RESUMO
In our continuing efforts to explore structure-activity relationships around the novel class of potent, isonicotinamide-based GSK3 inhibitors described in our previous report, we extensively explored structural variations around both 4/5-pyridine substitutions and the amide group. Some analogs were found to have greatly improved pTau lowering potency while retaining high kinase selectivity. In contrast to previous active compounds 1a-c, a close analog 3h did not show in vivo efficacy in a triple-transgenic mouse Alzheimer's disease model. In general, these 2pyridinyl amide derivatives were prone to amidase mediated hydrolysis in mouse plasma.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase , Camundongos , Animais , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Camundongos Transgênicos , Amidas/farmacologia , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/químicaRESUMO
Efforts directed at improving potency and preparing structurally different TYK2 JH2 inhibitors from the first generation of compounds such as 1a led to the SAR study of new central pyridyl based analogs 2-4. The current SAR study resulted in the identification of 4h as a potent and selective TYK2 JH2 inhibitor with distinct structural differences from 1a. In this manuscript, the in vitro and in vivo profiles of 4h are described. The hWB IC50 of 4h was shown as 41 nM with 94% bioavailability in the mouse PK study.
Assuntos
Piridinas , TYK2 Quinase , Camundongos , Animais , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Piridinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a member of the Ark1/Prk1 family of serine/threonine kinases and plays a role in modulating receptor endocytosis. AAK1 was identified as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathic pain when it was shown that AAK1 knock out (KO) mice had a normal response to the acute pain phase of the mouse formalin model, but a reduced response to the persistent pain phase. Herein we report our early work investigating a series of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines as part of our efforts to recapitulate this KO phenotype with a potent, small molecule inhibitor of AAK1. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and in vivo evaluation of these AAK1 inhibitors is described.
RESUMO
In our efforts to identify orally bioavailable CGRP receptor antagonists, we previously discovered a novel series of orally available azepinone derivatives that unfortunately also exhibited the unwanted property of potent time-dependent human CYP3A4 inhibition. Through heterocyclic replacement of the indazole ring, we discovered a series of heterocycle derivatives as high-affinity CGRP receptor antagonists. Some of them showed reasonable oral exposures, and the imidazolone derivatives that showed good oral exposure also exhibited substantially reduced time-dependent CYP3A4 inhibition. Several compounds showed strong in vivo efficacy in our marmoset facial blood flow assay with up to 87% inhibition of CGRP-induced activity. However, oral bioavailability generally remained low, emphasizing the challenges we and others encountered in discovering clinical development candidates for this difficult Class B GPCR target.
Assuntos
Azepinas/farmacologia , Antagonistas do Receptor do Peptídeo Relacionado ao Gene de Calcitonina/farmacologia , Receptores de Peptídeo Relacionado com o Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Azepinas/síntese química , Azepinas/química , Antagonistas do Receptor do Peptídeo Relacionado ao Gene de Calcitonina/síntese química , Antagonistas do Receptor do Peptídeo Relacionado ao Gene de Calcitonina/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists have been shown clinically to be effective treatments for migraine. Zavegepant (BHV-3500, BMS-742413) is a high affinity antagonist of the CGRP receptor (hCGRP Ki = 0.023 nM) that has demonstrated efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine with intranasal delivery in a Phase 2/3 trial, despite showing low oral bioavailability in rats (FPO = 1.7%). Using zavegepant as a template, we sought to improve oral bioavailability through a series of azepinones which were designed in an attempt to reduce the number of rotatable bonds. These efforts led to the discovery of compound 21 which was able to mostly maintain high affinity binding (hCGRP Ki = 0.100 nM) and in vivo efficacy in the marmoset facial blood flow assay, while greatly improving oral bioavailability (rat FPO = 17%).
