Genome-wide DNase I-hypersensitive site assay reveals distinct genomic distributions and functional features of open chromatin in autopolyploid sugarcane.

The characterization of cis-regulatory DNA elements (CREs) is essential for deciphering the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. Although there have been endeavors to identify CREs in plants, the properties of CREs in polyploid genomes are still largely unknown. Here, we conducted the genome-wide identification of DNase I-hypersensitive sites (DHSs) in leaf and stem tissues of the auto-octoploid species Saccharum officinarum. We revealed that DHSs showed highly similar distributions in the genomes of these two S. officinarum tissues. Notably, we observed that approximately 74% of DHSs were located in distal intergenic regions, suggesting considerable differences in the abundance of distal CREs between S. officinarum and other plants. Leaf- and stem-dependent transcriptional regulatory networks were also developed by mining the binding motifs of transcription factors (TFs) from tissue-specific DHSs. Four TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, and PCF1 (TCP) TFs (TCP2, TCP4, TCP7, and TCP14) and two ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) (ERF109 and ERF03) showed strong causal connections with short binding distances from each other, pointing to their possible roles in the regulatory networks of leaf and stem development. Through functional validation in transiently transgenic protoplasts, we isolate a set of tissue-specific promoters. Overall, the DHS maps presented here offer a global view of the potential transcriptional regulatory elements in polyploid sugarcane and can be expected to serve as a valuable resource for both transcriptional network elucidation and genome editing in sugarcane breeding.

A Multifunctional Zwitterion Electrolyte Additive for Highly Reversible Zinc Metal Anode.

Although zinc metal anode is promising for zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) owing to high energy density, its reversibility is significantly obstructed by uncontrolled dendrite growth and parasitic reactions. Optimizing electrolytes is a facile yet effective method to simultaneously address these issues. Herein, 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), a pH buffer as novel additive, is initially introduced into conventional ZnSO4 electrolyte to ensure a dendrite-free zinc anode surface, enabling a stable Zn/electrolyte interface, which is achieved by controlling the solvated sheath through H2O poor electric double layer (EDL) derived from zwitterionic groups. Moreover, this zwitterionic additive can balance localized H+ concentration of the electrolyte system, thus preventing parasitic reactions in damaging electrodes. DFT calculation proves that the MES additive has a strong affinity with Zn2+ and induces uniform deposition along (002) orientation. As a result, the Zn anode in MES-based electrolyte exhibits exceptional plating/stripping lifespan with 1600 h at 0.5 mA cm-2 (0.5 mAh cm-2) and 430 h at 5.0 mA cm-2 (5.0 mAh cm-2) while it maintains high coulombic efficiency of 99.8%. This work proposes an effective and facile approach for designing dendrite-free anode for future aqueous Zn-based storage devices.

Self-Assembled Micelles Based on Ginsenoside Rg5 for the Targeted Treatment of PTX-Resistant Tumors.

Paclitaxel (PTX) is one of the first-line drugs for prostate cancer (PC) treatment. However, the poor water solubility, inadequate specific targeting ability, multidrug resistance, and severe neurotoxicity are far from being fully resolved, despite diverse PTX formulations in the market, such as the gold-standard PTX albumin nanoparticle (Abraxane) and polymer micelles (Genexol-PM). Some studies attempting to solve the multiple problems of chemotherapy delivery fall into the trap of an extremely complicated formulation design and sacrifice druggability. To better address these issues, this study designed an efficient, toxicity-reduced paclitaxel-ginsenoside polymeric micelle (RPM). With the aid of the inherent amphiphilic molecular structure and pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rg5, the prepared RPM enhances the water solubility and active targeting of PTX, inhibiting chemotherapy resistance in cancer cells. Moreover, the polymeric micelles demonstrated favorable anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, providing ideas for the development of new clinical anti-PC preparations.

Physical- and Chemical-Dually ROS-Responsive Nano-in-Gel Platforms with Sequential Release of OX40 Agonist and PD-1 Inhibitor for Augmented Combination Immunotherapy.

