RESUMO
Environmental conditions are an important factor driving pathogens' evolution. Here, we explore the effects of drought stress in plant virus evolution. We evolved turnip mosaic potyvirus in well-watered and drought conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions that differ in their response to virus infection. Virus adaptation occurred in all accessions independently of watering status. Drought-evolved viruses conferred a significantly higher drought tolerance to infected plants. By contrast, nonsignificant increases in tolerance were observed in plants infected with viruses evolved under standard watering. The magnitude of this effect was dependent on the plant accessions. Differences in tolerance were correlated to alterations in the expression of host genes, some involved in regulation of the circadian clock, as well as in deep changes in the balance of phytohormones regulating defense and growth signaling pathways. Our results show that viruses can promote host survival in situations of abiotic stress, with the magnitude of such benefit being a selectable trait.
Assuntos
Arabidopsis/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Vírus de Plantas/genética , Simbiose/genética , Adaptação Fisiológica , Arabidopsis/virologia , Brassica napus/genética , Brassica napus/virologia , Secas , Evolução Molecular , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/genética , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/genética , Vírus de Plantas/patogenicidade , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/virologia , Potyvirus/genética , Potyvirus/patogenicidade , Estresse Fisiológico/genéticaRESUMO
The engineering of chemical communication at the micro/nanoscale is a key emergent topic in micro/nanotechnology, synthetic biology, and related areas. However, the field is still in its infancy; previous advances, although scarce, have mainly focused on communication between abiotic micro/nanosystems or between microvesicles and living cells. Here, we have implemented a nanoprogrammed cross-kingdom communication involving two different microorganisms and tailor-made nanodevices acting as "nanotranslators". Information flows from the sender cells (bacteria) to the nanodevice and from the nanodevice to receiver cells (yeasts) in a hierarchical way, allowing communication between two microorganisms that otherwise would not interact.