Como eu faço no Coração de Atleta: avaliação dos diferentes tipos de adaptação ao exercício / My approach to "Athlete'S Heart": evaluation of the different types of adaptation to exercise

A prática regular de esportes pode induzir adaptações no coração, sendo essa condição comumente chamada de "coração de atleta". As alterações observadas incluem dilatação das câmaras cardíacas, aumento da espessura miocárdica, melhora do enchimento ventricular, aumento da trabeculação do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), dilatação da veia cava inferior, entre outras. Essas alterações também podem ser observadas em algumas doenças cardíacas, como cardiomiopatia (CMP) dilatada, hipertrófica e outras. Dessa forma, os exames de imagem cardíaca são fundamentais na identificação dessas alterações e na diferenciação entre o "coração de atleta" e uma possível cardiopatia.(AU)

Exercise-induced adaptation may occur in amateur and professional athletes. This condition is commonly named "athlete's heart". The alterations observed include dilation of the heart chambers, increased myocardial thickness, improved ventricular filling, increased left ventricular trabeculation, dilation of the inferior vena cava, among others. These changes can also be observed in some heart diseases, such as dilated, hypertrophic and other cardiomyopathies (CMP). Thus, cardiac imaging tests are fundamental in identifying these alterations and in differentiating between "athlete's heart" and possible heart disease. (AU)

Parada cardiorrespiratória após infarto agudo do miocárdio por vasoespasmo coronariano. Relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Cardiorespiratory arrest after acute myocardial infarction due to coronary vasospasm. Case report and literature review

A angina vasoespástica é uma causa incomum de parada cardíaca e arritmias ventriculares. No entanto, os sobreviventes dessas complicações têm um risco aumentado de recorrência, apesar da função ventricular normal e do tratamento médico otimizado. Descrevemos o caso de uma ex-tabagista de 50 anos que teve parada cardiorrespiratória secundária a vasoespasmo coronariano grave.

Vasospastic angina is an uncommon cause of cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmias. However, survivors of these complications are at an increased risk of recurrence, despite normal ventricular function and optimized medical therapy. We describe a case of a 50-year-old former smoker who developed cardiorespiratory arrest secondary to severe coronary vasospasm.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of right ventricular strain in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and relatively preserved functional capacity studied with echocardiography and magnetic resonance.

Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction harbingers adverse prognosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Although conventional two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) is limited for RV systolic function quantitation, RV strain can be a useful tool. The diagnostic and prognostic impact of 2DE speckle-tracking RV longitudinal strain was evaluated, including other 2DE systolic indexes, in a group of PAH patients without severe impairment of functional capacity, chronic pulmonary thromboembolism or left ventricular dysfunction. Sixty-six group I PAH patients, 67 % NYHA functional class I or II (none in IV) were studied by 2DE to obtain: RV fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, RV myocardial performance index, tissue Doppler tricuspid annulus systolic velocity. Global, free wall (RVFreeWSt) and septal RV longitudinal systolic strain were obtained. RV ejection fraction by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR-RVEF) was also assessed. All patients were followed up to 3.9 years (mean 3.3 years). Combined endpoints were hospitalization for worsening PAH or cardiovascular death. Among all the 2DE indexes of RV systolic function, RVFreeWSt exhibited the best correlation with CMR-RVEF (r = 0.83; p < 0.005). Combined endpoints occurred in 15 (22.7 %) patients (6 hospitalizations and 9 deaths). Multivariate analysis identified RVFreeWSt ≤-14 % as the only 2DE independent variable associated with combined endpoints [HR 4.66 (1.25-17.37); p < 0.05]. We conclude that RVFreeWSt may be a suitable non-geometric 2DE surrogate of CMR-RVEF in PAH patients, constituting a powerful independent predictor of long-term outcome in this cohort with relatively preserved functional capacity.