Combination immunotherapy synergizing the PD-1 blockade with OX40 agonism has become a research hotspot, due to its enormous potential to overcome the restricted clinical objective response suffered by monotherapy. Questions of timing and sequence have been important aspects of immunotherapies when considering immunologic mechanisms; however, most of the time the straightforward additive approach was taken. Herein, our work is the first to investigate an alternative timing of aOX40 and aPD-1 treatment in melanoma-bearing mice, and it demonstrates that sequential administration (aOX40 first, then aPD-1 following) provided superior antitumor benefits than concurrent treatment. Based on that, to further avoid the limits suffered by solution forms, we adopted pharmaceutical technologies to construct an in situ-formed physical- and chemical-dually ROS-responsive nano-in-gel platform to implement sequential and prolonged release of aPD-1 and aOX40. Equipped with these advantages, the as-prepared (aPD-1NCs&aOX40)@Gels elicited augmented combination immunity and achieved great eradication of both primary and distant melanoma tumors in vivo.

Unlocking Double Redox Reaction of Metal-Organic Framework for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show wide application as the cathode of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) in the future owning to their high porosity, diverse structures, abundant species, and controllable morphology. However, the low energy density and poor cycling stability hinder the feasibility in practical application. Herein, an innovative strategy of organic/inorganic double electroactive sites is proposed and demonstrated to obtain extra capacity and enhance the energy density in a manganese-based metal-organic framework (Mn-MOF-74). Simultaneously, its energy storage mechanism is systematically investigated. Moreover, profiting from the coordination effect, the Mn-MOF-74 features with stable structure in ZnSO4 electrolyte. Therefore, the Zn/Mn-MOF-74 batteries exhibit a high energy density and superior cycling stability. This work aids in the future development of MOFs in AZIBs.

In Situ Vaccination with An Injectable Nucleic Acid Hydrogel for Synergistic Cancer Immunotherapy.

Recently, therapeutic cancer vaccines have emerged as promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. Nevertheless, their efficacies are frequently impeded by challenges including inadequate antigen encapsulation, insufficient immune activation, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Herein, we report a three-in-one hydrogel assembled by nucleic acids (NAs) that can serve as a vaccine to in situ trigger strong immune response against cancer. Through site-specifically grafting the chemodrug, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (also known as SN38), onto three component phosphorothioate (PS) DNA strands, a Y-shaped motif (Y-motif) with sticky ends is self-assembled, at one terminus of which an unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) segment is introduced as an immune agonist. Thereafter, programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) siRNA that performs as immune checkpoint inhibitor is designed as a crosslinker to assemble with the CpG- and SN38-containing Y-motif, resulting in the formation of final NA hydrogel vaccine. With three functional agents inside, the hydrogel can remarkably induce the immunogenic cell death to enhance the antigen presentation, promoting the dendritic cell maturation and effector T lymphocyte infiltration, as well as relieving the immunosuppressive tumor environment. When inoculated twice at tumor sites, the vaccine demonstrates a substantial antitumor effect in melanoma mouse model, proving its potential as a general platform for synergistic cancer immunotherapy.

Haplotype variations of sucrose phosphate synthase B gene among sugarcane accessions with different sucrose content.

