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1.
Nat Methods ; 13(1): 94-100, 2016 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26569598

RESUMO

Plant synthetic biology promises immense technological benefits, including the potential development of a sustainable bio-based economy through the predictive design of synthetic gene circuits. Such circuits are built from quantitatively characterized genetic parts; however, this characterization is a significant obstacle in work with plants because of the time required for stable transformation. We describe a method for rapid quantitative characterization of genetic plant parts using transient expression in protoplasts and dual luciferase outputs. We observed experimental variability in transient-expression assays and developed a mathematical model to describe, as well as statistical normalization methods to account for, this variability, which allowed us to extract quantitative parameters. We characterized >120 synthetic parts in Arabidopsis and validated our method by comparing transient expression with expression in stably transformed plants. We also tested >100 synthetic parts in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) protoplasts, and the results showed that our method works in diverse plant groups. Our approach enables the construction of tunable gene circuits in complex eukaryotic organisms.


Assuntos
Plantas/genética , Biologia Sintética/métodos , Processos Estocásticos
2.
Plant Cell ; 28(7): 1510-20, 2016 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27335450

RESUMO

Plant transformation has enabled fundamental insights into plant biology and revolutionized commercial agriculture. Unfortunately, for most crops, transformation and regeneration remain arduous even after more than 30 years of technological advances. Genome editing provides novel opportunities to enhance crop productivity but relies on genetic transformation and plant regeneration, which are bottlenecks in the process. Here, we review the state of plant transformation and point to innovations needed to enable genome editing in crops. Plant tissue culture methods need optimization and simplification for efficiency and minimization of time in culture. Currently, specialized facilities exist for crop transformation. Single-cell and robotic techniques should be developed for high-throughput genomic screens. Plant genes involved in developmental reprogramming, wound response, and/or homologous recombination should be used to boost the recovery of transformed plants. Engineering universal Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains and recruiting other microbes, such as Ensifer or Rhizobium, could facilitate delivery of DNA and proteins into plant cells. Synthetic biology should be employed for de novo design of transformation systems. Genome editing is a potential game-changer in crop genetics when plant transformation systems are optimized.


Assuntos
Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Edição de Genes , Genoma de Planta/genética , Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/metabolismo , DNA de Plantas/genética , Recombinação Genética/genética , Transformação Genética/genética
3.
Plant J ; 87(1): 139-48, 2016 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27297052

RESUMO

Synthetic biology enables the construction of genetic circuits with predictable gene functions in plants. Detailed quantitative descriptions of the transfer function or input-output function for genetic parts (promoters, 5' and 3' untranslated regions, etc.) are collected. These data are then used in computational simulations to determine their robustness and desired properties, thereby enabling the best components to be selected for experimental testing in plants. In addition, the process forms an iterative workflow which allows vast improvement to validated elements with sub-optimal function. These processes enable computational functions such as digital logic in living plants and follow the pathway of technological advances which took us from vacuum tubes to cell phones.


Assuntos
Redes Reguladoras de Genes/genética , Biologia Sintética/métodos , Algoritmos , Redes Reguladoras de Genes/fisiologia , Plantas/genética , Plantas/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética
4.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact ; 30(7): 515-516, 2017 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28398839

RESUMO

Reader Comments | Submit a Comment The white paper reports the deliberations of a workshop focused on biotic challenges to plant health held in Washington, D.C. in September 2016. Ensuring health of food plants is critical to maintaining the quality and productivity of crops and for sustenance of the rapidly growing human population. There is a close linkage between food security and societal stability; however, global food security is threatened by the vulnerability of our agricultural systems to numerous pests, pathogens, weeds, and environmental stresses. These threats are aggravated by climate change, the globalization of agriculture, and an over-reliance on nonsustainable inputs. New analytical and computational technologies are providing unprecedented resolution at a variety of molecular, cellular, organismal, and population scales for crop plants as well as pathogens, pests, beneficial microbes, and weeds. It is now possible to both characterize useful or deleterious variation as well as precisely manipulate it. Data-driven, informed decisions based on knowledge of the variation of biotic challenges and of natural and synthetic variation in crop plants will enable deployment of durable interventions throughout the world. These should be integral, dynamic components of agricultural strategies for sustainable agriculture.


