Effect of Annexin V on Development of Apoptosis in Placental Syncytiotrophoblast Nuclei during Exacerbation of Cytomegalovirus Infection in the Third Trimester.

During exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy, cytomegalovirus proteins penetrate across the external membrane of placental villous syncytiotrophoblast and suppress activities of ATPase and Bcl-2 protein. Simultaneous increase in the content of annexin V and caspase 3 leads to structural disturbances in DNA in syncytiotrophoblast nuclei and stimulates their apoptosis. Structural abnormalities in the syncytiotrophoblast during exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection are dangerous for fetal development.

A Method for Detection of Cholesterol Synthesis in the Placenta during Exacerbation of Cytomegalovirus Infection.

Histochemical analysis showed that exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection even at early terms of gestation (weeks 5-6) suppresses synthesis of mevalonic acid, squalene, and 7α-dehydrocholesterol dehydrogenase in the placenta. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in the placenta at the early stages of gestation decreases production of sex hormones, reduces cholesterol concentration in the maternal peripheral blood, and impairs cholesterol supply to the fetus, which is associated with the risk of placental insufficiency.

[Transamination In Syncytiotrophoblast of Placenta Villi in Parturient Women Suffered the Acute Form of CMV Infection at the Third Trimester of Gestation].

AIM: to study the process of proteins transamination in syncytiotrophoblast of placenta villi of women who suffered the acute form of cytomega- lovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy. METHODS: 30 pregnant women with CMV infection recurrence at the 25-28th week of pregnancy were examined. The activity of γ-glutamyltransferase in the peripheral blood of pregnant women was determined by spectrophotometry at the device "Stat-Fax-2100" (The USA). Hsp-70 and caspase-3 in placenta homogenate were found out with serological methods. The activity of glutamatdehydrogenase and pyridoxal-5-phosphatase was studied with histochemical method of Z. Loyd at the placenta slice of parturient women. The apoptotic changes in syncytiotrophoblast nuclei were defined by ISEL-method. RESULTS. The peripheral blood of CMV-seropositive parturient women showed a reduction of γ-glutamyltransferase in 1.30 times. Histochemically we identified the reduction of reaction products' concentration in response to pyridoxal-5-phosphate by 2.14 times, to glutamatdehydrogenase by 1,57 times. At the same time there was an increase of caspase-3 in 2,8 times and reduction of Hsp70 in 2.6 times in placenta homogenate. The number of apoptotic changes in syncytio-trophoblast nuclei increased by 4 times. CONCLUSION: Worsening of CMV infection in the period 25-28 weeks of pregnancy leads to disruption of amino acid metabolism in the placenta, causing structural and functional and metabolic adjustment, and is one of the reasons for slow growth and lack of development of the fetus.

[Mechanisms of hypoxia development during pregnancy and the disorder of fetus blood supply at cytomegalovirus infection].

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to study the mechanisms of hypoxia development at pregnancy associated with cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI). METHODS: 30 parturient women with CMVI relapse at the 25-28 weeks of pregnancy and their newborns were examined. Cytochrome C, Hsp-70, p53, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 in placenta homogenate were found out with serologic methods, the morphology of erythrocytes with cytophotometry, erythrocytes membrane proteins with disc-electrophoresis method, TBA-active products with V.B. Gavrilov's method, superoxide dismutase activity with spectrophotometry, 2.3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2.3 DPG) with I.S. Luganov's method, erythrocytes membrane microviscosity with fluorimethric method, oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin with Evelyn and Malloy' method, and erythrocytes deformability with M. T. Lutsenko's method. RESULTS: In blood erythrocytes of CMV-seropositive parturient women there was the decrease of cytoskeleton proteins: α- and ß-spectrine was 1.14 times less, ankyrin was 1.62 times less, band 4. 1 protein was 1.29 times less; there was 1.87 times increase of antigen-binding glycophorin, 1.37 times growth of TBA-active products and 1.35 times drop of superoxide dismutase activity; the deformability index was 9.5 times less, 2.3 DPG was 1.22 times less and oxyhemoglobin was 1.06 times less. In placenta homogenate Bcl-2 was 1.5 times less, Hsp-70 was 2.5 times more, p53 was 6.1 times more, cytochrome C was 1.76 times more, caspase-3 was 3.86 times more. In umbilical cord blood erythrocytes 2.3 DPG was 1.3 times more and oxyhemoglobin was 1.06 times less. CONCLUSION: The obtained data proves that CMVI relapse at 25-28 weeks of pregnancy causes the disorder of morphofunctional state of mother's blood erythrocytes and their ability to oxygenation, the development offetoplacental barrier, the decrease offetus oxygen blood supply and the development of intrauterine hypoxia.