BACKGROUND: Sucrose phosphate synthase B (SPSB) gene encoding an important rate-limiting enzyme for sucrose synthesis in sugarcane is mainly expressed on leaves, where its alleles control sucrose synthesis. In this study, genetic variation of SPSB gene represented by different haplotypes in sugarcane was investigated in hybrid clones with high and low sugar content and various accessory species. RESULTS: A total of 39 haplotypes of SPSB gene with 2, 824 bp in size were identified from 18 sugarcane accessions. These haplotypes mainly distributed on Chr3B, Chr3C, and Chr3D according to the AP85-441 reference genome. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion/deletion (InDels) were very dense (42 bp/sequence variation) including 44 transitional and 23 transversional SNPs among the 39 haplotypes. The sequence diversity related Hd, Eta, and Pi values were all lower in clones of high sucrose content (HS) than those in clones of low sucrose content (LS). The evolutionary network analysis showed that about half SPSB haplotypes (19 out of 39) were clustered into one group, including 6 (HAP4, HAP6, HAP7, HAP9, HAP17 and HAP20) haplotypes under positive selection in comparison to HAP26 identified in Badila (S. officinarum), an ancestry noble cane species and under purification selection (except HAP19 under neutral selection) in comparison to HAP18 identified from India1 (S. spontaneum), an ancestry species with low sugar content but high stress tolerance. The average number of haplotypes under positive selection in HS clones was twice as that in LS. Most of the SNPs and InDels sequence variation sites were positively correlated with sucrose and fiber content and negatively correlated with reducing sugar. CONCLUSIONS: A total of 39 haplotypes of SPSB gene were identified in this study. Haplotypes potentially associated with high sucrose synthesis efficiency were identified. The mutations of SPSB haplotypes in HS were favorable and tended to be selected and fixed. The results of this study are informative and beneficial to the molecular assisted breeding of sucrose synthesis in sugarcane in the future.

Magnetic Core@Shell Fe3O4@Polypyrrole@Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Composite for Enhanced Selective Removal of Dyestuffs and Heavy Metal Ions from Complex Wastewater.

Adsorption materials have demonstrated huge potential in treating sewage; however, it is a great challenge to fabricate an adsorbent effectively adsorbing multiple dyestuffs and heavy metal ions simultaneously. Here, a magnetic core@shell Fe3O4@polypyrrole@sodium dodecyl sulfate (Fe3O4@PPy@SDS) composite is prepared through the combination of a hydrothermal method, an in situ polymerization method, and modification, exhibiting enhanced selective removal of five dyestuffs (methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), rhodamine B (RhB), Congo red (CR), acid red 1 (AR1)), and heavy metal ions (Mn(VII)). The effects of adsorbent type, time, initial concentration of the adsorbate, and temperature on adsorption performances are investigated in detail. Kinetics and isotherm studies indicate that all adsorption processes are more in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model, the diffusion behavior is controlled by intraparticle diffusion and liquid film diffusion, and research of thermodynamics reveals a spontaneous endothermic behavior. The removal efficiency after five desorption-adsorption cycles can still reach more than 90%. The prepared Fe3O4@PPy@SDS composite is an efficient and promising renewable adsorbent for the treatment of dyestuffs and Mn(VII), exhibiting a wide range of applications in the field of adsorption.

Infrared linear polarization small target enhancement algorithm in the cloudy background.

With the development of infrared polarization sensors, image enhancement algorithms have been developed. Although using polarization information quickly distinguishes man-made objects from natural backgrounds, cumulus clouds would become detection noise because of their similar characteristics to targets in the sky scene. In this paper, we propose an image enhancement algorithm based on polarization characteristics and the atmospheric transmission model. The algorithm utilizes the principle of polarization imaging and atmospheric transmission theory to enhance the target in the image while suppressing the interference of clutter. We compare with other algorithms through the data we collected. The experimental results show that our algorithm significantly improves the target brightness and reduces clutter at the same time with real-time performance.

The influence of pyroptosis-related genes on the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Increasing evidences have demonstrated that pyroptosis exerts key roles in the occurrence, development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the mechanisms of pyroptosis in COPD remain largely unknown. In our research, Statistics were performed using R software and related packages in this study. Series matrix files of small airway epithelium samples were downloaded from the GEO database. Differential expression analysis with FDR < 0.05 was performed to identify COPD-associated pyroptosis-related genes. 8 up-regulated genes (CASP4, CASP5, CHMP7, GZMB, IL1B, AIM2, CASP6, GSDMC) and 1 down-regulated genes (PLCG1) was identified as COPD-associated pyroptosis-related genes. Twenty-six COPD key genes was identified by WGCNA analysis. PPI analysis and gene correlation analysis showed their relationship clearly. KEGG and GO analysis have revealed the main pyroptosis-related mechanism of COPD. The expression of 9 COPD-associated pyroptosis-related genes in different grades was also depicted. The immune environment of COPD was also explored. Furthermore, the relationship of pyroptosis-related genes and the expression of immune cells was also be shown in the end. In the end, we concluded that pyroptosis influences the development of COPD. This study may provide new insight into the novel therapeutic targets for COPD clinical treatment.