Assuntos
Agricultura/métodos , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica/métodos , Biotecnologia/métodos , Mudança Climática , Produtos Agrícolas/microbiologia , Produtos Agrícolas/parasitologia , Humanos , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologia
5.
PLoS Comput Biol ; 10(3): e1003533, 2014 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24676102

RESUMO

Biological protein interactions networks such as signal transduction or gene transcription networks are often treated as modular, allowing motifs to be analyzed in isolation from the rest of the network. Modularity is also a key assumption in synthetic biology, where it is similarly expected that when network motifs are combined together, they do not lose their essential characteristics. However, the interactions that a network module has with downstream elements change the dynamical equations describing the upstream module and thus may change the dynamic and static properties of the upstream circuit even without explicit feedback. In this work we analyze the behavior of a ubiquitous motif in gene transcription and signal transduction circuits: the switch. We show that adding an additional downstream component to the simple genetic toggle switch changes its dynamical properties by changing the underlying potential energy landscape, and skewing it in favor of the unloaded side, and in some situations adding loads to the genetic switch can also abrogate bistable behavior. We find that an additional positive feedback motif found in naturally occurring toggle switches could tune the potential energy landscape in a desirable manner. We also analyze autocatalytic signal transduction switches and show that a ubiquitous positive feedback switch can lose its switch-like properties when connected to a downstream load. Our analysis underscores the necessity of incorporating the effects of downstream components when understanding the physics of biochemical network motifs, and raises the question as to how these effects are managed in real biological systems. This analysis is particularly important when scaling synthetic networks to more complex organisms.


Assuntos
Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Algoritmos , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Simulação por Computador , Retroalimentação Fisiológica , Humanos , Modelos Genéticos , Probabilidade , Processos Estocásticos , Biologia Sintética , Proteínas ras/metabolismo
6.
BMC Biotechnol ; 12: 86, 2012 Nov 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23148662

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A systematic method for plant genome manipulation is a major aim of plant biotechnology. One approach to achieving this involves producing a double-strand DNA break at a genomic target site followed by the introduction or removal of DNA sequences by cellular DNA repair. Hence, a site-specific endonuclease capable of targeting double-strand breaks to unique locations in the plant genome is needed. RESULTS: We engineered and tested a synthetic homing endonuclease, PB1, derived from the I-CreI endonuclease of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which was re-designed to recognize and cleave a newly specified DNA sequence. We demonstrate that an activity-optimized version of the PB1 endonuclease, under the control of a heat-inducible promoter, is capable of targeting DNA breaks to an introduced PB1 recognition site in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. We further demonstrate that this engineered endonuclease can very efficiently excise unwanted transgenic DNA, such as an herbicide resistance marker, from the genome when the marker gene is flanked by PB1 recognition sites. Interestingly, under certain conditions the repair of the DNA junctions resulted in a conservative pairing of recognition half sites to remove the intervening DNA and reconstitute a single functional recognition site. CONCLUSION: These results establish parameters needed to use engineered homing endonucleases for the modification of endogenous loci in plant genomes.


Assuntos
Arabidopsis/metabolismo , DNA/metabolismo , Endonucleases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/enzimologia , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Reparo do DNA , Enzimas de Restrição do DNA/genética , Enzimas de Restrição do DNA/metabolismo , Endonucleases/genética , Marcação de Genes , Genoma de Planta , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Engenharia de Proteínas , Temperatura
7.
Biodes Res ; 2022: 9863496, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37850147

RESUMO

Plants adapt to their changing environments by sensing and responding to physical, biological, and chemical stimuli. Due to their sessile lifestyles, plants experience a vast array of external stimuli and selectively perceive and respond to specific signals. By repurposing the logic circuitry and biological and molecular components used by plants in nature, genetically encoded plant-based biosensors (GEPBs) have been developed by directing signal recognition mechanisms into carefully assembled outcomes that are easily detected. GEPBs allow for in vivo monitoring of biological processes in plants to facilitate basic studies of plant growth and development. GEPBs are also useful for environmental monitoring, plant abiotic and biotic stress management, and accelerating design-build-test-learn cycles of plant bioengineering. With the advent of synthetic biology, biological and molecular components derived from alternate natural organisms (e.g., microbes) and/or de novo parts have been used to build GEPBs. In this review, we summarize the framework for engineering different types of GEPBs. We then highlight representative validated biological components for building plant-based biosensors, along with various applications of plant-based biosensors in basic and applied plant science research. Finally, we discuss challenges and strategies for the identification and design of biological components for plant-based biosensors.

