Aberrant expression of CKS2 induced by ELK1 contributes to malignant progression of pancreatic cancer.

Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) has been reported to promote various malignancies. This study investigated the functional role of CKS2 in pancreatic cancer (PC). An analysis of abnormally expressed genes and their prognostic value for PC was performed by using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database and performing immunohistochemical staining on 64 samples of tumor tissue. CCK-8 assays, EdU staining, colony formation assays, flow cytometry, and a xenograft tumor model were used to analyze the biological function of CKS2 in PC. Our results revealed that CKS2 was expressed at significantly higher levels in PC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues, and a high level of CKS2 expression was associated with a poor prognosis for patients with PC. Moreover, functional assays revealed that CKS2 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, induced cell cycle S phase, G2/M phase arrest, and apoptosis in vitro, and also reduced tumor growth in vivo. In addition, CKS2 knockdown increased the levels of Bax, caspase-3, P53, P21, and GADD45α expression, but decreased Bcl-2, Cyclin B1, CDK1, Cyclin A, and Cdc25C expression. CKS2 overexpression produced the opposite effects of CKS2 knockdown. Furthermore, we found that ELK1 protein regulated transcription of the CKS2 gene. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CKS2 expression is regulated by ELK1, which could possibly serve as prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for PC.

CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainage of pancreatic postoperative collections.

Objective: To examine the clinical characteristics of fluid collections after pancreatic surgery and evaluate the safety and effectiveness of CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainage (CT-PCD).Material and methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out. 51 patients enrolled in this study underwent CT-PCD for collections after pancreatic surgery. The clinical and imaging data were collected and analysed.Results: In all 51 cases, CT scans showed that the samples were collected from the upper abdomen in 94.1% (48/51) of the patients. Apparent clinical symptoms before puncture manifested in 88.2% (45/51) of the patients. The average interval between surgery and puncture was 14.3 ± 7.9 days. In 76.4% (39/51) of the patients, the abdominal drainage catheter inserted during surgery was still not removed during CT-PCD. Amylase levels in drainage fluid were more than three times that of serum amylase in 66.7% (24/36) of the patients. The drainage fluid of 37 patients was sent for bacterial cultures; of these, 64.9% (24/37) tested positive. Full recovery after single puncture procedure occurred in 84.3% (43/51) of the patients. The incidence of puncture-related complications was 3.9%.Conclusions: Pancreatic postoperative collections requiring clinical puncture were mostly located in the upper abdomen. CT-PCD is a safe technique with good therapeutic effects in patients with collections.

Central pancreatectomy for early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a single-center case-control study.

PURPOSE: Central pancreatectomy (CP) has been applied for treating benign and low-grade malignant tumors in pancreatic neck, but studies regarding CP for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are quite limited. We aimed to investigate the role of central pancreatectomy in the treatment of PDAC in the neck of the pancreas. METHODS: Patients who underwent CP at our hospital between 2009 and 2016 were identified. Patients treated by distal pancreatectomy (DP) were matched according to the tumor size, location, and staging. The surgical and survival outcomes were compared between the CP and DP groups. RESULTS: Nine patients had CP. Five (56%) had postoperative complications and three (33%) had clinically significant (grade B + C) fistula. No significant difference was found between the CP and DP groups for the rate of overall morbidity, pancreatic fistula, reoperation, and readmission. Tumor size was smaller in the CP group compared to the DP group. The mortality of both groups was zero. The median postoperative survival was similar between the two groups (20.4 months for CP vs 19.4 months for DP, P = 0.842). CONCLUSIONS: CP is safe for patients with small PDAC at the neck of the pancreas. Considering the good preservation of pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions, CP could be considered as an alternative procedure for single small PDAC in pancreatic neck.

Overexpressed CA12 has prognostic value in pancreatic cancer and promotes tumor cell apoptosis via NF-κB signaling.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is among the deadliest forms of cancer globally. Carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12) is known to play central roles in regulating many cancers, but its function in the context of PAAD is rarely discussed. This study was, therefore, designed to assess the expression of CA12 in PAAD and to explore its underlying mechanistic role in this cancer type. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining was used to measure CA12 expression in PAAD samples. The functionality of pancreatic cancer cells expressing varying levels of CA12 was assessed through wound healing, Transwell, and CCK-8 assays. In addition, flow cytometry was used to measure apoptosis and cell cycle progression in these same cells, while Western blotting was used to analyze the expression of proteins associated with the NF-κB signaling pathway. RESULTS: PAAD tissue samples exhibited significant CA12 downregulation (P < 0.001), and lower CA12 expression was, in turn, associated with poorer overall survival (P < 0.001). CA12 overexpression significantly impaired the proliferation of PAAD cell lines, instead inducing their apoptotic death and G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest (P < 0.05). We additionally found that CA12 may exert its tumor suppressive roles via modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that CA12 functions as a tumor suppressor in PAAD and may thus be a novel therapeutic target that can be used to guide PAAD patient treatment.