Left Atrial Volume Determinants in Patients with Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial volume (LAV) is a predictor of prognosis in patients with heart failure. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the determinants of LAV in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). METHODS: Ninety patients with DCM and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction ≤ 0.50 were included. LAV was measured with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (eco3D). The variables evaluated were heart rate, systolic blood pressure, LV end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume and ejection fraction (eco3D), mitral inflow E wave, tissue Doppler e' wave, E/e' ratio, intraventricular dyssynchrony, 3D dyssynchrony index and mitral regurgitation vena contracta. Pearson's coefficient was used to identify the correlation of the LAV with the assessed variables. A multiple linear regression model was developed that included LAV as the dependent variable and the variables correlated with it as the predictive variables. RESULTS: Mean age was 52 ± 11 years-old, LV ejection fraction: 31.5 ± 8.0% (16-50%) and LAV: 39.2±15.7 ml/m2. The variables that correlated with the LAV were LV end-diastolic volume (r = 0.38; p < 0.01), LV end-systolic volume (r = 0.43; p < 0.001), LV ejection fraction (r = -0.36; p < 0.01), E wave (r = 0.50; p < 0.01), E/e' ratio (r = 0.51; p < 0.01) and mitral regurgitation (r = 0.53; p < 0.01). A multivariate analysis identified the E/e' ratio (p = 0.02) and mitral regurgitation (p = 0.02) as the only independent variables associated with LAV increase. CONCLUSION: The LAV is independently determined by LV filling pressures (E/e' ratio) and mitral regurgitation in DCM.

Focused cardiac ultrasound using a pocket-size device in the emergency room.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular urgencies are frequent reasons for seeking medical care. Prompt and accurate medical diagnosis is critical to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these conditions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of a pocket-size echocardiography in addition to clinical history and physical exam in a tertiary medical emergency care. METHODS: One hundred adult patients without known cardiac or lung diseases who sought emergency care with cardiac complaints were included. Patients with ischemic changes in the electrocardiography or fever were excluded. A focused echocardiography with GE Vscan equipment was performed after the initial evaluation in the emergency room. Cardiac chambers dimensions, left and right ventricular systolic function, intracardiac flows with color, pericardium, and aorta were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age was 61 ± 17 years old. The patient complaint was chest pain in 51 patients, dyspnea in 32 patients, arrhythmia to evaluate the left ventricular function in ten patients, hypotension/dizziness in five patients and edema in one patient. In 28 patients, the focused echocardiography allowed to confirm the initial diagnosis: 19 patients with heart failure, five with acute coronary syndrome, two with pulmonary embolism and two patients with cardiac tamponade. In 17 patients, the echocardiography changed the diagnosis: ten with suspicious of heart failure, two with pulmonary embolism suspicious, two with hypotension without cause, one suspicious of acute coronary syndrome, one of cardiac tamponade and one of aortic dissection. CONCLUSION: The focused echocardiography with pocket-size equipment in the emergency care may allow a prompt diagnosis and, consequently, an earlier initiation of the therapy.

Criteria for mitral regurgitation classification were inadequate for dilated cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is common in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). It is unknown whether the criteria for MR classification are inadequate for patients with DCM. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the agreement among the four most common echocardiographic methods for MR classification. METHODS: Ninety patients with DCM were included. Functional MR was classified using four echocardiographic methods: color flow jet area (JA), vena contracta (VC), effective regurgitant orifice area (ERO) and regurgitant volume (RV). MR was classified as mild, moderate or important according to the American Society of Echocardiography criteria and by dividing the values into terciles. The Kappa test was used to evaluate whether the methods agreed, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the absolute values of each method. RESULTS: MR classification according to each method was as follows: JA: 26 mild, 44 moderate, 20 important; VC: 12 mild, 72 moderate, 6 important; ERO: 70 mild, 15 moderate, 5 important; RV: 70 mild, 16 moderate, 4 important. The agreement was poor among methods (kappa=0.11; p<0.001). It was observed a strong correlation between the absolute values of each method, ranging from 0.70 to 0.95 (p<0.01) and the agreement was higher when values were divided into terciles (kappa = 0.44; p < 0.01) CONCLUSION: The use of conventional echocardiographic criteria for MR classification seems inadequate in patients with DCM. It is necessary to establish new cutoff values for MR classification in these patients.

