RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pregabalin as adjunctive treatment for children (aged 1 month-<4 years) with focal onset seizures (FOS) using video-electroencephalography (V-EEG). METHODS: This randomized, placebo-controlled, international study included V-EEG seizure monitoring (48-72 hours) at baseline and over the last 3 days of 14-day (5-day dose escalation; 9-day fixed dose) double-blind pregabalin treatment (7 or 14 mg/kg/d in three divided doses). This was followed by a double-blind 1-week taper. The primary efficacy endpoint was log-transformed seizure rate (loge [24-hour seizure rate + 1]) for all FOS recorded during the double-blind V-EEG monitoring, evaluated in subjects who took ≥1 dose of study medication, experienced ≥1 baseline seizure(s), and had a treatment phase V-EEG. Safety and tolerability were assessed by adverse events (AEs), clinical laboratory data, physical/neurological examinations, vital signs, and electrocardiograms. RESULTS: Overall, 175 patients were randomized (mean age = 28.2 months; 59% male, 69% white, 30% Asian) in a 2:1:2 ratio to pregabalin 7 or 14 mg/kg/d (n = 71 or n = 34, respectively), or placebo (n = 70). Pregabalin 14 mg/kg/d (n = 28) resulted in a statistically significant 35% reduction of loge (24-hour seizure rate + 1) versus placebo (n = 53; P = .022), an effect that was not observed with pregabalin 7 mg/kg/d (n = 59; P = .461). The most frequently reported treatment-emergent AEs for pregabalin 7 mg/kg/d, 14 mg/kg/d, and placebo, respectively, were somnolence (11.3%, 17.6%, and 5.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (7.0%, 11.8%, and 11.4%). All AEs were mild to moderate in severity. SIGNIFICANCE: Pregabalin 14 mg/kg/d (but not 7 mg/kg/d) significantly reduced seizure rate in children with FOS, when assessed using V-EEG, compared with placebo. Both pregabalin dosages were generally safe and well tolerated in children 1 month to <4 years of age with FOS. Safety and tolerability were consistent with the known profile of pregabalin in older children with epilepsy.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/administração & dosagem , Epilepsias Parciais/tratamento farmacológico , Pregabalina/administração & dosagem , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológico , Anticonvulsivantes/efeitos adversos , Quimioterapia Adjuvante/métodos , Pré-Escolar , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pregabalina/efeitos adversos , Gravação em VídeoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of pregabalin as adjunctive therapy in children with refractory partial seizures. METHODS: This was a phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, escalating-dose, multiple-dose study comprising a 7-day, double-blind treatment period and a single-blind, single dose of pregabalin administered to all children on day 8. Children in four age cohorts (1-23 months, 2-6, 7-11, and 12-16 years) received one of four doses of pregabalin (2.5, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg/day) or placebo. Safety and tolerability were assessed throughout the study. Steady-state and single-dose PK parameters on day 8 were analyzed using standard noncompartmental procedures. RESULTS: Sixty-five children received at least one dose of treatment. Four pregabalin-treated children discontinued treatment, three of whom received 15 mg/kg/day. Two children experienced serious adverse events, one of whom received pregabalin 15 mg/kg/day. During double-blind treatment, the most common adverse events reported in the pregabalin-treated population were somnolence (27.1%) and dizziness (12.5%). Steady-state pregabalin peak and total exposure in each age cohort appeared to increase linearly with dose. Apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was directly related to creatinine clearance, consistent with adults. CL/F normalized for body weight was 43% higher in patients weighing <30 kg. Steady-state and single-dose PK were consistent. SIGNIFICANCE: Pregabalin at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day in children aged 1 month to 16 years, and at doses up to 15 mg/kg/day in those aged <6 years, demonstrated acceptable safety and tolerability. For children weighing <30 kg, a dose increase of 40% (mg/kg dosing) is required to achieve comparable exposure with adults or children weighing ≥30 kg. These data will inform dose selection in phase 3 trials of the efficacy and safety of adjunctive pregabalin in children with refractory partial seizures.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/farmacocinética , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Epilepsias Parciais/sangue , Epilepsias Parciais/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/análogos & derivados , Adolescente , Área Sob a Curva , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Esquema de Medicação , Eletrocardiografia , Epilepsias Parciais/urina , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pregabalina , Fatores de Tempo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do Tratamento , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/farmacocinética , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: In recent years, significant steps have been made in integrating basic science and clinical medicine. There remains a gap in adding the third pillar of education: health systems science (HSS). Core clerkships represent an ideal learning venue to integrate all three. Students can experience the value of integrating basic science as they learn clinical medicine in environments where HSS is occurring all around them. METHODS: We outline the creation of Sciences and Art of Medicine Integrated (SAMI), a course that runs parallel with the clerkship year and integrates basic science and HSS with clinical medicine. A complete description of the planning and implementation of SAMI is provided. We include the participants and educational setting, the goals and objectives, and the structure of each session. To encourage the integration of basic science, HSS, and clinical medicine, students utilize a series of tools, described in detail. Examples of each tool are provided utilizing a case of a patient presenting with obstructive sleep apnea. RESULTS: We successfully implemented this course with positive reception from students. CONCLUSION: This course represents a step not only toward the integration of HSS with basic science and clinical medicine but also an advancement in training future clinicians to provide high-value care. Future curricular development must consider the validation of a measure of clinical reasoning that assesses a student's ability to think in a cognitively integrated fashion about basic science, HSS, and clinical medicine demonstrated by enhanced justification of clinical reasoning and a more holistic approach to planning patient care.
