Femoral neck osteosynthesis using interfragmentary compression or position screw in synthetic bones. What are the mechanical differences?

PURPOSE: We aim to compare interfragmentary compression with the position osteosynthesis in the fixation of different femoral neck fractures (FN) in synthetic bones subjected to vertical load. METHODS: Forty-two synthetic femurs were subjected to neck fractures and separated into 3 groups according to the Pauwels classification: Pauwels I had 6 units (PI); Pauwels II, 24 units, with and without comminution (PII); and Pauwels III, 12 units, with and without comminution (PIII). After, they were fixed with 2 different ways: three 7, 0 mm cannulated lag screws (CSs) versus three 6, 5 mm solid fully threaded screws (SSs). Screws positioning was oriented by the Pauwels classification: inverted triangle or crossed screws. All specimens were submitted to vertical loading until failure. RESULTS: The average force was 79.4 ± 22.6 Kgf. The greatest one was recorded in model 1 (135.6 Kgf), and the lowest in model 41 (39.6 Kgf). CSs and SSs had similar resistance until failure (p = 0.2). PI showed heightened resistance and PIII showed a worse response (p < 0,01). CSs had better performance in PIII (p = 0.048). Comminution and screws orientation caused no difference on peak force (p = 0.918 and p = 0.340, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In synthetic bones, the resistance of a femoral neck fracture osteosynthesis using a 7, 0 mm cannulated lag screw or 6, 5 mm solid fully threaded screw are similar. There was no loss of efficiency with comminution in the femoral neck. Osteosynthesis resistance decreased with the verticalization of the fracture line and, in the more vertical ones, interfragmentary compression with CSs was more resistant than positional osteosynthesis with SSs.

Concentration of Sonication Fluid through Centrifugation Is Superior to Membrane Filtration for Microbial Diagnosis of Orthopedic Implant-Associated Infection.

Microbial identification of orthopedic implant-associated infections using sonication fluid (SF) submitted to a concentration step by membrane filtration (SMF) was compared with the standard centrifugation (SC) method. Among 33 retrieved infected implants, sonication identified microorganisms in 26 (78.8%). The sensitivity of SC was higher than that of SMF (78.8% versus 30.3%; P < 0.001).

Depression fractures of the posterolateral tibial plateau: Treatment by lateral femoral epicondyle osteotomy approach.

OBJECTIVE: The best surgical exposure and fixation method for fractures affecting the posterolateral corner of the tibial plateau remain debatable. This study describes a surgical approach to treat lateral depressions of the posterolateral tibial plateau with or without rim involvement by osteotomy of the lateral femoral epicondyle associated with osteosynthesis with a one-third tubular horizontal belt plate to stabilize the fracture fragment. METHOD: We evaluated 13 patients with fractures of the tibial plateau affecting the posterolateral region. Assessments included the degree of the depression (in millimeters), quality of the reduction, complications, and function. RESULTS: All fractures and osteotomies consolidated. The patients had a mean age of 48 years and were mostly men (n=8). Regarding the quality of the reduction, the mean reduction obtained was 15.8 mm, and 8 patients achieved anatomical reduction. The mean (± standard deviation) Knee Society Score was 92±13 (range 65-100), and the mean Function Score was 95±9.6 (range 70-100). The mean Lysholm Knee Score was 92±11.7 (range 66-100), and the mean International Knee Documentation Committee Score was 85±12.6 (range 63-100). All these scores reflect good results. None of the patients developed superficial or deep infection or presented healing disorders. Sensitive or motor complications of the fibular nerve were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: In this series of patients with depression fractures of the posterolateral tibial plateau, a surgical approach through osteotomy of the lateral femoral epicondyle allowed direct reduction and stable osteosynthesis of the fractures without functional impairment.

INTERFERENCE OF EXTERNAL DAMAGE CONTROL FIXATION IN DEFINITIVE OSTEOSYNTHESIS.

Introduction: Indications for provisional external fixation prior to the definitive treatment of fractures are associated with the control of local and systemic damage and the impossibility of definitive osteosynthesis in the emergency. Objective: To identify complications associated with external fixation prior to definitive internal osteosynthesis. Methods: This is a comparative, prospective study (Level II). Inclusion criteria: patients treated as emergencies (November 2019 and March 2020) who underwent provisional external correction followed by definitive osteosynthesis. We look for signs of inadequacies in external correction and correlation with infections (erythema, hyperemia, fistulae in the path of the pins or surgical scars), systemic symptoms of infection, and radiographic parameters for treatment up to eight weeks after surgery. Results: The average time for conversion to definitive osteosynthesis was 15.9 days and 47 lower limbs and three upper limbs were fixed. Of the participants who had deep infections, three (6%) showed signs during initial treatment (external fixator) and nine (18%), after definitive internal osteosynthesis. We found no correlation between provisional external correction and complications in the definitive treatment with osteosynthesis. Conclusion: The use of temporary external fixation before definitive internal osteosynthesis in fractures of the appendicular skeleton failed to increase complication rates even if the path of the implants in both procedures overlapped. Level of Evidence II, Comparative Prospective Study.