Activity of histidine in peripheral blood erythrocytes of pregnant women during exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection.

We studied the effect of active cytomegalovirus infection on histidine content in peripheral blood erythrocytes of pregnant women at gestation weeks 20-22 and its involvement into hemoglobin oxygenation. Using the histochemical technique developed by us, we studied the distribution of products of specific reaction for histidine in peripheral blood erythrocytes of pregnant women. The percentage of histidine-positive erythrocytes and their area were evaluated. The relationship between the distribution of the products of the reaction for histidine in peripheral blood erythrocytes of pregnant women and the titer of anti-cytomegalovirus IgG was revealed. The histidine content in peripheral blood erythrocytes of pregnant women with active cytomegalovirus infection was reduced, which impaired heme binding to globin and decreased the formation of oxyhemoglobin.

Morphofunctional characteristics of the glutathione cycle in peripheral blood erythrocytes of pregnant women with a history of cytomegalovirus infection exacerbation during gestation.

We studied factors influencing peripheral blood erythrocytes of pregnant women with exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection during gestation. Cytomegalovirus infection was associated with a decrease in the content of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes and glutathione peroxidase, which leads to H2O2 accumulation in the blood. Exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection was associated with reduction of glutathione reductase and SOD activities. Erythrocyte antioxidant function and the peripheral blood discocyte count decreased. Accumulation of degenerative erythrocytes is fraught with the risk of anemia in pregnant women.

Enzymatic activity of peripheral blood erythrocytes in pregnant women with exacerbation of herpesvirus infection.

Enzymatic activity of the peripheral blood erythrocytes was studied in pregnant women after exacerbation of herpesvirus infection during the third trimester. Herpetic infection suppressed ATP synthesis and reduced the activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes. These shifts were paralleled by lesser intensity of SOD reaction, normally suppressing LPO processes in erythrocyte membranes.

Morphology and functions of erythrocyte membranes in pregnant women after exacerbation of herpesvirus infection.

Herpesvirus infection is associated with an increase of LPO and of the membrane lipid and lipid-protein layers microviscosity in erythrocyte membranes of pregnant patients. This results in modification of the erythrocyte stromal protein composition. Erythrocyte deformability increases sharply under these conditions, this leading to disorders in tissue metabolism in the organs of pregnant patients.

Serotonin metabolism in the placenta in exacerbation of herpesvirus infection during pregnancy.

Serotonin metabolism in the blood and placental homogenate was studied in pregnancy aggravated by exacerbation of herpesvirus infection. Blood serotonin content in pregnant patients increased with increasing herpesvirus antibody titers and reduction of monoamine oxidase activity. Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) decreased. The decrease of monoamine oxidase activity in placental homogenate led to an increase of serotonin level, which was paralleled by destruction of mitochondria in the syncytiotrophoblast, suppression of BCL-2 protein activity, and increase of caspase-3 level.

[Oxygen-transport function of blood at pregnant, transferred the aggravation of the herpesvirus infection].

Factors which may influence on erythrocytes in peripheral blood while exacerbation of herpes infection are studied. The data showed that herpes infection changed quantitative spectrum of proteins in erythrocytes. In cellular membranes of erythrocytes lipid peroxidation increases that results in increase of microviscosity of membranes. Disconnection of hemoglobin with 2, 3-DPhG was defined. This results in decreased hemoglobin oxygenation and change of erythrocytes form. The data showed that herpes virus in exacerbation leads to tissue hypoxia in pregnant women.

[DHEA-s synthesis during pregnancy with cytomegalovirus infection].

Aggravation of cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy suppresses synthesis of DHEA-s and damages the adrenal glands and liver of fetus.

Morphofunctional characteristics of fetoplacental barrier of placental villi during pregnancy complicated by herpes-virus infection.

Analysis of placenta homogenate from pregnant women having an episode of herpes-virus infection during the third trimester revealed suppression of Bcl-2 protein activity and increase in caspase 3 concentration. Activity of Bcl-2 protein decreases with increasing the titer of antibodies to herpes virus. Increased caspase-3 activity increases the risk of DNA damage in syncytiotrophoblast nuclei.

Morphofunctional characteristics of syncytiotrophoblast and content of heat shock protein 70 in it during exacerbation of herpesvirus infection in pregnant women.

