/Hz and a power budget of 25 dB for a proof-of-concept 3 × 10 Gb/s PAM-4 downstream transmission over 20 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF).

Simple and low-latency multipoint-to-point aggregation architecture using commercial optical transceivers for uplink fronthaul.

The increasing demand of real-time applications poses a huge challenge to building next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) with higher stability and lower system complexity. Parallel signal detection (PSD), which aggregates signals of different intermediate frequencies (IFs) on different wavelengths with a single photodiode (PD), becomes a promising candidate for uplink mobile fronthaul with the advantage of low-latency. However, high requirements on the transmitters inhibit the large-scale deployment of radio units (RU). In this paper, we propose an economical, low-latency, multipoint-to-point (MP2P) uplink fronthaul architecture capable of aggregating four end-users with commercial 25G-class optical modules and a single PD. With delta-sigma modulation (DSM), commercial off-the-shelf optical modules can replace analog transmitters in traditional systems. As a demonstration, we aggregated 4 × 380.16-MHz 5 G new radio (NR) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in an IF band with a fixed interval of 400 MHz over 20 km fiber with 4 users.

Blind SOP recovery of eigenvalue communication system based on a nonlinear Fourier transform.

Owing to the random birefringence of optical fibers, the recovery of the state of polarization (SOP) is urgently needed, especially in the nonlinear spectrum division multiplexing transmissions. Based on the variance of the polarization power ratio among symbols as the cost function, we propose a novel algorithm for the blind SOP recovery of eigenvalue communications. In the single eigenvalue transmissions with phase-shift keying or 16-ary amplitude and phase-shift keying constellations, at least 25.3 dB polarization extinction ratio can be achieved by using a block length of 30, even under 7 dB OSNR condition. It also shows that the proposed algorithm can be employed in multi-eigenvalue NFDM transmissions and full-spectrum modulated NFDM system. In the experiment, our proposed algorithm performs the same as the training symbol based method in back-to-back and less than 3000 km fiber link conditions; a maximum performance gain of 1.6 dB was obtained in ultra-long-haul condition (4300 km). It also shows that the impact of the polarization mode dispersion of a single-mode fiber on the algorithm is negligible.

High-sensitivity acoustic impedance sensing based on forward Brillouin scattering in a highly nonlinear fiber.

By using radial acoustic modes induced forward Brillouin scattering (FBS) in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), to the best of our knowledge we have demonstrated acoustic impedance sensing with the sensitivity reaching beyond 3MHz for the first time. Benefiting from the high acousto-optical coupling efficiency, both radial acoustic modes (R0,m) and torsional-radial acoustic modes (TR2,m) induced FBS in HNLF have larger gain coefficient and scattering efficiency than those in standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). This provides better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and hence larger measurement sensitivity. By using R0,20 mode in HNLF, we have achieved a higher sensitivity of 3.83 MHz/[kg/(s · mm2)], in contrast to that of 2.70 MHz/[kg/(s · mm2)] when measured using R0,9 mode (with almost the largest gain coefficient) in SSMF. Meanwhile, with the use of the TR2,5 mode in HNLF, the sensitivity is measured to be 0.24 MHz/[kg/(s · mm2)], which is still 1.5 times larger than that reported when using the same mode in SSMF. The improved sensitivity would make the detection of the external environment by FBS based sensors more accurate.

Low-disturbance automatic bias point control for optical IQ modulator using digital chaotic waveform as dither signals.