8.
ACS Synth Biol ; 11(2): 522-527, 2022 02 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35176864

RESUMO

The ability to construct, synthesize, and edit genes and genomes at scale and with speed enables, in synergy with other tools of engineering biology, breakthrough applications with far-reaching implications for society. As SARS-CoV-2 spread around the world in early spring of 2020, researchers rapidly mobilized, using these tools in the development of diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for COVID-19. The sharing of knowledge was crucial to making rapid progress. Several publications described the use of reverse genetics for the de novo construction of SARS-CoV-2 in the laboratory, one in the form of a protocol. Given the demonstrable harm caused by the virus, the unequal distribution of mitigating vaccines and therapeutics, their unknown efficacy against variants, and the interest in this research by laboratories unaccustomed to working with highly transmissible pandemic pathogens, there are risks associated with such publications, particularly as protocols. We describe considerations and offer suggestions for enhancing security in the publication of synthetic biology research and techniques. We recommend: (1) that protocol manuscripts for the de novo synthesis of certain pathogenic viruses undergo a mandatory safety and security review; (2) that if published, such papers include descriptions of the discussions or review processes that occurred regarding security considerations in the main text; and (3) the development of a governance framework for the inclusion of basic security screening during the publication process of engineering biology/synthetic biology manuscripts to build and support a safe and secure research enterprise that is able to maximize its positive impacts and minimize any negative outcomes.


Assuntos
Bioengenharia , Editoração , Medidas de Segurança/organização & administração , Genes Virais , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Biologia Sintética
9.
ACS Synth Biol ; 10(5): 907-910, 2021 05 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33977723

RESUMO

Engineering biology is being applied toward solving or mitigating some of the greatest challenges facing society. As with many other rapidly advancing technologies, the development of these powerful tools must be considered in the context of ethical uses for personal, societal, and/or environmental advancement. Researchers have a responsibility to consider the diverse outcomes that may result from the knowledge and innovation they contribute to the field. Together, we developed a Statement of Ethics in Engineering Biology Research to guide researchers as they incorporate the consideration of long-term ethical implications of their work into every phase of the research lifecycle. Herein, we present and contextualize this Statement of Ethics and its six guiding principles. Our goal is to facilitate ongoing reflection and collaboration among technical researchers, social scientists, policy makers, and other stakeholders to support best outcomes in engineering biology innovation and development.


Assuntos
Bioengenharia/ética , Pesquisa Biomédica/ética , Invenções/ética , Pessoal Administrativo/ética , Comunicação , Saúde Ambiental , Humanos , Pessoal de Laboratório Médico/ética , Saúde Pública , Projetos de Pesquisa , Pesquisadores/ética , Responsabilidade Social
10.
Mol Syst Biol ; 5: 270, 2009.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19455134

RESUMO

Signal transduction underlies how living organisms detect and respond to stimuli. A goal of synthetic biology is to rewire natural signal transduction systems. Bacteria, yeast, and plants sense environmental aspects through conserved histidine kinase (HK) signal transduction systems. HK protein components are typically comprised of multiple, relatively modular, and conserved domains. Phosphate transfer between these components may exhibit considerable cross talk between the otherwise apparently linear pathways, thereby establishing networks that integrate multiple signals. We show that sequence conservation and cross talk can extend across kingdoms and can be exploited to produce a synthetic plant signal transduction system. In response to HK cross talk, heterologously expressed bacterial response regulators, PhoB and OmpR, translocate to the nucleus on HK activation. Using this discovery, combined with modification of PhoB (PhoB-VP64), we produced a key component of a eukaryotic synthetic signal transduction pathway. In response to exogenous cytokinin, PhoB-VP64 translocates to the nucleus, binds a synthetic PlantPho promoter, and activates gene expression. These results show that conserved-signaling components can be used across kingdoms and adapted to produce synthetic eukaryotic signal transduction pathways.


Assuntos
Células Eucarióticas/metabolismo , Engenharia Genética/métodos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Citocininas/metabolismo , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Glucuronidase/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Histidina Quinase , Raízes de Plantas , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Rhizobium/genética , Biologia de Sistemas/métodos , Transativadores/genética , Transativadores/metabolismo
11.
Front Plant Sci ; 11: 512526, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33123175