Assuntos
Azepinas/farmacologia , Antagonistas do Receptor do Peptídeo Relacionado ao Gene de Calcitonina/farmacologia , Indazóis/farmacologia , Receptores de Peptídeo Relacionado com o Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Azepinas/química , Antagonistas do Receptor do Peptídeo Relacionado ao Gene de Calcitonina/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Indazóis/química , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
In an effort to improve physical properties by introducing polar functionality into the bicyclic pyrimidine gamma-secretase modulator (GSM) clinical candidate BMS-932481, we prepared several oxidative products of BMS-932481. Among the analogs that were prepared, the C-5 alcohol 3 was identified as the predominant metabolite of BMS-932481 found in rat and human liver microsomes. Alcohol 3 was determined to be chemically unstable, leading to the hypothesis that 3 may lead to the production of reactive species both in vitro and in vivo.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Compostos de Anilina/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Compostos de Anilina/química , Compostos de Anilina/metabolismo , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Microssomos Hepáticos/química , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Pirimidinas/química , Pirimidinas/metabolismo , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
This letter describes the first account of the chemical optimization (SAR and DMPK profiling) of a new series of mGlu4 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), leading to the identification of VU0652957 (VU2957, Valiglurax), a compound profiled as a preclinical development candidate. Here, we detail the challenges faced in allosteric modulator programs (e.g., steep SAR, as well as subtle structural changes affecting overall physiochemical/DMPK properties and CNS penetration).
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 2 Anéis/farmacologia , Isoquinolinas/farmacologia , Miotonina Proteína Quinase/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 2 Anéis/química , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/química , Estrutura Molecular , Miotonina Proteína Quinase/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Previous reports from our laboratory disclosed the structure and activity of a novel 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine-3-amine scaffold (VU8506) which showed excellent potency, selectivity and in vivo efficacy in preclinical rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, this compound suffered from significant CYP1A2 induction as measured through upstream AhR activation (125-fold) and thus was precluded from further advancement in chronic studies. Herein, we report a new scaffold developed recently which was systematically studied in order to mitigate the CYP1A2 liabilities presented in the earlier scaffolds. We have identified a novel structure that maintains the potency and selectivity of other mGlu4 PAMs, leading to 9i (hmGlu4 EC50â¯=â¯43â¯nM; AhR activationâ¯=â¯2.3-fold).
Assuntos
Indutores do Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/farmacologia , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/biossíntese , Descoberta de Drogas , Pirazóis/química , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antiparkinsonianos/farmacologia , Indução Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Ratos , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
(R)-3-((3S,4S)-3-fluoro-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (BMS-986169) and the phosphate prodrug 4-((3S,4S)-3-fluoro-1-((R)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)piperidin-4-yl)phenyl dihydrogen phosphate (BMS-986163) were identified from a drug discovery effort focused on the development of novel, intravenous glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate 2B receptor (GluN2B) negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). BMS-986169 showed high binding affinity for the GluN2B subunit allosteric modulatory site (Ki = 4.03-6.3 nM) and selectively inhibited GluN2B receptor function in Xenopus oocytes expressing human N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subtypes (IC50 = 24.1 nM). BMS-986169 weakly inhibited human ether-a-go-go-related gene channel activity (IC50 = 28.4 µM) and had negligible activity in an assay panel containing 40 additional pharmacological targets. Intravenous administration of BMS-986169 or BMS-986163 dose-dependently increased GluN2B receptor occupancy and inhibited in vivo [3H](+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine ([3H]MK-801) binding, confirming target engagement and effective cleavage of the prodrug. BMS-986169 reduced immobility in the mouse forced swim test, an effect similar to intravenous ketamine treatment. Decreased novelty suppressed feeding latency, and increased ex vivo hippocampal long-term potentiation was also seen 24 hours after acute BMS-986163 or BMS-986169 administration. BMS-986169 did not produce ketamine-like hyperlocomotion or abnormal behaviors in mice or cynomolgus monkeys but did produce a transient working memory impairment in monkeys that was closely related to plasma exposure. Finally, BMS-986163 produced robust changes in the quantitative electroencephalogram power band distribution, a translational measure that can be used to assess pharmacodynamic activity in healthy humans. Due to the poor aqueous solubility of BMS-986169, BMS-986163 was selected as the lead GluN2B NAM candidate for further evaluation as a novel intravenous agent for TRD.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/tratamento farmacológico , Organofosfatos/uso terapêutico , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico , Pró-Fármacos/uso terapêutico , Pirrolidinonas/uso terapêutico , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Administração Intravenosa , Regulação Alostérica , Animais , Antidepressivos/efeitos adversos , Antidepressivos/farmacocinética , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Ondas Encefálicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Transtornos Dissociativos/induzido quimicamente , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Memória de Curto Prazo/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Organofosfatos/efeitos adversos , Organofosfatos/farmacocinética , Piperidinas/efeitos adversos , Piperidinas/farmacocinética , Pró-Fármacos/efeitos adversos , Pró-Fármacos/farmacocinética , Pirrolidinonas/efeitos adversos , Pirrolidinonas/farmacocinética , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/antagonistas & inibidores , XenopusRESUMO
An asymmetric synthesis of the major metabolite of the calcitonin gene-related peptide recepotor antagonist BMS-846372 is presented. The variously substituted cyclohepta[b]pyridine ring system represents an underexplored ring system and showed some unexpected chemistry. Reactivities of epoxide and ketone functional groups on the cycloheptane ring were extensively controlled by a remote bulky TIPS group. The rate difference of the hydrogenolysis between two diastereomeric epoxide intermediates shed some light on the mechanism of epoxide hydrogenolysis, and further, deuterium labeling studies revealed more mechanistic details on this well-known chemical transformation for the first time.