Introdução: As indicações para a fixação externa provisória que antecedem o tratamento definitivo das fraturas está associado ao controle do dano local e sistêmico e à impossibilidade de osteossíntese definitiva na urgência. Objetivo: Identificar complicações associadas à fixação externa precedente à osteossíntese interna definitiva. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo comparativo realizado com pacientes atendidos em situação de urgência entre novembro de 2019 e março de 2020, que sofreram a fixação externa provisória seguida de osteossíntese definitiva. Buscamos indícios de inadequações na fixação externa e correlação com: infecção (eritema, hiperemia, fístula do trajeto dos pinos ou da cicatriz cirúrgica), sintomas sistêmicos de infecção e parâmetros radiográficos da evolução do tratamento até oito semanas do pós-operatório. Resultados: O tempo médio para conversão em osteossíntese definitiva foi de 15,9 dias, e foram fixados 47 membros inferiores e 3 membros superiores. Dos participantes que apresentaram quadros de infecções profundas, três (6%) apresentaram os sinais durante o tratamento inicial (fixador externo) e nove (18%) após a osteossíntese interna definitiva. Não foi encontrada correlação entre a fixação externa provisória e complicações no tratamento definitivo com osteossíntese. Conclusão: O emprego da fixação externa temporária antes da osteossíntese interna definitiva em fraturas do esqueleto apendicular não provocou aumento nas taxas de complicações, mesmo quando houve sobreposição no trajeto dos implantes usados nos dois procedimentos. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Prospectivo Comparativo.

Treatment of femur pseudoarthrosis using wave plate: Evaluation of consolidation and its relationship with graft type.

INTRODUCTION: In the pathogenesis of femoral pseudoarthrosis, the arched shape of the bone is important when determining traction force on the anterolateral plane and posteromedial compression. In plate osteosynthesis, flexion forces affect the implant and can determine its breakdown and osteosynthesis failure. The wave plate seeks to solve the problem by transferring the support to the cortex under the plate or creating the resistance of a leaf spring. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the bone healing pattern of femoral pseudoarthrosis treated with wave plate and its effectiveness in consolidation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 18 patients with femoral pseudoarthrosis treated with wave plate. RESULTS: Three months after surgery, one patient presented healing of pseudoarthrosis, six months after surgery, 16 patients presented healing of pseudoarthrosis and at 12 months, all patients had complete bone healing. Regarding the type of pseudoarthrosis, nine patients had avascular and nine vascular pseudoarthrosis. Fifteen patients had medial cortical failure and three, lateral cortical failure. In all cases, consolidation started where there was bone failure, be it medial or lateral. DISCUSSION: The wave plate technique is well indicated for the existence of cortical bone failure, both in fractures and in pseudoarthrosis. Objective is to stabilize the fragments by transferring and allowing contact between them. The formation of the bone callus occurred in our sample from the region of the bone defect to the region of bone contact, using either a tricortical or cancellous bone graft. The elastic force of the wave and the eccentric distribution of loads in the femur favored the formation of a callus where it was distracted (bone failure) and the location with concentration of movement (proximity between the fragments) was the end of bone healing. CONCLUSION: The wave plate technique was effective in bone healing of femoral pseudoarthrosis, promoting consolidation from the cortical failure to the bone contact zone.

Epiphyseal fragment as a predictive factor of failure in fixation of proximal fractures of the humerus.

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of the proximal humerus are frequent and are widely studied with regards to their treatment indications. The aim of this article is to establish a correlation between the size of the epiphyseal fragment in fractures of the proximal humerus and the probability of loss of reduction after a surgical procedure. METHODS: A total of 47 surgically treated proximal humeral fractures were reviewed. Preoperative CT scans were used to evaluate the size of the epiphyseal fragment of the fracture. Postoperative X-rays were analyzed to assess complications, especially loss of reductions. Mean age was 61 years old (29-91 years). RESULTS: In total, 42 shoulders were evaluated. The average size of the epiphyseal fragment was 38.3 mm (32-50 mm) the largest longitudinal length; and 19.9 mm (12-30 mm) the largest cross-sectional length. The most frequent complication observed was loss of reduction. The statistical analysis showed significance that patients with smaller cross-sectional size of the epiphyseal fragment presented more complications (p = 0.034), and based on the graph and ROC curve, a value of 15.5 mm was considered as the cutoff value for failure. CONCLUSION: A cross-sectional length of the epiphyseal fragment of less than 15.5 mm indicates a higher probability of loss of reduction in fractures of the proximal end of the humerus after extra-medullary osteosynthesis.