Glycolysis promotes the progression of pancreatic cancer and reduces cancer cell sensitivity to gemcitabine.

Previous studies have reported that increased glycolytic activity enhances chemotherapy resistance in some types of malignancies. However, whether glycolysis influences the curative effect of gemcitabine (GEM) on pancreatic cancer (PC) cells remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of glycolysis in PC and its association with tolerance to GEM. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to analyze the correlation between glycolysis-related gene (GRG) expression and PC progression and prognosis. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) was applied to assess the effect of glycolysis inhibition on PC cell death and GEM tolerance. Expression of some GRGs, such as HK1, GAPDH, PKM2, and LDHA, was significantly associated with the prognosis of PC. Furthermore, HK1, PKLR, and LDHA expression correlated positively with PC progression. Further analysis revealed that cancer cell death was markedly enhanced following glycolysis inhibition and that the sensitivity of cancer cells to GEM was notably increased in the presence of 2-DG. Our findings indicate that abnormally increased glycolytic activity promotes the development of PC and enhances drug tolerance to GEM. 2-DG combined with GEM is a potential therapy for PC.

EFNB2 facilitates cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via the p53/p21 pathway and EMT.

Ephrin-2 (EFNB2) is expressed at abnormally high levels in some neoplasms, such as squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and colorectal cancer. Its overexpression is associated with the malignant progression of tumors. However, the expression of EFNB2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been thoroughly studied. EFNB2 expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Furthermore, the association between its expression levels and the clinicopathological features of PDAC patients was explored. To determine the underlying mechanisms of EFNB2, we transfected PDAC cells with small interfering RNA and performed in vitro and in vivo experiments. EFNB2 expression levels were significantly increased in cancer tissues and were associated with PDAC clinical stage and Ki67 expression. The down-regulation of EFNB2 inhibited cell proliferation by up-regulating p53/p21-mediated G0/G1 phase blockade. Knockdown of EFNB2 decreased the migration and invasion of PDAC cells by blocking epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These results suggested that EFNB2 may participate in the development of PDAC by promoting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Thus, EFNB2 is a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of PDAC.

Downregulated miR-98-5p promotes PDAC proliferation and metastasis by reversely regulating MAP4K4.

BACKGROUND: The aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has emerged as important hallmarks of cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the differences of miRNA expression remain unclear. Many studies have reported that miR-98-5p plays vital functions in the development and progression of multiple cancers. However, its role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unknown. METHODS: The expression of miR-98-5p and its specific target gene were determined in human PDAC specimens and cell lines by miRNA qRT-PCR, qRT-PCR and western blot. The effects of miR-98-5p depletion or ectopic expression on PDAC proliferation, migration and invasion were evaluated in vitro using CCK-8 proliferation assays, colony formation assays, wound healing assays and transwell assays. Furthermore, the in vivo effects were investigated using the mouse subcutaneous xenotransplantation and pancreatic tail xenotransplantation models. Luciferase reporter assays were employed to identify interactions between miR-98-5p and its specific target gene. RESULTS: MiR-98-5p expression was significantly lower in cancerous tissues and associated with tumor size, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and survival. Notably, a series of gain- and loss-of-function assays elucidated that miR-98-5p suppressed PDAC cell proliferation, migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Luciferase reporter assays, western blot and qRT-PCR revealed MAP4K4 to be a direct target of miR-98-5p. The effects of ectopic miR-98-5p were rescued by MAP4K4 overexpression. In contrast, the effects of miR-98-5p depletion were impaired by MAP4K4 knockdown. Furthermore, miR-98-5p suppressed the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway through downregulation of MAP4K4. In addition, the expression level of miR-98-5p was negatively correlated with MAP4K4 expression in PDAC tissues and cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that downregulation of miR-98-5p promotes tumor development by downregulation of MAP4K4 and inhibition of the downstream MAPK/ERK signaling, thus, highlighting the potential of miR-98-5p as a therapeutic target for PDAC.