Assuntos
Antagonistas do Receptor do Peptídeo Relacionado ao Gene de Calcitonina , Compostos de Epóxi/química , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/farmacologia , Hidrólise , Análise Espectral/métodosRESUMO
A series of phosphate and ester-based prodrugs of anilinopyrazinone 1 (BMS-665053) containing either a methylene or an (acyloxy)alkoxy linker was prepared and evaluated in rat pharmacokinetic studies with the goal of improving the oral bioavailability of the parent (1). The prodrugs, in general, had improved aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability compared to 1. Prodrug 12, which contains an (acyloxy)alkoxy linker, showed the greatest improvement in the oral bioavailability relative to the parent (1), with a seven-fold increase (from 5% to 36%) in rat pharmacokinetic studies.
Assuntos
Pró-Fármacos/síntese química , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Pró-Fármacos/farmacocinética , Pirazinas/farmacocinética , RatosRESUMO
We describe an efficient and convergent synthesis of a series of (1'S,2R,4'S)-3H-4'-azaspiro[benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]oxazole-2,2'-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes] displaying potency for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and good selectivity vs. the related 5-HT3A receptor.
Assuntos
Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/metabolismo , Desenho de Fármacos , Octanos/metabolismo , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa7/metabolismo , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/síntese química , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Conformação Molecular , Agonistas Nicotínicos/química , Agonistas Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Octanos/síntese química , Octanos/química , Ligação Proteica , Receptores 5-HT3 de Serotonina/química , Receptores 5-HT3 de Serotonina/metabolismo , Estereoisomerismo , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa7/químicaRESUMO
We describe the synthesis of quinuclidine-containing spiroguanidines and their utility as α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonists. The convergent synthetic route developed for this study allowed for rapid SAR investigation and provided access to a structurally diverse set of analogs. A potent and selective α7 nAChR partial agonist, N-(6-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)-3',5'-dihydro-4-azaspiro[bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,4'-imidazole]-2'-amine (BMS-910731, 16), was identified. This compound induced immediate early genes c-fos and Arc in a preclinical rodent model of α7 nAChR-derived cellular activation and plasticity. Importantly, the ability to incorporate selectivity for the α7 nACh receptor over the 5-HT3A receptor in this series suggested a significant difference in steric requirements between the two receptors.
Assuntos
Guanidina/farmacologia , Quinuclidinas/farmacologia , Compostos de Espiro/farmacologia , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa7/agonistas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Guanidina/análogos & derivados , Guanidina/química , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Quinuclidinas/química , Compostos de Espiro/síntese química , Compostos de Espiro/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Quinuclidine-containing spirooxazolines, as described in the previous report in this series, were demonstrated to have utility as α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) partial agonists. In this work, the SAR of this chemotype was expanded to include an array of diazine heterocyclic substitutions. Many of the heterocyclic analogs were potent partial agonists of the α7 receptor, selective against other nicotinic receptors and the serotinergic 5HT3A receptor. (1'S,3'R,4'S)-N-(6-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)-4H-1'-azaspiro[oxazole-5,3'-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan]-2-amine, a potent and selective α7 nAChR partial agonist, was demonstrated to improve cognition in the mouse novel object recognition (NOR) model of episodic memory.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Octanos/síntese química , Pirimidinas/síntese química , Compostos de Espiro/síntese química , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa7/agonistas , Animais , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Octanos/química , Octanos/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/química , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Compostos de Espiro/química , Compostos de Espiro/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Triazolopyridine ethers with mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) activity are disclosed. The synthesis, in vitro activity, and metabolic stability data for a series of analogs is provided. The effort resulted in the discovery of a potent, selective, and brain penetrant lead molecule BMT-133218 ((+)-7m). After oral administration at 10mg/kg, BMT-133218 demonstrated full reversal of PCP-stimulated locomotor activity and prevented MK-801-induced working memory deficits in separate mouse models. Also, reversal of impairments in executive function were observed in rat set-shifting studies at 3 and 10mg/kg (p.o.). Extensive plasma protein binding as the result of high lipophilicity likely limited activity at lower doses. Optimized triazolopyridine ethers offer utility as mGlu2 PAMs for the treatment of schizophrenia and merit further preclinical investigation.