I guideline for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care -- Brazilian Society of Cardiology: executive summary.

Despite advances related to the prevention and treatment in the past few years, many lives are lost to cardiac arrest and cardiovascular events in general in Brazil every year. Basic Life Support involves cardiovascular emergency treatment mainly in the pre-hospital environment, with emphasis on the early recognition and delivery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers focused on high-quality thoracic compressions and rapid defibrillation by means of the implementation of public access-to-defibrillation programs. These aspects are of the utmost importance and may make the difference on the patient's outcomes, such as on hospital survival with no permanent neurological damage. Early initiation of the Advanced Cardiology Life Support also plays an essential role by keeping the quality of thoracic compressions; adequate airway management; specific treatment for the different arrest rhythms; defibrillation; and assessment and treatment of the possible causes during all the assistance. More recently, emphasis has been given to post-resuscitation care, with the purpose of reducing mortality by means of early recognition and treatment of the post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Therapeutic hypothermia has provided significant improvement of neurological damage and should be performed in comatose individuals post-cardiac arrest. For physicians working in the emergency department or intensive care unit, it is extremely important to improve the treatment given to these patients by means of specific training, thus giving them the chance of higher success and of better survival rates.

Left Atrial Volume Determinants in Patients with Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy / Determinantes do Volume do Átrio Esquerdo em Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Dilatada Não Isquêmica

Left atrial volume (LAV) is a predictor of prognosis in patients with heart failure.

O Volume do Átrio Esquerdo (VAE) é preditor prognóstico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca.

Importância dos métodos diagnósticos na estratificação da gravidade da estenose aórtica / Importance of diagnostic tests to evaluate the severity of aortic stenosis

A quantificação da gravidade da estenose aórtica é de fundamental importância na avaliação diagnóstica e prognóstica. É realizada mais frequentemente com os gradientes transvalvares, a velocidade máxima do fluxo através da valva e o cálculo da área valvar aórtica por meio da ecocardiografia Doppler. Outros métodos de imagem, como a tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética cardíaca, permitem obter informações complementares à ecocardiografia na avaliação da gravidade da doença. Nos últimos anos, com o melhor entendimento da doença, foram identificadas novas condições hemodinâmicas na estenose aórtica, como as situações de baixo fluxo transvalvar, com ou sem disfunção sistólica ventricular esquerda. Estes aspectos e a possibilidade de implante de prótese valvar por via percutânea trouxeram novas necessidades e desafios na avaliação diagnóstica de pacientes sintomáticos ou assintomáticos com estenose aórtica, os quais têm sido progressivamente superados com auxílio dos métodos de imagem.

The severity of aortic valve stenosis is fundamental for diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. This evaluation is most commonly performed by measuring transvalvar pressure gradients, peak aortic valve velocity and aortic valve area. Other cardiovascular imaging methods such as tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance al/ow additional information for evaluating the severity of the disease. In the last years with the improved knowledge of the disease, new hemodynamic conditions in aortic stenosis were identified, such as transval var low flow with or without left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The possibility of percutaneous prosthetic valve implantation is a challenge for new information in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.

Focused Cardiac Ultrasound Using a Pocket-Size Device in the Emergency Room / Uso da Ecocardiografia Ultraportátil Direcionada em Serviço de Emergências Clínicas

