Correlation between dental plaque accumulation and gingival health in periodontal maintenance patients using short or extended personal oral hygiene intervals.

AIMS: To evaluate the correlation between bacterial dental plaque accumulation and gingival health in subjects with history of periodontitis attending a maintenance programme including personal oral hygiene measures (pOH) at short and extended intervals. This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two subjects were randomized into groups performing pOH at 12-, 24- or 48-h intervals. The Plaque Index (PlI), Gingival Index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BoP) were recorded at baseline, 30 and 90 days. For the analysis, pOH groups were collapsed into subjects performing pOH at daily (G12/24) or extended (G48) intervals. Summary statistics and Spearman correlations between plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation are presented. RESULTS: G12/24 and G48 subjects showed significant increases in plaque scores and percentage sites with gingival inflammation over the course of study. At 90 days, G48 subjects showed significantly greater GI and BoP scores than G12/24 subjects. While PlI/GI correlations were not affected by pOH interval, PlI/BoP correlations remained unchanged with short to increase with extended pOH intervals. CONCLUSION: pOH interval influences the correlation between bacterial dental plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Subjects using extended pOH intervals exhibit an increased correlation allowing accumulation of bacterial dental plaque to the detriment of gingival health. (ClinicalTrials.gov: 50208115.9.0000.5346). Clinical Trials: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02684682.

Effect of self-performed mechanical plaque control frequency on gingival health in subjects with a history of periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

AIM: This randomized clinical trial evaluated the effect of the frequency of self-performed mechanical plaque control (SPC) on gingival health in subjects with a history of periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two subjects participating in a routine periodontal maintenance program were randomized to perform SPC at 12-, 24- or 48-hr intervals. Plaque index (PlI) and gingival index (GI) were evaluated at baseline, and days 15, 30 and 90 of study. Probing depths, clinical attachment levels and bleeding on probing were assessed at baseline, days 30 and 90. Mixed linear models were used for the analysis and comparison of experimental groups. RESULTS: Mean GI at baseline remained unchanged throughout study (90 days) only in the 12-hr group (0.7 ± 0.1 versus 0.8 ± 0.1; p < .05). At the end of study, mean GI was significantly increased in the 48-hr group over that in the 12- and 24-hr groups. When GI = 2 scores were considered, only the 48-hr group failed to maintain gingival health throughout the study (18.8%). CONCLUSION: SPC performed at a 12- or 24-hr frequency appears sufficient to controlling gingival inflammation whereas this clinical status was not maintained using a 48-hr frequency in subjects with a history of periodontitis subject to a routine periodontal maintenance program (ClinicalTrials.gov: 50208115.9.0000.5346).

Systemic antimicrobials adjuvant to periodontal therapy in diabetic subjects: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant antibiotics have been suggested to improve periodontal therapy in diabetic subjects. AIM: The aim of this study was to systematically review randomized clinical trials assessing systemic antimicrobial use adjuvant to scaling and root planing (SRP) versus SRP alone in diabetic subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, TRIP, Web of Science and LILACS databases and the grey literature were searched through May 2015. Of 2534 potentially eligible studies, 13 were included in the systematic review. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) in probing depth (PD) reduction and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain (primary outcomes), and plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) reductions, were estimated using a random effect model. RESULTS: The WMD in PD reduction [-0.15 mm, n = 11, p = 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.24, -0.06] favoured antibiotic use. WMDs in CAL gain, PI and BOP reductions (-0.14 mm, n = 9, p = 0.11, 95% CI -0.32, 0.03; 4.01%, n = 7, p = 0.05, 95% CI -0.04, 8.07; and -1.91%, n = 7, p = 0.39, 95% CI -6.32, 2.51 respectively) did not favour adjunctive antibiotic use. CONCLUSION: Adjunctive therapy may improve the efficacy of SRP in reducing PD in diabetic subjects.