SM22α Deletion Contributes to Neurocognitive Impairment in Mice through Modulating Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypes.

Considerable evidence now indicates that cognitive impairment is primarily a vascular disorder. The depletion of smooth muscle 22 alpha (SM22α) contributes to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) switching from contractile to synthetic and proinflammatory phenotypes in the context of inflammation. However, the role of VSMCs in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment remains undetermined. Herein, we showed a possible link between VSMC phenotypic switching and neurodegenerative diseases via the integration of multi-omics data. SM22α knockout (Sm22α-/-) mice exhibited obvious cognitive impairment and cerebral pathological changes, which were visibly ameliorated by the administration of AAV-SM22α. Finally, we confirmed that SM22α disruption promotes the expression of SRY-related HMG-box gene 10 (Sox10) in VSMCs, thereby aggravating the systemic vascular inflammatory response and ultimately leading to cognitive impairment in the brain. Therefore, this study supports the idea of VSMCs and SM22α as promising therapeutic targets in cognitive impairment to improve memory and cognitive decline.

Modified Newton-residual interpolation for division of focal plane polarization image demosaicking.

With the improvement of semiconductor processing technology, polarization sensors using division of focal plane have gradually become the mainstream method of polarization imaging. Similar to the color restoration method of the Bayer array sensor, the spatial information of polarized image is also recovered through the polarization demosaicking algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new modified Newton-residual interpolation polarization image demosaicking algorithm based on residual interpolation, which is suitable for a monochrome or color polarization filter array. First, we use the modified Newton interpolation method to generate edge-sensitive guiding images. Then, we carry out the improvement of the guide process during the residual interpolation by performing variance statistics on the local window image in the guiding process, so that the edges and flat image blocks have different guiding weights. Finally, we obtain edge-preserving results by applying these two improvements, which reduces the zipper effect and edge confusion. We compare the results of various algorithms on experimental data, demonstrating that our algorithm has impactful improvements in the evaluation metrics based on the ground-truth images.

Zeolite Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) Derived Nanomaterials and their Hybrids for Advanced Secondary Batteries and Electrocatalysis.

Zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), as a typical class of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), have attracted a great deal of attention in the field of energy storage and conversation due to their chemical structure stability, facile synthesis and environmental friendliness. Among of ZIFs family, the zinc-based imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) and cobalt-based imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) have considered as promising ZIFs materials, which attributed to their tunable porosity, stable structure, and desirable electrical conductivity. To date, various ZIF-8 and ZIF67 derived materials, including carbon materials, metal oxides, sulfides, selenides, carbides and phosphides, have been successfully synthesized using ZIFs as templates and evaluated as promising electrode materials for secondary batteries and electrocatalysis. This review provides an effective guide for the comprehension of the performance optimization and application prospects of ZIFs derivatives, specifically focusing on the optimization of structure and their application in secondary batteries and electrocatalysis. In detail, we present recent advances in the improvement of electrochemical performance of ZIF-8, ZIF-67 and ZIF-8@ZIF-67 derived nanomaterials and their hybrids, including carbon materials, metal oxides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, selenides, and phosphides for high-performance secondary batteries and electrocatalysis.

Characterization of full-length transcriptome in Saccharum officinarum and molecular insights into tiller development.