RESUMO
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of novel 5-alkyl and 5-aryl/heteroaryl substituted 1,2,4-triazoles are described. The in vitro activity is compared to the pyrazole class of compounds with analogous side chains to delineate the contribution of the triazole ring nitrogen in binding to the active site. Both series are quite potent and selective in the canine whole blood (CWB) COX-2 assay, suggesting the increased binding contribution of the hydrophobic side chains.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/síntese química , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Éteres/química , Pirazóis/síntese química , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Compostos de Sulfidrila/síntese química , Compostos de Sulfidrila/farmacologia , Triazóis/síntese química , Triazóis/farmacologia , Alquilação , Animais , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/sangue , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/química , Cães , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Estrutura Molecular , Pirazóis/sangue , Pirazóis/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Compostos de Sulfidrila/sangue , Compostos de Sulfidrila/química , Triazóis/sangue , Triazóis/químicaRESUMO
The structure-activity relationship toward canine COX-1 and COX-2 in vitro whole blood activity of 4-hydrogen versus 4-cyano substituted 5-aryl or 5-heteroatom substituted N-phenyl versus N-2-pyridyl sulfone pyrazoles is discussed. The differences between the pairs of compounds with the 4-nitrile pyrazole derivatives having substantially improved in vitro activity are highlighted for both COX-2 and COX-1. This difference in activity may be due to the contribution of the hydrogen bond of the 4-cyano group with Ser 530 as shown by our molecular modeling studies. In addition, our model suggests a potential contribution from hydrogen bonding of the pyridyl nitrogen to Tyr 355 for the increased activity over the phenyl sulfone analogs.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/síntese química , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacologia , Nitrilas/química , Nitrilas/farmacologia , Pirazóis/síntese química , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Sulfonas/química , Sulfonas/farmacologia , Animais , Sítios de Ligação/efeitos dos fármacos , Celecoxib , Ciclo-Oxigenase 1/metabolismo , Cães , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Técnicas In Vitro , Indicadores e Reagentes , Cinética , Modelos Moleculares , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of novel 2-[3-trifluoromethyl-5-alkyl(thio)ether pyrazo-1-yl]-5-methanesulfonyl pyridine derivatives for canine COX enzymes are described. The 4-cyano-5-alkyl ethers were found to have excellent potency and selectivity, whereas the 5-thioethers were potent but less selective than the ether analogs in a canine whole blood (CWB) COX-2 assay.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/síntese química , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Éteres/química , Pirazóis/química , Compostos de Sulfidrila/química , Alquilação , Animais , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/química , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacocinética , Cães , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of the novel 2-[3-di and trifluoromethyl-5-alkylamino pyrazo-1-yl]-5-methanesulfonyl (SO(2)Me)/sulfamoyl (SO(2)NH(2))-pyridine derivatives for canine COX enzymes are described. The studies led to the identification of 2e as lead with potent in vitro activity, selectivity, and in vivo activity in dogs and cats.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2 , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirazóis , Administração Oral , Animais , Gatos , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/síntese química , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/química , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacocinética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cães , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Técnicas In Vitro , Estrutura Molecular , Pirazóis/síntese química , Pirazóis/química , Pirazóis/farmacocinética , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The discovery of heteroaryl-phenyl-substituted pyrazole derivatives as canine selective COX-2 inhibitors is described. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of this class of compounds led to the identification of compound 1 which demonstrated a canine whole blood COX-2 inhibitory IC50 of 12 nM and selectivity ratio of COX-1/COX-2 greater than 4000-fold.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/síntese química , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/síntese química , Pirazóis/síntese química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 1/metabolismo , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacologia , Cães , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The synthesis of a novel canine COX-2 selective inhibitor, 2-(3-difluoromethyl-5-phenylpyrazol-1-yl)-5-methanesulfonylpyridine, and its in vitro and in vivo profile are described. Pyrazole 8 demonstrated excellent potency and selectivity for canine COX-2 in both in vitro and ex vivo whole blood assays. This novel COX-2 inhibitor also showed a good pharmacokinetic profile (pk) following oral (po), intravenous (iv), and subcutaneous (sc) dosing and demonstrated excellent in vivo efficacy in a canine synovitis model.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase/farmacologia , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintases/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Animais , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2 , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2 , Cães , Técnicas In Vitro , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Pirazóis/síntese química , Piridinas/síntese químicaRESUMO
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of 2-[3-di(and tri)fluoromethyl-5-arylpyrazol-1-yl]-5-methanesulfonylpyridine derivatives for canine COX enzymes are described. This led to the identification of 12a as a lead candidate for further progression. The in vitro and in vivo activity of 12a for the canine COX-2 enzyme as well as its in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties in dog are highlighted.