Assuntos
Éteres/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/antagonistas & inibidores , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Triazóis/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Éteres/administração & dosagem , Éteres/química , Haplorrinos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Piridinas/química , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazóis/administração & dosagem , Triazóis/químicaRESUMO
The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of BMS-932481, a γ-secretase modulator (GSM), were tested in healthy young and elderly volunteers after single and multiple doses. BMS-932481 was orally absorbed, showed dose proportionality after a single dose administration, and had approximately 3-fold accumulation after multiple dosing. High-fat/caloric meals doubled the Cmax and area under the curve and prolonged Tmax by 1.5 hours. Consistent with the preclinical pharmacology of GSMs, BMS-932481 decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aß39, Aß40, and Aß42 while increasing Aß37 and Aß38, thereby providing evidence of γ-secretase enzyme modulation rather than inhibition. In plasma, reductions in Aß40 and Aß42 were observed with no change in total Aß; in CSF, modest decreases in total Aß were observed at higher dose levels. Increases in liver enzymes were observed at exposures associated with greater than 70% CSF Aß42 lowering after multiple dosing. Although further development was halted due to an insufficient safety margin to test the hypothesis for efficacy of Aß lowering in Alzheimer's disease, this study demonstrates that γ-secretase modulation is achievable in healthy human volunteers and supports further efforts to discover well tolerated GSMs for testing in Alzheimer's disease and other indications.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides , Compostos de Anilina/farmacologia , Compostos de Anilina/farmacocinética , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacocinética , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Adolescente , Adulto , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/enzimologia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/sangue , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Compostos de Anilina/efeitos adversos , Compostos de Anilina/química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Área Sob a Curva , Cromatografia Líquida , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Limite de Detecção , Masculino , Espectrometria de Massas , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pirimidinas/efeitos adversos , Pirimidinas/química , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (M1) receptors play an important role in cognition and memory, and are considered to be attractive targets for the development of novel medications to treat cognitive impairments seen in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Indeed, the M1 agonist xanomeline has been shown to produce beneficial cognitive effects in both Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia patients. Unfortunately, the therapeutic utility of xanomeline was limited by cholinergic side effects (sweating, salivation, gastrointestinal distress), which are believed to result from nonselective activation of other muscarinic receptor subtypes such as M2 and M3. Therefore, drug discovery efforts targeting the M1 receptor have focused on the discovery of compounds with improved selectivity profiles. Recently, allosteric M1 receptor ligands have been described, which exhibit excellent selectivity for M1 over other muscarinic receptor subtypes. In the current study, the following three compounds with mixed agonist/positive allosteric modulator activities that are highly functionally selective for the M1 receptor were tested in rats, dogs, and cynomologous monkeys: (3-((1S,2S)-2-hydrocyclohexyl)-6-((6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)benzo[h]quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 1-((4-cyano-4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic acid; and (R)-ethyl 3-(2-methylbenzamido)-[1,4'-bipiperidine]-1'-carboxylate). Despite their selectivity for the M1 receptor, all three compounds elicited cholinergic side effects such as salivation, diarrhea, and emesis. These effects could not be explained by activity at other muscarinic receptor subtypes, or by activity at other receptors tested. Together, these results suggest that activation of M1 receptors alone is sufficient to produce unwanted cholinergic side effects such as those seen with xanomeline. This has important implications for the development of M1 receptor-targeted therapeutics since it suggests that dose-limiting cholinergic side effects still reside in M1 receptor selective activators.
