A high-fidelity RNA-targeting Cas13 restores paternal Ube3a expression and improves motor functions in Angelman syndrome mice.

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss of function mutations in maternally expressed UBE3A. No gene-specific treatment is available for patients so far. Although intact and transcriptionally active, paternally inherited UBE3A is silenced by elongation of antisense long noncoding RNA UBE3A-ATS in neurons. Here, we demonstrated that RNA targeting of paternal Ube3a-ATS with a high-fidelity CRISPR-Cas13 (hfCas13x.1) system could restore Ube3a expression to similar levels as that of maternal Ube3a in the cultured mouse neurons. Furthermore, injection into lateral ventricles with neuron-specific hSyn1 promoter-driven hfCas13x.1 packaged in adeno-associated virus (AAV-PHP.eb) could restore paternal Ube3a expression in cortex and hippocampus of neonatal AS mice for up to 4 months after treatment. Behavioral tests showed that expression of paternal Ube3a significantly alleviated AS-related symptoms, including obesity and motor function. Our results suggested that hfCas13x.1-mediated suppression of the Ube3a-ATS lncRNA potentially serves as a promising targeted intervention for AS.

Icariin protects mouse Leydig cell testosterone synthesis from the adverse effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.

Infertility caused by environmental pollution is becoming a global problem, but an effective prevention or treatment is lacking. Icariin (ICA) is a flavonoid used in traditional Chinese medicine. The present study investigated the possible roles of ICA in preventing testicular dysfunction caused by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most studied environmental endocrine disruptors. Cultured mouse Leydig cells were pretreated with ICA and exposed to DEHP to determine ICA effects upon cell proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), testosterone levels and the expression of transcription factor SF-1 and steroidogenic enzymes (CYP11, 3ß-HSD and 17ß-HSD), which play critical roles in androgen production. Our results showed that ICA reversed the adverse effect of DEHP on Leydig cell proliferation, and decreased ROS levels and elevated Δψm levels. Also, ICA promoted testosterone production and up-regulated the expression of SF-1 and steroidogenic enzymes. We investigated ICA actions in vivo, using male mice administrated DEHP followed by ICA. Exposure to DEHP decreased epididymal sperm counts and disrupted seminiferous tubules, and both of these effects were reversed by ICA treatment. These results showed that the mechanisms of ICA in protecting mouse testes against DEHP-induced damage involves the prevention of ROS accumulation and promotion of testosterone secretion.

An Efficient Method for the Preparative Isolation and Purification of Flavonoids from Leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida by HSCCC and Pre-HPLC.

In this work, flavonoid fraction from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida was separated into its seven main constituents using a combination of HSCCC coupled with pre-HPLC. In the first step, the total flavonoid extract was subjected to HSCCC with a two-solvent system of chloroform/methanol/water/n-butanol (4:3:2:1.5, v/v), yielding four pure compounds, namely (-)-epicatechin (1), quercetin-3-O-(2,6-di-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-ß-d-galactopyranoside (2), 4''-O-glucosylvitexin (3) and 2''-O-rhamnosylvitexin (4) as well as a mixture of three further flavonoids. An extrusion mode was used to rapidly separate quercetin-3-O-(2,6-di-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-ß-d-galactopyranoside with a big KD-value. In the second step, the mixture that resulted from HSCCC was separated by pre-HPLC, resulting in three pure compounds including: vitexin (5), hyperoside (6) and isoquercitrin (7). The purities of the isolated compounds were established to be over 98%, as determined by HPLC. The structures of these seven flavonoids were elucidated by ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopic analyses.

Rapid screening, identification, and purification of neuraminidase inhibitors from Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb.et Zucc. by ultrafiltration with HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS combined with semipreparative HPLC.

We put forward an efficient strategy based on bioassay guidance for the rapid screening, identification, and purification of the neuraminidase inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines, and apply to the discovery of anti-influenza components from Lithospermiun erythrorhizon Sieb.et Zucc. Ultrafiltration with high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed for the rapid screening and preliminarily identification of anti-influenza components from Zicao. Semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography was used for the rapid separation and purification of the target compounds. NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and UV spectroscopy were used for further structural identification, and the activity of the compounds was verified by in vitro assay. Five compounds were found to have neuraminidase inhibitory activity by this method. Subsequently, the five compounds were separated by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography with the purity over 98% for all of them by high-performance liquid chromatography test. Combined with the NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and UV spectroscopy data, they were identified as alkannin, acetylalkannin, isobutyrylalkannin, ß,ß-dimethylacryloylalkannin and isovalerylalkannin. The in vitro assay showed that all five compounds had good neuraminidase inhibitory activities. These results suggested that the method is highly efficient, and it can provide platform and methodology supports for the rapid discovery of anti-influenza active ingredients from complex Chinese herbal medicines.

Atypical GATA protein TRPS1 plays indispensable roles in mouse two-cell embryo.

Zygotic genome activation (ZGA) is one of the most critical events at the beginning of mammalian preimplantation embryo development (PED). The mechanisms underlying mouse ZGA remain unclear although it has been widely studied. In the present study, we identified that tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome 1 (TRPS1), an atypical GATA family member, is an important factor for ZGA in mouse PED. We found that the Trps1 mRNA level peaked at the one-cell stage while TRPS1 protein did so at the two/four-cell stage. Knockdown of Trps1 by the microinjection of Trps1 siRNA reduced the developmental rate of mouse preimplantation embryos by approximately 30%, and increased the expression of ZGA marker genes MuERV-L and Zscan4d via suppressing the expression of major histone markers H3K4me3 and H3K27me3. Furthermore, Trps1 knockdown decreased the expression of Sox2 but increased Oct4 expression. We conclude that TRPS1 may be indispensable for zygotic genome activation during mouse PED.

Akt plays indispensable roles during the first cell lineage differentiation of mouse.

The first cell lineage differentiation occurs during the development of mouse 8-cell embryo to blastocyst. Akt is a potent kinase whose role during blastocyst formation has not been elucidated. In the present study, immunofluorescence results showed that the Akt protein was specifically localized to the outer cells of the morula. Akt-specific inhibitor MK2206 significantly inhibited mouse blastocyst formation and resulted in decreased expression of the trophectoderm marker Cdx2 and led to granular distribution of ERα in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, knockdown of ERα by siRNA microinjection can also lead to a decrease in the development rate of mouse blastocysts, accompanied by a decrease in the expression level of Yap protein. We conclude that Akt may be indispensable for the first cell lineage differentiation of mouse.