Exacerbation of herpesvirus infection during pregnancy is associated with damage to syncytiotrophoblast inflicted by herpesvirus either directly or via TNF-α (due to contact of NK lymphocytes with villus surface). A sharp decrease in the content of heat shock protein with a molecular weight of 70 Da and activation of caspase-3 were noted in placenta homogenate. This leads to disturbances in syncytiotrophoblast cytosol structure and increase in the relative content of apoptotic nuclei.

[Pathogenesis of mucociliary clearance].

The study of mucociliary clearance included 68 patients with bronchial asthma of different severity in whom viscoelastic properties of the sputum, motor activity of ciliary epithelium, glycosaminoglycans in peripheral blood and bronchial secretion at the B9-B10 level of the bronchial tree were determined. Simultaneously, morphofunctional state of bronchial mucosa was evaluated using DNA methylation-specific PCR.

[Computer method for the assessment of epithelial metaplasia in human bronchial mucous membrane].

Using Bio Vision computer program, the successive stages of metaplastic changes development were traced in the pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium of bronchial mucous membrane obtained from 65 patients with bronchial asthma of various degrees of severity. Biopsy material analysis demonstrated the changes of cell nuclear and cytoplasmic density, as well as of basement membrane.

[Morphofunctional characteristics of the fetoplacental complex in pregnant women with an exacerbation of herpes virus infection and pathomorphological changes in fetal organs].

Impaired placental cholesterol synthesis in a pregnant woman with an exacerbation of herpesvirus infection is characterized by disturbances in placental hormone biosynthesis, causing severe morphological changes in fetal organs (liver, adrenals, lungs, and thymus).

[Computer assessment of membrane structure in various erythrocyte forms].

The photometric computer image analysis method is described. It is based on the creation of the gallery of the images of various erythrocyte forms (discocytes, ecchinocytes, target cells and degenerative forms). Using the Bio Vision program, the structure of membranes of each type of erythrocytes was studied. It was found that the morpho-functional changes of erythrocytes of various degrees were accompanied by the alterations in the relative content of condensed membrane protein-lipid complexes.

[Computer assessment of an apoptotic process dynamics in the nuclei of placental villi syncytiotrophoblast in puerperas after the outburst of herpes virus infection].

The development of an apoptotic process in the nuclei of syncytiotrophoblast was studied in the placenta of 50 puerperas, who had the outburst of herpes virus infection in the second part of their pregnancy (antibody titre--1:12800). Control group was represented by the placental material obtained from 20 women with no disease. Apoptosis was demonstrated in paraffin sections of the material fixed in 10% buffered formalin by in situ labeling of DNA fragments (ISEL-method). The assessment was performed by studying 2000 nuclei from 100 terminal villi in the different areas of the histological section within each placenta. The nuclei in sections were analyzed using a Bio Vision computer program, allowing to detect the areas with the different degree of chromatin condensation during the apoptosis development.

[The immunomorphological characteristics of collagen in the mucosa of human bronchi]. / Immunomorfologicheskaia kharakteristika kollagena v slizistoi obolochke bronkhov cheloveka.

By means of immunomorphological assay the character of different collagen types distribution in human bronchial mucosa has been investigated. It has been established that collagen tends to have a marked topographic specificity of distribution in human bronchial mucosa. Collagens of the I and the III types are mostly distributed in basal membranes of mucous glands' terminal parts. Collagens of the IV type are mostly intensively stained in the membranes of blood vessels and in the cell membranes of epithelial cells. In subjects with chronic inflammation staining of collagen of the I type is more marked along the bundles of fibrous structures in the loose connective tissue of mucosa and submucosa.

[Immunomorphological determination of secretory immunoglobulin A in the bronchial mucous membrane in chronic bronchitis]. / Immunomorfologicheskoe opredelenie sekretornogo immunoglobulina A v slizistoi obolochke bronkhov pri khronicheskom bronkhite.

The disappearance of the secretory immunoglobulin A in chronic bronchitis is shown to result from the disappearance of the epitheliocytes capable of secreting this substance. The secondary immunoglobulin A deficiency is followed by its accumulation in the basal epithelial cells. The absence of the secretory component probably prevents the immunoglobulin A diffusion to the epithelium surface this decreasing the local immunity against various antigens and the possibility of their elimination. It is suggested that the epithelial alterations described in patients with chronic bronchitis are among the causes for non-specific lung diseases to become chronic.