Assuntos
Agonistas Muscarínicos/metabolismo , Agonistas Muscarínicos/farmacologia , Receptor Muscarínico M1/agonistas , Receptor Muscarínico M1/metabolismo , Animais , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Cães , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Camundongos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
The amyloid-ß peptide (Aß)-in particular, the 42-amino acid form, Aß1-42-is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, several therapeutic modalities aiming to inhibit Aß synthesis or increase the clearance of Aß have entered clinical trials, including γ-secretase inhibitors, anti-Aß antibodies, and amyloid-ß precursor protein cleaving enzyme inhibitors. A unique class of small molecules, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs), selectively reduce Aß1-42 production, and may also decrease Aß1-40 while simultaneously increasing one or more shorter Aß peptides, such as Aß1-38 and Aß1-37. GSMs are particularly attractive because they do not alter the total amount of Aß peptides produced by γ-secretase activity; they spare the processing of other γ-secretase substrates, such as Notch; and they do not cause accumulation of the potentially toxic processing intermediate, ß-C-terminal fragment. This report describes the translation of pharmacological activity across species for two novel GSMs, (S)-7-(4-fluorophenyl)-N2-(3-methoxy-4-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)-N4-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (BMS-932481) and (S,Z)-17-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-34-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-16,17-dihydro-15H-4-oxa-2,9-diaza-1(2,4)-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidina-3(1,3)-benzenacyclononaphan-6-ene (BMS-986133). These GSMs are highly potent in vitro, exhibit dose- and time-dependent activity in vivo, and have consistent levels of pharmacological effect across rats, dogs, monkeys, and human subjects. In rats, the two GSMs exhibit similar pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics between the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. In all species, GSM treatment decreased Aß1-42 and Aß1-40 levels while increasing Aß1-38 and Aß1-37 by a corresponding amount. Thus, the GSM mechanism and central activity translate across preclinical species and humans, thereby validating this therapeutic modality for potential utility in AD.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Anilina/farmacologia , Compostos de Anilina/farmacocinética , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/farmacologia , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/farmacocinética , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/genética , Compostos de Anilina/química , Animais , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/química , Linhagem Celular , Cães , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Macaca fascicularis , Pirimidinas/química , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Especificidade da Espécie , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
To identify novel targets for neuropathic pain, 3097 mouse knockout lines were tested in acute and persistent pain behavior assays. One of the lines from this screen, which contained a null allele of the adapter protein-2 associated kinase 1 (AAK1) gene, had a normal response in acute pain assays (hot plate, phase I formalin), but a markedly reduced response to persistent pain in phase II formalin. AAK1 knockout mice also failed to develop tactile allodynia following the Chung procedure of spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Based on these findings, potent, small-molecule inhibitors of AAK1 were identified. Studies in mice showed that one such inhibitor, LP-935509, caused a reduced pain response in phase II formalin and reversed fully established pain behavior following the SNL procedure. Further studies showed that the inhibitor also reduced evoked pain responses in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model and the rat streptozotocin model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Using a nonbrain-penetrant AAK1 inhibitor and local administration of an AAK1 inhibitor, the relevant pool of AAK1 for antineuropathic action was found to be in the spinal cord. Consistent with these results, AAK1 inhibitors dose-dependently reduced the increased spontaneous neural activity in the spinal cord caused by CCI and blocked the development of windup induced by repeated electrical stimulation of the paw. The mechanism of AAK1 antinociception was further investigated with inhibitors of α2 adrenergic and opioid receptors. These studies showed that α2 adrenergic receptor inhibitors, but not opioid receptor inhibitors, not only prevented AAK1 inhibitor antineuropathic action in behavioral assays, but also blocked the AAK1 inhibitor-induced reduction in spinal neural activity in the rat CCI model. Hence, AAK1 inhibitors are a novel therapeutic approach to neuropathic pain with activity in animal models that is mechanistically linked (behaviorally and electrophysiologically) to α2 adrenergic signaling, a pathway known to be antinociceptive in humans.
Assuntos
Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Fenômenos Eletrofisiológicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Neuralgia/fisiopatologia , Nociceptividade/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenótipo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/deficiência , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Ratos , Medula Espinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Espinal/enzimologia , Medula Espinal/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
This Letter describes an efficient ring-closing metathesis approach to 2-chloro-4-amino-pyrimido[4,5-c]azepines and 2-chloro-4-amino-pyrimido[4,5-c]oxepines. These chlorides were applied to the synthesis of several potent γ-secretase modulators (GSMs).