Oral health status of patients with leukemia: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding the prevalence of periodontal diseases and dental caries in patients with leukemia. METHODS: An electronic search for observational studies on oral health outcomes in patients with leukemia was performed on Medline/PUBMED, Embase, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases up to April 2020. Dental caries and periodontal diseases were assessed using the following standardized parameters, respectively: mean number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT), and presence of marginal inflammation (gingivitis) or clinical attachment loss (periodontitis). Two independent reviewers conducted all phases of review. Included studies reporting similar outcomes were subjected to random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: From 1,246 retrieved references, 39 were included. Most studies were cross-sectional investigations involving young patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nine studies presented high risk of bias and were not included on quantitative analyses. All studies in the meta-analysis (n = 14) were conducted with children/teenagers with acute leukemia. Pooled gingivitis prevalence in patients before and during leukemia treatment was 85% (95%CI 75, 97%; 4 studies) and 82% (95%CI 71, 94%; 6 studies), respectively. Pooled DMFT means were 2.28 (95%CI 1.31, 3.25; 7 studies) and 3.65 (95%CI 1.45, 5.86; 5 studies) respectively for patients during and after leukemia treatment. Studies regarding periodontitis prevalence were too few to run a meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Based on cross-sectional data, young people with acute leukemia have high prevalence of gingivitis and caries experience. These findings indicate that the effect of leukemia on oral health still needs to be better investigated.

Residual periodontal ligament in extracted teeth - is it associated with indication for extraction?

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is a major cause of tooth loss. Few studies have evaluated the residual area of the periodontal ligament in extracted teeth and, to the best of our knowledge, none from Latin America have done so regarding indications for extraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the residual periodontal ligament (RPL) with respect to indication for extraction in a sample of teeth from a Brazilian Public Health Service district. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All teeth extracted within the Public Health Service district of Santa Maria, Brazil, over a 5-month period were requested for analysis. A total of 414 teeth eligible for measurement were stained and evaluated for RPL using a stereo microscope. Participating Public Health Service dentists completed a questionnaire detailing demographic variables and indication for each extracted tooth. The percentage of RPL was determined for each tooth. Comparisons of RPL between teeth extracted on periodontal versus other indications were made using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: RPL averaged 34.8% for teeth extracted on periodontal indications versus 79.5% for other teeth (P ≤ 0.001). When considering teeth with an RPL ≥ 30% as possible to maintain, 189 (76%) of the teeth extracted on periodontal indications could have been maintained. When RPL cut-off limits of ≥ 40% or ≥ 50% are applied, 93 (37%) and 43 (17%) teeth, respectively, could have been maintained. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that strictly based on RPL, a large number of teeth extracted on periodontal indications conceivably could be maintained.

Periodontitis and breast cancer: A case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the association between periodontitis and breast cancer in a sample of adult Brazilian women. METHODS: This was a hospital-based study, which included 67 cases and 134 controls (1:2). Women were selected consecutively between April, 2013 and June, 2015 among those attending the Department of Gynecology at the University Hospital of Santa Maria. Cases were selected among women diagnosed with breast cancer (ICD-10 C50), and controls were matched for age (±2 years), and smoking status (never, former and current smoker). Conditional logistic regression was used to model the association between periodontitis and breast cancer with and without adjustment for potential confounders. Four case definitions for periodontitis were used. RESULTS: Cases had significantly greater clinical attachment loss than controls (P=.04). After adjusting for important covariates, women diagnosed with periodontitis had two to three times higher odds of breast cancer than women without periodontitis depending on the case definition of periodontitis (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: A significant association was observed between periodontitis and breast cancer.

Influence of Diabetes in the Development of Apical Periodontitis: A Critical Literature Review of Human Studies.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to perform a critical review of the literature that investigated the association between diabetes and apical periodontitis. METHODS: An electronic search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), and Cochrane Collaboration databases. Human studies assessing the effect of diabetes in apical periodontitis development or in healing after root canal treatment were included. The outcome was apical periodontitis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Nine articles were included. The results presented in the literature to date are still scarce and incipient, and the evidence for such an association is not yet conclusive. However, the published results trend to converge on a positive association between diabetes and a larger number of periapical lesions.

Influence of periodontal ligament simulation on bond strength and fracture resistance of roots restored with fiber posts.