BACKGROUND: Although extensive breeding efforts are ongoing in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), the average yield is far below the theoretical potential. Tillering is an important component of sugarcane yield, however, the molecular mechanism underlying tiller development is still elusive. The limited genomic data in sugarcane, particularly due to its complex and large genome, has hindered in-depth molecular studies. RESULTS: Herein, we generated full-length (FL) transcriptome from developing leaf and tiller bud samples based on PacBio Iso-Seq. In addition, we performed RNA-seq from tiller bud samples at three developmental stages (T0, T1 and T2) to uncover key genes and biological pathways involved in sugarcane tiller development. In total, 30,360 and 20,088 high-quality non-redundant isoforms were identified in leaf and tiller bud samples, respectively, representing 41,109 unique isoforms in sugarcane. Likewise, we identified 1063 and 1037 alternative splicing events identified in leaf and tiller bud samples, respectively. We predicted the presence of coding sequence for 40,343 isoforms, 98% of which was successfully annotated. Comparison with previous FL transcriptomes in sugarcane revealed 2963 unreported isoforms. In addition, we characterized 14,946 SSRs from 11,700 transcripts and 310 lncRNAs. By integrating RNA-seq with the FL transcriptome, 468 and 57 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified in T1vsT0 and T2vsT0, respectively. Strong up-regulation of several pyruvate phosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genes suggests enhanced carbon fixation and protein synthesis to facilitate tiller growth. Similarly, up-regulation of linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase and lipoxygenase genes in the linoleic acid metabolism pathway suggests high synthesis of key oxylipins involved in tiller growth and development. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, we have enriched the genomic data available in sugarcane and provided candidate genes for manipulating tiller formation and development, towards productivity enhancement in sugarcane.

MSRMNet: Multi-scale skip residual and multi-mixed features network for salient object detection.

The current models for the salient object detection (SOD) have made remarkable progress through multi-scale feature fusion strategies. However, the existing models have large deviations in the detection of different scales, and the target boundaries of the prediction images are still blurred. In this paper, we propose a new model addressing these issues using a transformer backbone to capture multiple feature layers. The model uses multi-scale skip residual connections during encoding to improve the accuracy of the model's predicted object position and edge pixel information. Furthermore, to extract richer multi-scale semantic information, we perform multiple mixed feature operations in the decoding stage. In addition, we add the structure similarity index measure (SSIM) function with coefficients in the loss function to enhance the accurate prediction performance of the boundaries. Experiments demonstrate that our algorithm achieves state-of-the-art results on five public datasets, and improves the performance metrics of the existing SOD tasks. Codes and results are available at: https://github.com/xxwudi508/MSRMNet.

Phytic acid cross-linked and Hofmeister effect strengthened polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels for zinc ion storage.

It is a big challenge to retain the water and thus reduce the charge impedance for solid electrolytes used in flexible and wearable zinc ion batteries. Here, we propose novel phytic acid (PA) cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels as high-performanced solid electrolytes strengthened by the Hofmeister effect. In this approach, freeze-thawing followed by a salting-out procedure via anions to induce the Hofmeister effect can greatly improve the tensile strain and flexibility of the hydrogels. The PA addition dramatically enhances the ionic conductivity and increases the affinity between the electrolyte and zinc plate. Consequently, the PVA/PA hydrogels exhibit remarkable electrochemical performances with stable full-cell cycling in zinc ion storage and capability in inhibiting Zn dendrite growth.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Revealed Key Pathways Involved in Saccharum spontaneum Defense against Sporisorium scitamineum.

Sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, poses a severe threat to sugarcane production. The genetic basis of sugarcane resistance to S. scitamineum remains elusive. A comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic study was conducted on two wild Saccharum species of S. spontaneum with contrast smut resistance. Following infection, the resistant line exhibited greater down-regulation of genes and metabolites compared to the susceptible line, indicating distinct biological processes. Lignan and lignin biosynthesis and SA signal transduction were activated in the resistant line, while flavonoid biosynthesis and auxin signal transduction were enhanced in the susceptible line. TGA2.2 and ARF14 were identified as playing positive and negative roles, respectively, in plant defense. Exogenous auxin application significantly increased the susceptibility of S. spontaneum to S. scitaminum. This study established the significant switching of defense signaling pathways in contrast-resistant S. spontaneum following S. scitamineum infection, offering a hypothetical model and candidate genes for further research into sugarcane smut disease.