Background: Cardiovascular urgencies are frequent reasons for seeking medical care. Prompt and accurate medical diagnosis is critical to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these conditions. Objective: To evaluate the use of a pocket-size echocardiography in addition to clinical history and physical exam in a tertiary medical emergency care. Methods: One hundred adult patients without known cardiac or lung diseases who sought emergency care with cardiac complaints were included. Patients with ischemic changes in the electrocardiography or fever were excluded. A focused echocardiography with GE Vscan equipment was performed after the initial evaluation in the emergency room. Cardiac chambers dimensions, left and right ventricular systolic function, intracardiac flows with color, pericardium, and aorta were evaluated. Results: The mean age was 61 ± 17 years old. The patient complaint was chest pain in 51 patients, dyspnea in 32 patients, arrhythmia to evaluate the left ventricular function in ten patients, hypotension/dizziness in five patients and edema in one patient. In 28 patients, the focused echocardiography allowed to confirm the initial diagnosis: 19 patients with heart failure, five with acute coronary syndrome, two with pulmonary embolism and two patients with cardiac tamponade. In 17 patients, the echocardiography changed the diagnosis: ten with suspicious of heart failure, two with pulmonary embolism suspicious, two with hypotension without cause, one suspicious of acute coronary syndrome, one of cardiac tamponade and one of aortic dissection. Conclusion: The focused echocardiography with pocket-size equipment in the emergency care may allow a prompt diagnosis and, consequently, an earlier initiation of the therapy. .

Fundamento: As urgências cardiovasculares são causas importantes de procura por atendimento médico, sendo fundamentais a rapidez e a precisão no diagnóstico para diminuir sua morbimortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar o uso da ecocardiografia direcionada como complemento diagnóstico ao exame físico em um serviço terciário de emergências clínicas. Métodos: Foram incluídos cem pacientes adultos sem doenças cardíacas ou pulmonares conhecidas que procuraram atendimento de urgência com queixas cardiológicas. Foram excluídos pacientes com alterações isquêmicas no eletrocardiograma ou febre. A ecocardiografia direcionada foi realizada logo após a avaliação inicial do paciente na sala de emergência, com aparelho ultraportátil GE Vscan, avaliando subjetivamente: dimensões das cavidades, função sistólica ventricular, fluxos intracardíacos pelo mapeamento de fluxo em cores, pericárdio e aorta. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes foi 61 ± 17 anos. O quadro clínico inicial foi dor torácica (52 pacientes), dispneia (32 pacientes), arritmia/avaliação da função ventricular (dez pacientes), hipotensão/tontura (cinco pacientes) e edema periférico (um paciente). Em 28 pacientes a ecocardiografia direcionada confirmou a hipótese diagnóstica inicial: 19 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, cinco com síndrome coronariana aguda, dois com tromboembolismo pulmonar e dois com tamponamento cardíaco. Em 17 pacientes, a ecocardiografia direcionada alterou o diagnóstico, afastando a hipótese clínica inicial em dez casos com suspeita de insuficiência cardíaca, dois com suspeita de tromboembolismo pulmonar, dois com hipotensão a esclarecer, e em cada um dos três restantes com suspeitas de síndrome ...

Os critérios para classificação da insuficiência mitral não foram adequados na cardiomiopatia dilatada / Criteria for mitral regurgitation classification were inadequate for dilated cardiomyopathy

FUNDAMENTO: A insuficiência mitral (IM) é frequente nos pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada. Não se sabe se os critérios para classificação da IM são adequados para pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância entre os quatro métodos ecocardiográficos mais utilizados para classificação da IM. MÉTODOS: Noventa pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada foram incluídos. A IM foi classificada por quatro métodos ecocardiográficos: área do jato regurgitante (AJ), vena contracta (VC), área do orifício regurgitante (AOR) e volume regurgitante (VR). A IM foi classificada em leve, moderada ou importante segundo os critérios da American Society of Echocardiography e também foi dividida em tercis conforme os valores absolutos. O teste de Kappa foi utilizado para avaliar a concordância entre os métodos. O coeficiente de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a correlação entre os valores absolutos por cada método. RESULTADOS: A classificação da IM, de acordo com cada método, foi a seguinte: AJ: 26 leve, 44 moderada, 20 importante; VC: 12 leve, 72 moderada, 6 importante; AOR: 70 leve, 15 moderada, 5 importante; VR: 70 leve, 16 moderada, 4 importante. A concordância entre os métodos foi ruim (kappa = 0,11; p < 0,001), porém foi observada uma forte correlação entre os valores absolutos de cada método (0,70 a 0,95; p < 0,01). A concordância foi melhor com a divisão dos valores em tercis (kappa = 0,44; p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Os critérios para classificação da IM não são adequados para os pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada. É necessário estabelecer novos valores de corte para classificar a IM nestes pacientes.