Weight Discharge in Postoperative of Plateau Fracture Tibialis: Systematic Review of Literature.

Tibial plateau fractures are a risk to the functional integrity of the knee, affecting the axial alignment and capable of leading to pain and disability of the individual. Early weight bearing and joint mobilization can prevent these functional deficits. the goal of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature about studies that quote the beginning, evolution, and progression criteria for weight-bearing in postoperative period of tibial plateau fractures. We selected articles published in the last 12 years, in Portuguese and English, that described the time of onset and progression of weight-bearing, considering the severity of the fracture. Thirty-six articles were selected. There is no consensus in the literature as to the beginning and evolution of weight-bearing in the postoperative period of tibial plateau fractures; however, a relationship between the severity of the fracture and the fixation method has been observed.

ANTEGRADE X RETROGRADE NAILING IN FEMORAL FRACTURES: A STUDY ON CONSOLIDATION AND INFECTION.

OBJECTIVE: Osteosynthesis with intramedullary nailing is considered the method of choice to treat diaphyseal femur fractures in adults. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the bone healing time and incidence of infection in patients with diaphyseal femur fractures treated surgically with retrograde and antegrade intramedullary nailing. METHODS: The medical records of 123 patients from two university hospitals dated 2011-2013 were evaluated, with 126 diaphyseal femur fractures having been found. The most frequent treatment was antegrade intramedullary nailing (51%), of which 38% involved reaming (n=25). RESULTS: We found evidence of 92% healed fractures at 12 months postoperatively. Complications included chronic osteomyelitis in one patient and femoral neck fracture in another patient, both after reamed antegrade nailing. Pyoarthritis of the knee associated with osteomyelitis affected two patients after reamed retrograde nailing and one patient after unreamed retrograde nailing. CONCLUSION: We did not observe a significant difference in bone healing rates with the use of reamed or unreamed antegrade or retrograde nailing. Complications included the presence of infection with an incidence similar to that reported in the literature, and of particular significance, unrelated to the type of approach. Level of evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

OBJETIVO: A osteossíntese com haste intramedular é considerada o método de escolha para tratamento das fraturas diafisárias do fêmur em adultos. O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi avaliar o tempo até a consolidação e a incidência de infecção em pacientes com fratura diafisária do fêmur, operados com haste intramedular retrógrada e anterógrada. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados os prontuários de 123 pacientes de dois hospitais universitários entre os anos de 2011 e 2013, tendo sido encontradas 126 fraturas diafisárias do fêmur. O tratamento mais frequente foi com haste intramedular anterógrada (51%), das quais 38% (n=25) eram fresadas. RESULTADOS: Com 12 meses de pós-operatório, evidenciamos 92% de consolidação. Entre as complicações, observamos um paciente com osteomielite crônica e um com fratura do colo do fêmur, ambos submetidos à haste intramedular anterógrada fresada e pioartrite do joelho, associada à osteomielite em dois pacientes submetidos à haste intramedular retrógrada fresada e em um paciente após a utilização de haste intramedular retrógrada não fresada. CONCLUSÃO: Não observamos diferença significativa entre a taxa de consolidação com o emprego das hastes retrógradas e anterógradas, fresadas ou não fresadas. Dentre as complicações, observamos a presença de infecção em incidência similar à da literatura e particularmente sem relação com a via de acesso escolhida. Nível de evidência III, estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

Rotational evaluation of humeral shaft fractures with proximal extension fixed using the MIPO technique.