A low-disturbance automatic bias point control (ABC) method for optical in-phase and quadrature modulators (IQM) is proposed using digital chaotic waveform as dither signals. Two distinct chaotic signals, each with unique initial values, are introduced to the direct current (DC) port of IQM in conjunction with a DC voltage. Due to the robust autocorrelation performance and exceptionally low cross-correlation of chaotic signals, the proposed scheme is capable of mitigating the impact of low-frequency interference, signal-signal beat interference, and high-power RF-induced noise on transmitted signals. In addition, due to the broadwidth of chaotic signals, their power is distributed across a broad frequency range, resulting in a significant reduction in power spectral density (PSD). Compared to the conventional single-tone dither-based ABC method, the proposed scheme exhibits a reduction in peak power of the output chaotic signal by over 24.1 dB, thereby minimizing disturbance to the transmitted signal while maintaining superior accuracy and stability for ABC. The performance of ABC methods, based on single-tone and chaotic signal dithering, are experimentally evaluated in both 40Gbaud 16QAM and 20Gbaud 64QAM transmission systems. The results indicate that the utilization of chaotic dither signals leads to a reduction in measured bit error rate (BER) for 40Gbaud 16QAM and 20Gbaud 64QAM signals, with respective decreases from 2.48% to 1.26% and from 5.31% to 3.35% when the received optical power is -27dBm.

PDM-SHD NFDM transmission with envelope-detection feedback polarization tracking and optical injection locking.

Nonlinear frequency division multiplexing (NFDM) systems, especially the eigenvalue communications have the potential to overcome the nonlinear Shannon capacity limit. However, the baud rate of eigenvalue communications is typically restricted to a few GBaud, making it challenging to mitigate laser frequency impairments such as the phase noise and frequency offset (FO) using digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms in intradyne detections (IDs). Therefore, we introduce the polarization division multiplexing-self-homodyne detection (PDM-SHD) into the NFDM link, which could overcome the impact of phase noise and FO by transmitting a pilot carrier originating from the transmitter laser to the receiver through the orthogonal polarization state of signal. To separate the signal from the carrier at the receiver, a carrier to signal power ratio (CSPR) unrestricted adaptive polarization controlling strategy is proposed and implemented by exploiting the optical intensity fluctuation of the light in a particular polarization rather than its direct optical power as the feedback. Optical injection locking (OIL) is used subsequently to amplify optical power of pilot carrier and mitigate the impact of signal-signal beat interference (SSBI). Additionally, the effects of cross-polarization modulation (XPolM) and modulation instability (MI) in long haul transmission are explored and inhibited. The results show that the tolerable FO range is about 3.5 GHz, which is 17 times larger than the ID one. When 16-amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) or 64-APSK constellations are used, identical Q-factor performance can be obtained by using distributed feedback (DFB, ∼10 MHz) laser, external cavity laser (ECL, ∼100kHz), or fiber laser (FL, ∼100 Hz), respectively, which demonstrates that our proposed PDM-SHD eigenvalue communication structure is insensitive to the laser linewidth. Under the impact of cycle slip, the Q-factor difference of 16-APSK signal between the ECL-ID system and ECL-SHD system can be up to 8.73 dB after 1500 km transmission.

100Gb/s coherent optical secure communication over 1000†km based on analog-digital hybrid chaos.

In recent years, the transmission capacity of chaotic secure communications has been greatly expanded by combining coherent detection and multi-dimensional multiplexing. However, demonstrations over 1000 km fiber are yet to be further explored. In this paper, we propose a coherent optical secure transmission system based on analog-digital hybrid chaos. By introducing an analog-digital converter (ADC) and a bit extraction into the feedback loop of entropy source, the broadband analog chaos is converted into a binary digital signal. This binary digital signal is then mapped to a 65536-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signal and injected into the semiconductor laser (SL) to regenerate the analog chaos, forming a closed loop. The binary digital signal from the chaos source and the encrypted signal are transmitted via wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). By using conventional digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms and neural networks for post-compensation, long-haul high-quality chaotic synchronization and high-performance secure communication are achieved. In addition, the probability density distribution of the analog chaotic signal is effectively improved by adopting the additional higher-order mapping operation in the digital part of the chaos source. The proof-of-concept experimental results show that our proposed scheme can support the secure transmission of 100 Gb/s quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signals over 1000 km of standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). The decrypted bit error rate (BER) reaches 9.88 × 10-4, which is well below the 7% forward error correction (FEC) threshold (BER = 3.8 × 10-3). This research provides a potential solution for high-capacity long-haul chaotic optical communications and fills the gap in secure communications based on analog-digital hybrid chaos.