Molecular Engineering and Morphology Control of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhancing Activity of Metal-Enzyme Cascade Catalysis.

Metal-enzyme integrated catalysts (MEICs) that combine metal and enzyme offer great potential for sustainable chemoenzymatic cascade catalysis. However, rational design and construction of optimal microenvironments and accessible active sites for metal and enzyme in individual nanostructures are necessary but still challenging. Herein, Pd nanoparticles (NPs) and Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) are co-immobilized into the pores and surfaces of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with tunable functional groups, affording Pd/COF-X/CALB (X = ONa, OH, OMe) MEICs. This strategy can regulate the microenvironment around Pd NPs and CALB, and their interactions with substrates. As a result, the activity of the COF-based MEICs in catalyzing dynamic kinetic resolution of primary amines is enhanced and followed COF-OMe > COF-OH > COF-ONa. The experimental and simulation results demonstrated that functional groups of COFs modulated the conformation of CALB, the electronic states of Pd NPs, and the affinity of the integrated catalysts to the substrate, which contributed to the improvement of the catalytic activity of MEICs. Further, the MEICs are prepared using COF with hollow structure as support material, which increased accessible active sites and mass transfer efficiency, thus improving catalytic performance. This work provides a blueprint for rational design and preparation of highly active MEICs.

Photoperiodic and lighting treatments for flowering control and its genetic regulation in sugarcane breeding.

Improvement of sugarcane is hampered due to its narrow genetic base, and the difficulty in synchronizing flowering further hinders the exploitation of the genetic potential of available germplasm resources. Therefore, the continuous evaluation and optimization of flowering control and induction techniques are vital for sugarcane improvement. In view of this, the review was conducted to investigate the current understanding of photoperiodic and lighting treatment effects on sugarcane flowering and its genetic regulation. Photoperiod facilities have made a significant contribution to flowering control in sugarcane; however, inductive photoperiods are still unknown for some genotypes, and some intended crosses are still impossible to produce because of unresponsive varieties. The effectiveness of lower red/far-red ratios in promoting sugarcane flowering has been widely understood. Furthermore, there is vast potential for utilizing blue, red, and far-red light wavelengths in the flowering control of sugarcane. In this context, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) remain efficient sources of light. Therefore, the combined use of photoperiod regimes with different light wavelengths and optimization of such treatment combinations might help to control and induce flowering in sugarcane parental clones. In sugarcane, FLOWERING LOCUS T (ScFT) orthologues from ScFT1 to ScFT13 have been identified, and interestingly, ScFT3 has evidently been identified as a floral inducer in sugarcane. However, independent assessments of different FT-like gene family members are recommended to comprehensively understand their role in the regulation of flowering. Similarly, we believe this review provides substantial information that is vital for the manipulation of flowering and exploitation of germplasm resources in sugarcane breeding.

Confined Space Dual-Type Quantum Dots for High-Rate Electrochemical Energy Storage.

Owing to the quantum size effect and high redox activity, quantum dots (QDs) play very essential roles toward electrochemical energy storage. However, it is very difficult to obtain different types and uniformly dispersed high-active QDs in a stable conductive microenvironment, because QDs prepared by traditional methods are mostly dissolved in solution or loaded on the surface of other semiconductors. Herein, dual-type semiconductor QDs (Co9S8 and CdS) are skillfully constructed within the interlayer of ultrathin-layered double hydroxides. In particular, the expandable interlayer provides a very suitable confined space for the growth and uniform dispersion of QDs, where Co9S8 originates from in situ transformation of cobalt atoms in laminate and CdS is generated from interlayer pre-embedding Cd2+. Meanwhile, XAFS and GGA+U calculations are employed to explore and prove the mechanism of QDs formation and energy storage characteristics as compared to surface loading QDs. Significantly, the hybrid supercapacitors achieve a high energy density of 329.2 µWh cm-2, capacitance retention of 99.1%, and coulomb efficiency of 96.9% after 22 000 cycles, which is superior to the reported QDs-based supercapacitors. These findings provide unique insights for designing and developing stable, ordered, and highly active QDs.