RESUMO

Plant synthetic biology aims to harness the natural abilities of plants and to turn them to new purposes. A primary goal of plant synthetic biology is to produce predictable and programmable genetic circuits from simple regulatory elements and well-characterized genetic components. The number of available DNA parts for plants is increasing, and the methods for rapid quantitative characterization are being developed, but the field of plant synthetic biology is still in its early stages. We here describe methods used to describe the quantitative properties of genetic components needed for plant synthetic biology. Once the quantitative properties and transfer function of a variety of genetic parts are known, computers can select the optimal components to assemble into functional devices, such as toggle switches and positive feedback circuits. However, while the variety of circuits and traits that can be put into plants are limitless, doing synthetic biology in plants poses unique challenges. Plants are composed of differentiated cells and tissues, each representing potentially unique regulatory or developmental contexts to introduced synthetic genetic circuits. Further, plants have evolved to be highly sensitive to environmental influences, such as light or temperature, any of which can affect the quantitative function of individual parts or whole circuits. Measuring the function of plant components within the context of a plant cell and, ideally, in a living plant, will be essential to using these components in gene circuits with predictable function. Mathematical modeling will be needed to account for the variety of contexts a genetic part will experience in different plant tissues or environments. With such understanding in hand, it may be possible to redesign plant traits to serve human and environmental needs.

12.
Phytochemistry ; 170: 112195, 2020 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31743799

RESUMO

In plant spores and pollen, sporopollenin occurs as a structural polymer with remarkable resistance to chemical degradation. This recalcitrant polymer is well-suited to analysis by non-destructive infrared spectroscopy. However, existing infrared characterization of sporopollenin has been limited in scope and occasionally contradictory. This study provides a comprehensive structural analysis of sporopollenin in the Pinus ponderosa pollen exine using infrared spectroscopy, including detailed band assignments, descriptions of chemical reactivity, and comparison to multiple reference substances. We observe that the infrared spectral characteristics of sporopollenin prepared by enzymatic digestion of the polysaccharide-based intine are largely consistent with a copolymer of aliphatic lipids and trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, without distinct contributions from α-pyrone or carotenoid substructures.


Assuntos
Biopolímeros/análise , Carotenoides/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Pinus ponderosa/química , Estrutura Molecular , Espectrofotometria Infravermelho
13.
Data Brief ; 29: 105129, 2020 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31993473

RESUMO

The ATR FT-IR spectra of Pinus ponderosa sporopollenin isolated from pollen spores by enzymatic digestion. Sporopollenin is also isolated by solvent extraction, followed by either acidolysis with phosphoric acid, and acetolysis is reported [1]. The FT-IR spectra are supplemented by XPS data of the isolated sporopollenin samples. The enzymatically isolated sporopollenin is subjected to a variety of chemical treatments and modifications, including alkaline hydrolysis, deuteration (by both D20 and methanol-d4), sodium cyanoborohydride reduction, hydrolysis by peracetic acid, bromination, acetylization with acetone and octanal, and acid-catalyzed ketal cleavage. The sporopollenin isolated by acidolysis and acetolysis are also subjected to alkaline hydrolysis. The sporopollenin samples are compared to a variety of model compounds representative of putative structural constituents and functional groups.

14.
Biodes Res ; 2020: 8051764, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37849899

RESUMO

Human life intimately depends on plants for food, biomaterials, health, energy, and a sustainable environment. Various plants have been genetically improved mostly through breeding, along with limited modification via genetic engineering, yet they are still not able to meet the ever-increasing needs, in terms of both quantity and quality, resulting from the rapid increase in world population and expected standards of living. A step change that may address these challenges would be to expand the potential of plants using biosystems design approaches. This represents a shift in plant science research from relatively simple trial-and-error approaches to innovative strategies based on predictive models of biological systems. Plant biosystems design seeks to accelerate plant genetic improvement using genome editing and genetic circuit engineering or create novel plant systems through de novo synthesis of plant genomes. From this perspective, we present a comprehensive roadmap of plant biosystems design covering theories, principles, and technical methods, along with potential applications in basic and applied plant biology research. We highlight current challenges, future opportunities, and research priorities, along with a framework for international collaboration, towards rapid advancement of this emerging interdisciplinary area of research. Finally, we discuss the importance of social responsibility in utilizing plant biosystems design and suggest strategies for improving public perception, trust, and acceptance.

15.
Plant Sci ; 273: 13-22, 2018 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29907304

RESUMO

Plant synthetic biology is a rapidly emerging field that aims to engineer genetic circuits to function in plants with the same reliability and precision as electronic circuits. These circuits can be used to program predictable plant behavior, producing novel traits to improve crop plant productivity, enable biosensors, and serve as platforms to synthesize chemicals and complex biomolecules. Herein we introduce the importance of developing orthogonal plant parts and the need for quantitative part characterization for mathematical modeling of complex circuits. In particular, transfer functions are important when designing electronic-like genetic controls such as toggle switches, positive/negative feedback loops, and Boolean logic gates. We then discuss potential constraints and challenges in synthetic regulatory circuit design and integration when using plants. Finally, we highlight current and potential plant synthetic regulatory circuit applications.