Penalty mitigation for OSC-induced XPM in long-haul WDM coherent systems by digital up-conversion coding.

Due to the cross phase modulation (XPM) effect, in long-haul high-speed dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) coherent systems, using a low-speed on-off-keying (OOK) format optical supervisory channel (OSC) will introduce extra nonlinear phase noise, which restricts the transmission distance. In this paper, we propose a simple OSC coding method to mitigate the OSC-induced nonlinear phase noise. According to the split-step solution of the Manakov equation, we up-convert the baseband of the OSC signal out of the pass-band of the walk-off term to reduce the spectrum density of XPM phase noise. Experimental results show that the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) budget on the 400 G channel of 1280-km transmission is improved by 0.96 dB, which achieves almost the same performance with the no OSC case.

Real-time stealth optical transmission via dither-remodulation in a bias controller of a Mach-Zehnder modulator.

The physical layer transmission security is a promising technology against security threats. As an effective supplement to the encryption strategy, steganography has received widespread attention. We report a real-time 2 kbps stealth transmission in the 10 Gbps dual polarization QPSK public optical communication. The stealth data is embedded in dither signals via precise and stable bias control technique for a Mach-Zehnder modulator. In the receiver, the stealth data can be recovered from the normal transmission signals by low SNR signal processing and digital down conversion. The stealth transmission has been verified to pose almost no impact on the public channel over a 117 km distance. The proposed scheme is compatible with existing optical transmission systems, so that no new hardware needs to be employed. It can be accomplished and is exceeded economically by adding simple algorithms, which utilizes only a small amount of FPGA resources. The proposed method can cooperate with encryption strategies or cryptographic protocols at different network layers to reduce the communication overhead and improve the overall security of the system.

Simultaneous sensing of temperature and strain with enhanced performance using forward Brillouin scattering in highly nonlinear fiber.

Simultaneous temperature and strain sensing has been demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge by using forward Brillouin scattering (FBS) in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). It is based on different responses of radial acoustic modes R0,m and torsional-radial acoustic modes TR2,m to the temperature and strain. High-order acoustic modes with large FBS gain in an HNLF are chosen to improve the sensitivity. To reduce the measurement error, a method to select the best mode combination with the lowest measurement errors is proposed and demonstrated by both simulation and experiment. Three mode combinations have been used for both temperature and strain sensing, and by using the mode combination (R0,18, TR2,29), the lowest temperature and strain errors of 0.12°C/39 µÉ› have been achieved. Compared with sensors using backward Brillouin scattering (BBS), the proposed scheme only requires frequency measurement around 1 GHz, which is cost-effective without the need for a ∼10-GHz microwave source. Moreover, the accuracy is enhanced since the FBS resonance frequency and spectrum linewidth are much smaller than those of BBS.

Secure key distribution based on the polarization reciprocity of fiber and a coherent reception architecture.

Secure key distribution (SKD) schemes based on the interaction between a broadband chaotic source and the reciprocity of a fiber channel exhibit reliable security and a high key generation rate (KGR). However, under the intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) architecture, these SKD schemes cannot achieve a long distribution distance due to the limitations on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the receiver's sensitivity. Here, based on the advantage of the high sensitivity of coherent reception, we design a coherent-SKD structure where orthogonal polarization states are locally modulated by a broadband chaotic signal and the single-frequency local oscillator (LO) light is transmitted bidirectionally in the optical fiber. The proposed structure not only utilizes the polarization reciprocity of optical fiber but also largely eliminates the non-reciprocity factor, which can effectively extend the distribution distance. The experiment realized an error-free SKD with a transmission distance of 50 km and a KGR of 1.85 Gbit/s.