BACKGROUND: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is common in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). It is unknown whether the criteria for MR classification are inadequate for patients with DCM. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the agreement among the four most common echocardiographic methods for MR classification. METHODS: Ninety patients with DCM were included. Functional MR was classified using four echocardiographic methods: color flow jet area (JA), vena contracta (VC), effective regurgitant orifice area (ERO) and regurgitant volume (RV). MR was classified as mild, moderate or important according to the American Society of Echocardiography criteria and by dividing the values into terciles. The Kappa test was used to evaluate whether the methods agreed, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the absolute values of each method. RESULTS: MR classification according to each method was as follows: JA: 26 mild, 44 moderate, 20 important; VC: 12 mild, 72 moderate, 6 important; ERO: 70 mild, 15 moderate, 5 important; RV: 70 mild, 16 moderate, 4 important. The agreement was poor among methods (kappa=0.11; p<0.001). It was observed a strong correlation between the absolute values of each method, ranging from 0.70 to 0.95 (p<0.01) and the agreement was higher when values were divided into terciles (kappa = 0.44; p < 0.01) CONCLUSION: The use of conventional echocardiographic criteria for MR classification seems inadequate in patients with DCM. It is necessary to establish new cutoff values for MR classification in these patients.

I diretriz de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar e cuidados cardiovasculares de emergência da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: resumo executivo / I guideline for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care - Brazilian Society of Cardiology: executive summary

Apesar de avanços nos últimos anos relacionados à prevenção e a tratamento, muitas são as vidas perdidas anualmente no Brasil relacionado à parada cardíaca e a eventos cardiovasculares em geral. O Suporte Básico de Vida envolve o atendimento às emergências cardiovasculares principalmente em ambiente pré-hospitalar, enfatizando reconhecimento e realização precoces das manobras de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar com foco na realização de compressões torácicas de boa qualidade, assim como na rápida desfibrilação, por meio da implementação dos programas de acesso público à desfibrilação. Esses aspectos são de fundamental importância e podem fazer diferença no desfecho dos casos como sobrevida hospitalar sem sequelas neurológicas. O início precoce do Suporte Avançado de Vida em Cardiologia também possui papel essencial, mantendo, durante todo o atendimento, a qualidade das compressões torácicas, adequado manejo da via aérea, tratamento específico dos diferentes ritmos de parada, desfibrilação, avaliação e tratamento das possíveis causas. Mais recentemente dá-se ênfase a cuidados pós-ressuscitação, visando reduzir a mortalidade por meio do reconhecimento precoce e tratamento da síndrome pós-parada cardíaca. A hipotermia terapêutica tem demonstrado melhora significativa da lesão neurológica e deve ser realizada em indivíduos comatosos pós-parada cardíaca. Para os médicos que trabalham na emergência ou unidade de terapia intensiva é de grande importância o aperfeiçoamento no tratamento desses pacientes por meio de treinamentos específicos, possibilitando maiores chances de sucesso e maior sobrevida.

Despite advances related to the prevention and treatment in the past few years, many lives are lost to cardiac arrest and cardiovascular events in general in Brazil every year. Basic Life Support involves cardiovascular emergency treatment mainly in the pre-hospital environment, with emphasis on the early recognition and delivery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers focused on high-quality thoracic compressions and rapid defibrillation by means of the implementation of public access-to-defibrillation programs. These aspects are of the utmost importance and may make the difference on the patient's outcomes, such as on hospital survival with no permanent neurological damage. Early initiation of the Advanced Cardiology Life Support also plays an essential role by keeping the quality of thoracic compressions; adequate airway management; specific treatment for the different arrest rhythms; defibrillation; and assessment and treatment of the possible causes during all the assistance. More recently, emphasis has been given to post-resuscitation care, with the purpose of reducing mortality by means of early recognition and treatment of the post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Therapeutic hypothermia has provided significant improvement of neurological damage and should be performed in comatose individuals post-cardiac arrest. For physicians working in the emergency department or intensive care unit, it is extremely important to improve the treatment given to these patients by means of specific training, thus giving them the chance of higher success and of better survival rates.

