[Alpha-Lactalbumin as an ingredient of infant formula]. / Alpha-Lactoalbúmina como ingrediente de fórmulas infantiles.

Alpha-Lactalbumin is the main whey protein in human milk rising 2,44 g/L in mature milk. It has a key function in the synthesis of lactose from glucose and galactose in the mammary gland although this compound has also other beneficial effects on the infant health due to the high proportion of essential aminoacids (tryptophan and cysteine). It seems also to increase iron absorption in the digestive track, and in in vitro experiments, linked to oleic acid (HAMLET complex), has shown anticarcinogenic effects against cellular tumor such as human papilloma. In addition, this complex has been reported to exhibit antimicrobial properties against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella thypimurium. However, the in vivo synthesis of HAMLET complex during milk digestion has not been proved yet. Infant formula have been improved considerably during the last decades not only adapting nutrient concentrations to infants requirements but also by the addition of new bioactive ingredients such as alpha-lactalbumin, to have the same functional effect as in breast fed babies.

Effects of different thickening agents on infant gut microbiota.

Infant microbiota has to progress from an almost sterile to a complex and varied community, so the main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of three thickening ingredients on infant microbiota, as well as their in vitro gut fermentability. Experiments were performed using fresh faecal samples from healthy donors of 2-3 months of age. Stabilised stool samples were injected into Wheaton serum bottles containing pre-reduced MBM and 1% (w/v) fermentation substrates (locust bean gum, LBG; maize hydroxypropylated distarch phosphate, Mhdp; and pre-gelatinized rice starch, gRS). Samples were taken during fermentation, and pH, gas pressure, SCFA and bacterial population were analysed. The addition of thickeners resulted in a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between time and pH, showing significantly lower (p < 0.01) pH values for Mhdp and gRS than for LBG. Modified starches showed significantly higher values (p < 0.05) of total gas production than did LBG. Total SCFA molar concentrations for LBG, as well as propionate production, were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than for Mhdp and gRS. Regarding bacterial population, LBG promoted a more varied microbiota enhancing the growth of Atopobium and Bacteroidetes, whereas Mhdp and gRS induced higher Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria at the beginning of fermentation. LBG induced moderate gas production and a slow drop of pH, and caused a decreasing acetate : propionate ratio, enhancing the development of a varied faecal microbiota. In contrast, Mhdp and gRS induced high gas production, a sudden drop of pH and a greater production of acetate, which promoted a less varied faecal microbiota.

Use of heme iron concentrate in the fortification of weaning foods.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technological feasibility of fortifying homogenized weaning food with a porcine heme concentrate. The stability of iron and the organoleptic qualities of two infant weaning foods (a commercial homogenized nonfortified weaning food, NFWF, and the same food fortified with 0.5% of porcine heme concentrate, FWF) were tested throughout 8 months of storage at room temperature and at 37 degrees C. Heme iron decreased with storage time; however, the proportion of this highly available iron was considerably higher in FWF than in NFWF. The addition of heme iron changed significantly the color of the weaning food measured instrumentally, although high temperatures and length of storage time, did not modify Lab, chroma, and hue angle values in both samples. Organoleptic attributes presented a marked stability even in NFWF stored at room temperature and 37 degrees C.

Sodium alginate as feed additive in cultured sea bream (Sparus aurata): does it modify the quality of the flesh?

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium alginate obtained from brown seaweed as a prebiotic supplement to the feed of reared sea bream (Sparus aurata). Addition of the alginate to a control diet was investigated at both concentrations 2% and 5%. Proximate composition in the flesh were not modified significantly by sodium alginate inclusion in the diet of the sea bream; however the fat and ash content in the specimens supplemented with 5% alginate were found to be significantly higher than those found in individuals who were fed the control diet. No significant differences in mineral content, fatty acid profiles, cholesterol content, texture parameters and sensory acceptability among the three studied groups. Results obtained in this study offer support for the use of alginate as a feed additive in sea bream diets since no significant effects were found in the flesh quality and characteristics of commercial size sea bream.

α-Lactoalbúmina como ingrediente de fórmulas infantiles

La α-lactoalbúmina es la principal proteína del lactosuero en la leche materna, alcanzando una concentración de 2,44 g/L en la leche madura. Su principal función es la síntesis de lactosa a partir de glucosa y galactosa en la glándula mamaria, aunque posee además otros efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud del lactante debido a su elevada proporción de aminoácidos esenciales (triptófano y cisteína). Según diversos estudios parece influir positivamente en la absorción de hierro en el intestino del niño, y en experimentos in vitro, unida al ácido oleico (complejo HAMLET), es efectiva frente a tumores celulares como el papiloma humano. El complejo HAMLET también presenta un claro efecto antimicrobiano frente a Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, cepas enteropatógenas de Escherichia coli y Salmonella thypimurium, sin embargo no se ha demostrado que durante la digestión de la leche materna se forme dicho complejo en el tracto digestivo del lactante. El desarrollo de fórmulas infantiles destinadas a la alimentación del niño durante el primer año de vida ha mejorado considerablemente en las últimas décadas intentando no sólo adecuar la concentración de nutrientes a los requerimientos del lactante, sino también adicionando compuestos bioactivos de diferente naturaleza, como la α-lactoalbúmina, con el objetivo de alcanzar los efectos funcionales que se producen en los niños alimentados con leche materna.

α-Lactalbumin as an ingredient of infant formula. α-lactalbumin is the main whey protein in human milk rising 2,44 g/L in mature milk. It has a key function in the synthesis of lactose from glucose and galactose in the mammary gland although this compound has also other beneficial effects on the infant health due to the high proportion of essential aminoacids (tryptophan and cysteine). It seems also to increase iron absorption in the digestive track, and in in vitro experiments, linked to oleic acid (HAMLET complex), has shown anticarcinogenic effects against cellular tumor such as human papilloma. In addition, this complex has been reported to exhibit antimicrobial properties against Streptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae, enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella thypimurium. However, the in vivo synthesis of HAMLET complex during milk digestion has not been proved yet. Infant formula have been improved considerably during the last decades not only adapting nutrient concentrations to infants requirements but also by the addition of new bioactive ingredients such as α-lactalbumin, to have the same functional effect as in breast fed babies.