Assuntos
Redes Reguladoras de Genes/genética , Engenharia Genética , Plantas/genética , Biologia Sintética , Modelos Teóricos
16.
Elife ; 62017 09 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28925919

RESUMO

We describe the computational design of proteins that bind the potent analgesic fentanyl. Our approach employs a fast docking algorithm to find shape complementary ligand placement in protein scaffolds, followed by design of the surrounding residues to optimize binding affinity. Co-crystal structures of the highest affinity binder reveal a highly preorganized binding site, and an overall architecture and ligand placement in close agreement with the design model. We use the designs to generate plant sensors for fentanyl by coupling ligand binding to design stability. The method should be generally useful for detecting toxic hydrophobic compounds in the environment.


Assuntos
Biologia Computacional/métodos , Fentanila/metabolismo , Entorpecentes/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Cristalografia por Raios X , Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo
17.
Plant Biotechnol J ; 4(6): 605-22, 2006 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17309732

RESUMO

Plants have evolved elegant mechanisms to continuously sense and respond to their environment, suggesting that these properties can be adapted to make inexpensive and widely used biological monitors, or sentinels, for human threats. For a plant to be a sentinel, a reporting system is needed for large areas and widespread monitoring. The reporter or readout mechanism must be easily detectable, allow remote monitoring and provide a re-set capacity; all current gene reporting technologies fall short of these requirements. Chlorophyll is one of the best-recognized plant pigments with an already well-developed remote imaging technology. However, chlorophyll is very abundant, with levels regulated by both genetic and environmental factors. We designed a synthetic de-greening circuit that produced rapid chlorophyll loss on perception of a specific input. With induction of the de-greening circuit, changes were remotely detected within 2 h. Analyses of multiple de-greening circuits suggested that the de-greening circuit functioned, in part, via light-dependent damage to photosystem cores and the production of reactive oxygen species. Within 24-48 h of induction, an easily recognized white phenotype resulted. Microarray analysis showed that the synthetic de-greening initiated a process largely distinct from normal chlorophyll loss in senescence. Remarkably, synthetically de-greened white plants re-greened after removal of the inducer, providing the first easily re-settable reporter system for plants and the capacity to make re-settable biosensors. Our results showed that the de-greening circuit allowed chlorophyll to be employed as a simple but powerful reporter system useful for widespread areas.


Assuntos
Clorofila/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Vegetais , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Plantas/genética , Espectrometria de Fluorescência/métodos
18.
Elife ; 42015 Dec 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26714111

RESUMO

Biosensors for small molecules can be used in applications that range from metabolic engineering to orthogonal control of transcription. Here, we produce biosensors based on a ligand-binding domain (LBD) by using a method that, in principle, can be applied to any target molecule. The LBD is fused to either a fluorescent protein or a transcriptional activator and is destabilized by mutation such that the fusion accumulates only in cells containing the target ligand. We illustrate the power of this method by developing biosensors for digoxin and progesterone. Addition of ligand to yeast, mammalian, or plant cells expressing a biosensor activates transcription with a dynamic range of up to ~100-fold. We use the biosensors to improve the biotransformation of pregnenolone to progesterone in yeast and to regulate CRISPR activity in mammalian cells. This work provides a general methodology to develop biosensors for a broad range of molecules in eukaryotes.


Assuntos
Técnicas Biossensoriais/métodos , Eucariotos , Biologia Molecular/métodos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Digoxina/análise , Progesterona/análise , Ligação Proteica , Estabilidade Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/química , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética
20.
Biotechnol J ; 7(7): 846-55, 2012 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22649041

RESUMO

Synthetic biology uses biological components to engineer new functionality in living organisms. We have used the tools of synthetic biology to engineer detector plants that can sense man-made chemicals, such as the explosive trinitrotoluene, and induce a response detectable by eye or instrumentation. A goal of this type of work is to make the designed system orthogonal, that is, able to function independently of systems in the host. In this review, the design and function of two partially synthetic signaling pathways for use in plants is discussed. We describe observed interactions (crosstalk) with endogenous signaling components. This crosstalk can be beneficial, allowing the creation of hybrid synthetic/endogenous signaling pathways, or detrimental, resulting in system noise and/or false positives. Current approaches in the field of synthetic biology applicable to the design of orthogonal signaling systems, including the design of synthetic components, partially synthetic systems that utilize crosstalk to signal through endogenous components, computational redesign of proteins, and the use of heterologous components, are discussed.


Assuntos
Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Biologia Sintética/métodos , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética
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