Clinical relevance of clonal hematopoiesis in persons aged ≥80 years.

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is associated with increased risk of cancers and inflammation-related diseases. This phenomenon becomes common in persons aged ≥80 years, in whom the implications of CHIP are not well defined. We performed a mutational screening in 1794 persons aged ≥80 years and investigated the relationships between CHIP and associated pathologies. Mutations were observed in one-third of persons aged ≥80 years and were associated with reduced survival. Mutations in JAK2 and splicing genes, multiple mutations (DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1 with additional genetic lesions), and variant allele frequency ≥0.096 had positive predictive value for myeloid neoplasms. Combining mutation profiles with abnormalities in red blood cell indices improved the ability of myeloid neoplasm prediction. On this basis, we defined a predictive model that identifies 3 risk groups with different probabilities of developing myeloid neoplasms. Mutations in DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1, or JAK2 were associated with coronary heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Cytopenia was common in persons aged ≥80 years, with the underlying cause remaining unexplained in 30% of cases. Among individuals with unexplained cytopenia, the presence of highly specific mutation patterns was associated with myelodysplastic-like phenotype and a probability of survival comparable to that of myeloid neoplasms. Accordingly, 7.5% of subjects aged ≥80 years with cytopenia had presumptive evidence of myeloid neoplasm. In summary, specific mutational patterns define different risk of developing myeloid neoplasms vs inflammatory-associated diseases in persons aged ≥80 years. In individuals with unexplained cytopenia, mutational status may identify those subjects with presumptive evidence of myeloid neoplasms.

Cost-Effectiveness of Open Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with a Novel Perioperative Protocol.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, a novel perioperative protocol (nPOP), comprising of 19 evidence-based interventions, was adopted as a standard practice for open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) at the Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (Milan, Italy). Its implementation translated into lower complication rates, faster ambulation and return of bowel function, better nausea/vomiting and pain control, and, consequently, a shorter length of hospital stay. Because value of a patient's care cycle can be defined as clinical outcomes relative to costs, we aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of nPOP compared to the previously implemented protocols. METHODS: Three groups were identified and retrospectively analyzed: (A) 66 patients (September 2007 to March 2009) treated according to the traditional protocol; (B) 225 patients (April 2009 to March 2015) treated in line with a transitional protocol, incorporating 5 perioperative interventions; and (C) 103 patients (April 2015 to February 2019) treated according to nPOP. For each group a monetary value of required clinical resources and the actual total cost per patient from admission to discharge were determined. The following were analyzed (including nurse and anesthesiologist time): diagnostic tests, medications, materials, operating time, surgical team time, blood transfusion, ward stay, and intensive care unit stay. Two indicators of effectiveness were determined based on the postoperative outcomes: complication-free incidents and relative shortening of hospitalization time. A cost (€) of an improvement in effectiveness (%) was calculated. RESULTS: Alongside enhancement of clinical outcomes, nPOP constituted the cheapest approach. It consumed the least human and material resources, resulting in the direct reduction in the overall clinical cost per patient. The length-of-stay variable provided the largest reduction in total costs. The actual total clinical cost per patient in Group C was 26% lower than in Group A (4,437€ vs. 6,005€) and 39% lower than in Group B (4,437€ vs. 7,305€). Every unit of enhancement of clinical outcomes was 2.43 times more expensive for the traditional protocol and 2.23 times more costly for the transitional protocol compared to nPOP, making it the most cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS: The nPOP for AAA open repair is not inferior to other perioperative protocols while allowing for efficient utilization of limited hospital resources, thus creating a high social value. The proposed methods for cost-effectiveness analysis are easily reproducible and therefore can be applied in future projects ranging from a micro- to a macro-economic scale.

Implementation of a perioperative protocol to enhance open aortic repair.

BACKGROUND: Although appreciated for its long-term benefits, open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is associated with a significant perioperative burden. Enhanced recovery and fast track protocols have improved surgical outcomes in many specialties, but remain scarcely applied in the vascular field. METHODS: Based on the applied perioperative protocol in a single-center experience, three consecutive study groups were identified among 394 consecutive patients undergoing elective AAA open repair in the last 12 years. Group A included 66 patients who underwent traditional surgery, group B comprised 225 patients treated according to a partially adopted perioperative protocol, and group C consisted of 103 patients, operated in line with a complete perioperative protocol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the perioperative protocol on recovery time by measuring complication rates, analgesic and antiemetic control, and return of bowel function and ambulation, as well as the length of hospitalization. RESULTS: The study groups had similar baseline characteristics. A significant improvement was noted in the complication rates (P = .019) and hospitalization time (P < .001) following a complete implementation of the perioperative protocol, where the median hospitalization time was 3 days. No mortality and no readmissions within 30 postoperative days were recorded in this group. There was an improvement in pain levels, as well as postoperative nausea and vomiting control (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative protocol implementation in AAA open repair is feasible; the clinical outcomes may be improved when strictly adhering to the protocol. All the applied perioperative management interventions seem to have a synergic effect on shortening the recovery time.

Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Internal Jugular Venous Aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: The aneurysms of internal jugular vein (IJV) are very rare and hence scarcely described in the literature. Owing to the lack of guidelines on the treatment paradigm of this condition, management strategies vary. METHODS: Six patients presenting in our institution with internal jugular venous aneurysms from September 2007 to August 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: IJV aneurysms were confirmed in all 6 patients. For 3 of them, a surgical treatment was deemed necessary. These were 2 patients with intravenous thrombosis and 1 patient with progressive aneurysmal enlargement during the initial monitoring period. The choice of surgical technique was based on aneurysm morphology: 2 patients with saccular aneurysms underwent tangential aneurysmectomy with lateral venorrhaphy, and a patient presenting a fusiform aneurysm underwent its total excision followed by IJV ligation. Three remaining patients were managed conservatively, with one of them fully regressing and the other 2 remaining asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: IJV aneurysms are very rare and usually of benign natural history. For asymptomatic patients, conservative treatment with close follow-up is generally recommended. If any accompanying signs or symptoms are present, such as pain, swelling, evidence of thrombosis, progressive enlargement, or severe psychological stress, timely and appropriate surgical intervention should ensue.

Unconventional Endovascular Access for Symptomatic Thoracic Aortic Ulcer with Infrarenal Aortic Occlusion-A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: A man in very poor general condition was admitted for acute thrombosis of the infrarenal aorta associated to a penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU) of the distal thoracic aorta. METHODS: We planned a two-stage procedure: an axillobifemoral revascularization to be followed by thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) after rehabilitation. Before the second stage, the patient presented with acute respiratory failure secondary to an abrupt PAU evolution. RESULTS: A properly selected stent graft was successfully deployed in an antegrade manner through a left axillary artery access with the nose of the delivery system pushed over a guidewire deep into the aortic thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate access and paraplegia are the major challenges hampering clinical success of TEVAR. Off-the-shelf stent graft can be used outside its primary use in an unconventional setting. Careful planning, consideration of all comorbidities and vascular anatomy, as well as correct choice of the device are crucial for the successful treatment.

Endovascular Treatment of Post-traumatic Superior Mesenteric Arteriovenous Fistula: A Case Report.

Superior mesenteric arteriovenous fistulae (SMAVFs) are extremely rare with no consensus about therapeutic indications and optimal approach. Here, we present a case of a symptomatic SMAVF found in a young patient a few years after a penetrating abdominal injury. Following a complex clinical management of the acute status, we successfully managed the fistula with 3 covered stents in 2 consecutive endovascular procedures. Technical details of the performed procedures, including the main pitfalls and chosen solutions, have been explored and discussed.

First in Human Implantation of the Thoracoflo Graft: A New Hybrid Device for Thoraco-Abdominal Aortic Repair.

Introduction: Despite a high rate of success when performed in specialised centres, current techniques for thoraco-abdominal aortic repair are associated with serious complications. The problem of spinal cord ischaemia remains unsolved. Surgical technique: The new hybrid graft for thoraco-abdominal aortic repair was developed based on the frozen elephant trunk principle. The device consists of a proximal stent graft for transabdominal retrograde delivery to the descending thoracic aorta, combined with a distal six branched abdominal device for open aortic repair. An additional seventh branch is provided for possible lumbar artery re-implantation. Because the stent graft is implanted via a transabdominal approach, it avoids the need for thoracotomy and extracorporeal circulation. A 56 year old patient with Loeys-Dietz syndrome was placed in a supine position. The aorto-iliac axis was exposed via a midline transperitoneal approach. Following an end to side anastomosis of the iliac branch to the left common iliac artery, the stent graft portion was inserted into the thoracic aorta via the coeliac trunk ostium. After stent implantation and graft de-airing by needle puncture, retrograde blood flow to the abdominal aortic segment, and the lumbar and visceral arteries was established via the end to side iliac anastomosis creating an extra-anatomic bypass. Subsequently, the visceral and renal arteries were anastomosed to the branches. Finally, the aorta was opened and surgical graft attached via the collar. The reconstruction ended with end to end anastomoses of both common iliac arteries to the graft branches. Discussion: The first and successful implantation of the new Thoracoflo hybrid device via a novel surgical technique is reported, eliminating the need for thoracotomy and extracorporeal circulation for thoraco-abdominal aortic repair.