SNR-enhanced and high-order frequency multiplied 64-QAM millimeter-wave signal generation enabled by MZM-based angle modulation.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel scheme to generate ultrahigh-order frequency multiplied millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signals with high fidelity enabled by angle modulation (ANG-M). The constant envelope (CE) characteristic of the ANG-M signal makes it possible to avoid nonlinear distortion induced by photonic frequency multiplication. In addition, the theoretical formula and the simulation results prove that the modulation index (MI) of the ANG-M signal increases along with frequency multiplication, so as to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the frequency-multiplied signal. In the experiment, we confirm the SNR of the 4-fold signal is enhanced by 2.1 dB approximately for the increased MI compared to the 2-fold signal. Finally, a 6-Gb/s 64-QAM signal with a carrier frequency of 30 GHz is generated and transmitted over 25-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) using only a 3-GHz radio frequency signal and 10-GHz bandwidth Mach-Zehnder modulator. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that a 10-fold frequency-multiplied 64-QAM signal with high fidelity is generated. The results prove that the proposed method will be a potential solution for low-cost mm-wave signal generation in future 6G communication.

Virtual-carrier-assisted 12 Gb/s 64QAM millimeter-wave signal transmission at 30†GHz using a 4-bit digital-to-analog converter.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a radio-frequency digital resolution enhancer (RF-DRE) to mitigate the quantization noise of the RF signal induced by the low-resolution digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in the virtual-carrier-assisted millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal transmission system. By introducing a bandpass filter (BPF) as the reference for the RF-DRE algorithm, we can design the quantization noise and shape its spectrum inversely to the bandpass filter. By these means, the quantization noise in the target RF frequency range can be effectively mitigated. In the simulation, the bit error rate (BER) of a 4-bit DAC-quantized 16 Gb/s 256QAM signal at 30 GHz is improved from 3.36e-2 to 7.43e-3 by using the RF-DRE. In our experiment, 30 GHz virtual-carrier-assisted mm-wave transmission of 12 Gb/s 64QAM signals over 25 km of standard signal mode fiber (SSMF) is realized. By using the RF-DRE, the BER of a 4-bit DAC-quantized signal can be improved from 6.88e-3 to 1.49e-3, and a 5-bit DAC exhibits a similar performance to an 8-bit DAC without the RF-DRE. Therefore, low-resolution and low-cost DACs can be used for mm-wave signal generation with the help of the proposed RF-DRE.

Amplified stimulated emission in upconversion nanoparticles for super-resolution nanoscopy.

Lanthanide-doped glasses and crystals are attractive for laser applications because the metastable energy levels of the trivalent lanthanide ions facilitate the establishment of population inversion and amplified stimulated emission at relatively low pump power. At the nanometre scale, lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can now be made with precisely controlled phase, dimension and doping level. When excited in the near-infrared, these UCNPs emit stable, bright visible luminescence at a variety of selectable wavelengths, with single-nanoparticle sensitivity, which makes them suitable for advanced luminescence microscopy applications. Here we show that UCNPs doped with high concentrations of thulium ions (Tm3+), excited at a wavelength of 980 nanometres, can readily establish a population inversion on their intermediate metastable 3H4 level: the reduced inter-emitter distance at high Tm3+ doping concentration leads to intense cross-relaxation, inducing a photon-avalanche-like effect that rapidly populates the metastable 3H4 level, resulting in population inversion relative to the 3H6 ground level within a single nanoparticle. As a result, illumination by a laser at 808 nanometres, matching the upconversion band of the 3H4 → 3H6 transition, can trigger amplified stimulated emission to discharge the 3H4 intermediate level, so that the upconversion pathway to generate blue luminescence can be optically inhibited. We harness these properties to realize low-power super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and achieve nanometre-scale optical resolution (nanoscopy), imaging single UCNPs; the resolution is 28 nanometres, that is, 1/36th of the wavelength. These engineered nanocrystals offer saturation intensity two orders of magnitude lower than those of fluorescent probes currently employed in stimulated emission depletion microscopy, suggesting a new way of alleviating the square-root law that typically limits the resolution that can be practically achieved by such techniques.