OBJECTIVE: Considering that periodontal ligament simulation may influence the stress distribution over teeth restored with intraradicular retainers, this study aimed to assess the combined effect of mechanical cycling and periodontal ligament simulation on both the bond strength between fiber posts and root dentin and the fracture resistance of teeth restored using glass fiber posts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety roots were randomly distributed into 3 groups (n=10) (C-MC: control; P-MC: polyether; AS-MC: addition silicone) to test bond strength and 6 groups (n=10) (C: control; P: polyether; AS: addition silicone, without mechanical cycling, and C-MC, P-MC and AS-MC with mechanical cycling) to test fracture strength, according to the material used to simulate the periodontal ligament. For the bond strength test, fiber posts were cemented, cores were built, mechanical cycling was applied (2×10(6) cycles, 88 N, 2.2 Hz, and 45º incline), and the teeth cut into 3 slices (2 mm), which were then subjected to the push-out test at 1 mm/min. For the fracture strength test, fiber posts were cemented, cores were built, and half of the groups received mechanical cycling, followed by the compressive strength (45° to the long axis and 1 mm/min) performed on all groups. RESULTS: Periodontal ligament simulation did not affect the bond strength (p=0.244) between post and dentin. Simulation of periodontal ligament (p=0.153) and application of mechanical cycling (p=0.97) did not affect fracture resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The materials used to simulate the periodontal ligament did not affect fracture or bond strength, therefore periodontal ligament simulation using the tested materials could be considered optional in the conditions of the study.

Correlations between supra- and subgingival clinical parameters in smokers and individuals who have never smoked / Correlações entre parâmetros clínicos supra e subgengivais em fumantes e em indivíduos que nunca fumaram

Introduction: Smoking is a risk factor for prevalence, severity and progression of periodontal disease and appears to suppress marginal periodontium inflammatory response. Purpose: To correlate Visible Plaque Index (VPI) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) in smokers and never-smokers, as well as GBI and bleeding on probing (BOP ) in these groups. Material and method: We used baseline data of one quasi-experimental study in which 11 smokers and 14 subjects who never smoked were submitted to clinical periodontal examinations between September 2010 and October 2011. Result: The correlation between VPI and GBI was positive for both groups, it was strong and statistically significant in subjects who had never smoked and moderate in smokers. Regarding GBI and BOP correlations were moderate for smokers and weaker for individuals who had never smoked. Conclusion: Smokers have lower strength correlation between VPI and GBI compared to individuals who had never smoked resulting in a less pronounced marginal gingival bleeding. .

Introdução: O hábito de fumar é um fator de risco importante na prevalência, progressão e gravidade das doenças periodontais e parece suprimir a resposta inflamatória marginal no periodonto. Objetivo: Correlacionar Índice de Placa visível (IPV) e Índice de Sangramento Gengival (ISG) em fumantes e indivíduos que nunca fumaram, bem como correlacionar ISG e o sangramento à sondagem (SS) nesses dois grupos. Material e método: Foram utilizados dados de baseline de um estudo quasi-experimental, no qual 11 pacientes fumantes e 14 indivíduos que nunca fumaram foram submetidos a exames clínicos periodontais no período de setembro de 2010 e outubro de 2011. Resultado: A correlação entre IPV e ISG foi positiva para ambos os grupos, sendo forte e estatisticamente significante nos indivíduos que nunca fumaram e moderada nos fumantes. Com relação ao ISG e SS houve moderada correlação para os fumantes e fraca para os indivíduos que nunca fumaram. Conclusão: Fumantes apresentam uma correlação entre IPV e ISG de menor força em relação aos indivíduos que nunca fumaram resultando em um sangramento gengival marginal menos pronunciado. .