Diagnostic value of color flow mapping and Doppler echocardiography in the quantification of mitral regurgitation in patients with mitral valve prolapse or rheumatic heart disease.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to analyze the diagnostic value of the echocardiographic methods used for quantification of mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) or rheumatic heart disease (RHD). METHODS: The study included 50 patients with MR (mean age of 46.1 years; 35 women), 27 (54%) with RHD and 23 (46%) with MVP. Quantification of the mitral valve regurgitation was obtained by regurgitant orifice area (ROA) and regurgitant volume (RV) by the flow convergence region (FCR) and two-dimensional Doppler echocardiographic methods, regurgitant fraction, jet area (JA), jet area/left atrial area ratio (JA/LAA), and vena contracta (VC). Patients were clinically followed to identify cardiovascular events. Data were analyzed by Pearson, kappa, and receiver operator characteristic curve tests; significance was defined as a P value less than .05. RESULTS: The correlation between the two methods for ROA and RV were r = 0.79 and r = 0.80, respectively, and between these parameters and regurgitant fraction, VC, JA, and JA/LAA varied from r = 0.54 to r = 0.94 (P lt; .05); the agreement varied from kappa = 0.19 to kappa = 0.83. The highest accuracy to identify patients with clinically significant MR (events at follow-up) was 96% for ROA by FCR, 94% for VC, 86% for RV by FCR, and 86% for JA. No method showed a significant difference between MVP and RHD. CONCLUSIONS: The methods analyzed had significant correlation and good agreement. ROA by FCR and VC had the best performance to identify severe MR; no significant difference between MVP and RHD was observed.

Contribuições e limitações dos diferentes parâmetros da ecocardiografia na avaliação da função diastólica / Contribution and limitations of different parameters of echocardiography in the evaluation of diastolic function

O ecocardiograma é exame fundamental para a avaliação não invasiva da função diastólica. A função diastólica deve ser avaliada em todos os exames ecocardiográficos, especialmente nos pacientes com suspeita de insuficiência cardíaca. A função diastólica, ao ecocardiograma, pode ser avaliada por diferentes técnicas, como o fluxo mitral, o Doppler tecidual, o fluxo das veias pulmonares e o modo M colorido. Além destas técnicas diretas, é fundamental a análise do volume do átrio esquerdo, que é um marcador indireto de disfunção diastólica crônica. Na presença de disfunção significativa verificamos os seguintes achados: dilatação do átrio esquerdo, padrão de enchimento ventricular esquerdo do tipo pseudonormal ou restritivo, e relação E/ é maior que 15 (Doppler tecidual septal), que, na realidade, refletem aumento das pressões de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo - achado frequente na disfunção diastólica. Na avaliação da função diastólica é importante integrarmos a análise dos diversos parâmetros ecocardiográficos e sempre associá-los ao quadro clínico do paciente.

Echocardiography is a critical test in the non-invasive e evaluation of diastolic function. The diastolic function must be evaluated in all echocardiography tests, particularly those patients in whorm heart failure is suspected. The diastolic function can be evaluated by variety of echocardiography methods: Mitral inflow, tissue Doppler imaging, pulmonary vein flow and color M-mode. Besides these methods, the evaluation of left atrial volume is central, since it is an indirect marker of diastolic dysfuction. In patients with significant diastolic dysfunction, the following findings are observed in the echocardiography: left atrium increase, mitral Doppler inflow pseudonormal or restrictive and E/é ratio>15 (septal tissue Doppler imaging) what, indeed, reflects the elevated left ventricle filling pressures - often observed in diastolic dysfunction. It is important to integrate different echocardiographic measures in the diastolic function eveluation and always associate the echocardiograpic findings with clinical history and physical exam.