Influence of periodontal ligament simulation on bond strength and fracture resistance of roots restored with fiber posts

Objective: Considering that periodontal ligament simulation may influence the stress distribution over teeth restored with intraradicular retainers, this study aimed to assess the combined effect of mechanical cycling and periodontal ligament simulation on both the bond strength between fiber posts and root dentin and the fracture resistance of teeth restored using glass fiber posts. Material and Methods: Ninety roots were randomly distributed into 3 groups (n=10) (C-MC: control; P-MC: polyether; AS-MC: addition silicone) to test bond strength and 6 groups (n=10) (C: control; P: polyether; AS: addition silicone, without mechanical cycling, and C-MC, P-MC and AS-MC with mechanical cycling) to test fracture strength, according to the material used to simulate the periodontal ligament. For the bond strength test, fiber posts were cemented, cores were built, mechanical cycling was applied (2×106 cycles, 88 N, 2.2 Hz, and 45º incline), and the teeth cut into 3 slices (2 mm), which were then subjected to the push-out test at 1 mm/min. For the fracture strength test, fiber posts were cemented, cores were built, and half of the groups received mechanical cycling, followed by the compressive strength (45° to the long axis and 1 mm/min) performed on all groups. Results: Periodontal ligament simulation did not affect the bond strength (p=0.244) between post and dentin. Simulation of periodontal ligament (p=0.153) and application of mechanical cycling (p=0.97) did not affect fracture resistance. Conclusions: The materials used to simulate the periodontal ligament did not affect fracture or bond strength, therefore periodontal ligament simulation using the tested materials could be considered optional in the conditions of the study. .

Condição periodontal e câncer: uma revisão de literatura / Periodontal condition and cancer: a literature review

Introdução: Estudos sugerem a relação entre doença periodontal e condições sistêmicas, dentre elas o câncer. A plausibilidade biológica desta possível associação é o aumento de marcadores inflamatórios na corrente sanguínea devido a uma infecção crônica. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura sobre a associação entre a condição periodontal e câncer em sítios específicos, bem como analisar a influência de fatores de risco e confundimento nessa inter-relação. Materiais e Métodos: A busca da literatura foi realizada na base de dados PubMed, utilizando as palavras-chave: "periodontal diseases"; "tooth loss"; "inflammation"; "risk factors" e "cancer". A busca foi limitada a artigos a partir do ano 2000, com delineamento caso-controle e coorte incluindo seres humanos. Resultados: Alguns estudos demonstraram associações estatisticamente significantes entre avaliações das medidas periodontais e/ ou a perda dentária, principalmente para o câncer oral e do trato gastrointestinal superior, além do câncer de mama, hematológico, de pâncreas e de pulmão, em diferentes populações. Essas associações persistem em alguns estudos mesmo após o ajuste para fatores de risco como o fumo, a condição socioeconômica e o consumo de álcool. Conclusões: Esta revisão de literatura sugere que o quadro inflamatório associado às doenças periodontais tem um possível papel no processo de carcinogênese, independente de outros fatores de risco associados. Porém, nenhum estudo apresentou resultados conclusivos sobre influência do quadro inflamatório periodontal na carcinogênese.(AU)

Introduction: Studies suggest the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic conditions, among them cancer. The biological plausibility of this possible association is the increase in inflammatory markers in the bloodstream due to a chronic infection. Aim: To review the literature about the association between periodontal status and cancer at specific sites and to analyze the influence of risk factors and confounding in this interrelationship. Methodology: The literature search was conducted in PubMed database using the keywords: "periodontal diseases"; "tooth loss"; "inflammation"; "risk factors" and "cancer". The search was limited to articles from 2000, with case-control and cohort including humans. Results: Some studies have shown statistically significant association between periodontal evaluation of measures and/ or tooth loss, especially for oral and upper gastrointestinal tract cancer, and breast cancer, hematologic, pancreas and lung, in different populations. These associations persist in some studies even after adjusting for risk factors such as smoking, socioeconomic status and alcohol consumption. Conclusion: This literature review suggests that the inflammatory process associated with periodontal disease have a possible role in the carcinogenesis process, independent of other risk factors. However, no study showed conclusive results about the influence of periodontal inflammatory process in carcinogenesis. (AU)

Avaliação da área residual de ligamento periodontal em dentes extraídos – estudo piloto / Evaluation of residual area of periodontal attachment in extracted teeth – Pilot Study

A doença periodontal está entre as principais doenças que podem afetar a cavidade bucal e é uma das causas mais expressivas de perda dentária no mundo. Sabe-se que, na maioria das pessoas, com medidas preventivas e terapêuticas adequadas há a possibilidade de manutenção dos dentes na cavidade bucal em conforto e função por toda a vida. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o nível de ligamento periodontal remanescente em dentes extraídos, recolhidos no gabinete odontológico da Secretaria Municipal de Rosário do Sul-RS. Consiste em um estudo piloto, realizado por meio de coleta de dentes extraídos no período de um mês. Fichas contendo gênero, idade e motivo da extração foram preenchidas pelo dentista e recolhidas juntamente com os dentes. Trinta e oito dentes foram corados e avaliados microscopicamente para a verificação de quanto apresentavam de inserção periodontal. A média da área de ligamento periodontal residual foi de 53,83%. A maior parte dos dentes apresentou coroa íntegra ou pequena destruição coronária e doença periodontal foram a principal razão encontrada para as exodontias. Pode ser concluído que uma quantidade significativa de ligamento periodontal residual foi observada. Porém, por ter sido este um estudo piloto, outros estudos são necessários para que os resultados sirvam de base para o planejamento de tratamento periodontal no atendimento público de saúde.

Periodontal disease is among the major diseases that can affect the oral cavity and it is one of the most significant causes of tooth loss in the world. It is known that with appropriate preventive and therapeutic measures is possible to maintain the teeth in the oral cavity in comfort and function throughout life for most people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of remaining periodontal ligament in extracted teeth, collected in the dental office of Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Rosário do Sul – RS. It consists of a pilot study, conducted through the collection of extracted teeth in a month. Records containing gender, age and reason for extraction were filled by the dentist and collected together with the teeth. Thirtyeight teeth were stained and evaluated microscopically for verification of how much periodontal attachment they had. The mean residual area of the periodontal ligament was 53,83%. Most of the teeth was fully crown or small coronal destruction and periodontal disease is the main reason found for extractions. It can be concluded that a significant amount of residual periodontal ligament was observed. However, because it was a pilot study, further studies are needed to make results as a basis for planning periodontal treatment in public health care.

Cárie dentária em incisivos permanentes jovens: diagnóstico e manejo clínico / Dental caries in young permanent incisors: diagnostic and clinical management

A cárie dentária é uma doença multifatorial, mediada por um biofilme oportunista que, para se manifestar clinicamente, necessita da interação de vários fatores em condições críticas. Atualmente, sua lenta evolução propicia manejo clínico mais voltado para a detecção de lesões incipientes. Assim, torna-se possível controlar a progressão da doença antes que ela atinja uma fase irreversível. Este trabalho relata um caso clínico de diagnóstico e tratamento de lesões cariosas incipientes em dentes anteriores e seu manejo clínico e discute as evidências disponíveis...

Dental caries is a multifactorial disease produced by an opportunistic biofilm that needs the interaction of several factors at specific conditions to occur. Currently, the slow progression trend provides allows for the clinical management more focused on the detection of incipient lesions. This makes possible to control the progression of the disease before reaching an irreversible stage. This article is a case report of the diagnostic and treatment of incipient carious lesion in permanent incisors discussing the available evidence...

Resolução estética de manchamentos por fluorose dentária grau TF-4 / Esthetic resolution for TF-4 grade staining from dental fluorosis

Com o uso disseminado dos dentifrícios fluoretados, tem-se observado aumento na prevalência da fluorose dentária, e são mais comuns casos de pacientes que buscam solução estética para manchamentos do esmalte dentário. Estudos recentes mostram que a percepção da perda estética causada pela fluorose acorre apenas nos graus mais severos da patologia. Este artigo relata o caso de uma jovem de 22 anos que buscou solução para manchas de fluorose de grau quatro de Thylstrup e Fejerskov, o que foi realizado por meio de uma técnica simplificada de erosão-abrasão (microabrasão)...

The widespread use of fluoride-containing dentifrices led to an increased prevalence of dental fluorosis. Patients seeking for esthetic solutions for enamel staining are more frequent. Recent studies show that the perception of esthetic impairment caused by fluorosis occur only in patients with most severe cases. This article is a case report of a 22 year-old female that was seeking for the solution for her severely stained enamel (dental fluorosis, Thylstrup & Fejerskov scale, TF-4 degree). The case was adequately treated with a simplified microabrasion technique...