INTRODUCTION: Diaphyseal fractures with proximal humeral extension can be treated using a helical model, so it is lateral on the proximal aspect and on the diaphyseal segment in the anterior surface. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate possible rotational deviations using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) and to determine how it affects upper limb function. METHODS: We followed 11 patients for a period of two years. The proximal approach was anterior-lateral, and the distal approach was anterior, dividing the brachial muscle. For rotational evaluation, we used the semi-axial incidence described by Oztuna et al., assessing the degree of retroversion of the humeral head in relation to the elbow. During follow-up, we measured bilateral range of motion, shoulder function (UCLA), and upper limb function (DASH). RESULTS: For patients whose final result was an increase in retroversion, there was an average difference of 9°, with an increase in the final difference of external rotation of 3° compared with the other shoulder, and no difference between the final levels of internal rotation. In the patients whose final result was a decrease in retroversion, where the distal fragment was fixed in internal rotation, the difference observed was an average of 6°. These patients had an average decrease of the external rotation of 5° with an increase of the internal rotation by two levels. The final functional scores were "good" and "excellent" in all patients, with a mean UCLA of 31.8 points (28-34) and a mean DASH of 9.11 points (0.83-22.2). CONCLUSION: In all patients, there was a difference in the humeral head retroversion compared to the contralateral limb, but with little clinical repercussion and good or excellent functional scores.

ARE TRAUMATOLOGISTS TREATING OSTEOPOROSIS TO PREVENT NEW FRACTURES IN BRAZIL?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of traumatologists who investigate osteoporosis in elderly patients with fractures and recommend secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures. METHODS: We distributed questionnaires to 244 physicians attending the 2015 Brazilian Congress of Orthopedic Trauma. We determined the respondents' profiles and assessed how they investigated and treated osteoporosis in elderly patients with fractures. RESULTS: Overall, 32% of the respondents reported that their knowledge level regarding osteoporosis ranged from 0-5 (out of 0-10). In total, 42% of the participants reported that they usually requested DXA for elderly patients with fractures and less than 30% reported prescribing supplemental calcium and/or vitamin D. We considered physicians conducting a complete treatment for the patient as those who in addition to requesting DXA prescribed supplemental calcium, vitamin D, and specific medications for their elderly patients, and recommended non-pharmacological measures. Only 0.8% of the participants fulfilled all these criteria. In addition, 47% of the traumatologists reported that they did not treat osteoporosis directly but instead, referred osteoporotic patients to a qualified physician. CONCLUSION: Less than 50% of the surveyed traumatologists investigated and performed secondary prevention against osteoporotic fractures after treating an elderly patient with a fracture. Level of evidence III, Economic and Decision Analyses - Developing an Economic or Decisions Model.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a proporção de traumatologistas que investigam a osteoporose nos pacientes idosos com fraturas e recomendam a prevenção secundária das fraturas osteoporóticas. MÉTODOS: Distribuímos questionários para 244 médicos participantes do Congresso Brasileiro de Traumatología Ortopédica em 2015. Determinamos o perfil dos mesmos e avaliamos como os entrevistados investigam e tratam a osteoporose nos pacientes idosos com fraturas. RESULTADOS: Entre os entrevistados, 32% relataram que seu nível de conhecimento sobre osteoporose seria algo entre 0 e 5 (de 0 a 10). No total, 42% dos participantes relataram que frequentemente solicitam DXA para pacientes idosos com fraturas, mas menos de 30% relataram prescrever suplementação com cálcio e/ou vitamina D. Consideramos como prescritores do tratamento completo para o paciente aqueles médicos que, além de solicitar DXA, prescrevem suplementação de cálcio, vitamina D e medicamentos específicos para seus pacientes idosos, além de recomendar medidas não farmacológicas. Apenas 0,8% dos participantes preencheram todos esses critérios. Além disso, 47% dos traumatologistas relataram que não tratam a osteoporose, mas encaminham seus pacientes com osteoporose para um médico que o faz. CONCLUSÃO: Menos de 50% dos traumatologistas pesquisados investigam e realizam prevenção secundária contra fraturas osteoporóticas após tratamento de paciente idoso com fratura. Nível de evidência III, Análises econômicas e de decisão - Desenvolvimento de modelo econômico ou de decisão.

Interference of external damage control fixation in definitive osteosynthesis / Interferência da fixação externa do controle de danos na osteossintese defintiva

ABSTRACT Introduction: Indications for provisional external fixation prior to the definitive treatment of fractures are associated with the control of local and systemic damage and the impossibility of definitive osteosynthesis in the emergency. Objective: To identify complications associated with external fixation prior to definitive internal osteosynthesis. Methods: This is a comparative, prospective study (Level II). Inclusion criteria: patients treated as emergencies (November 2019 and March 2020) who underwent provisional external correction followed by definitive osteosynthesis. We look for signs of inadequacies in external correction and correlation with infections (erythema, hyperemia, fistulae in the path of the pins or surgical scars), systemic symptoms of infection, and radiographic parameters for treatment up to eight weeks after surgery. Results: The average time for conversion to definitive osteosynthesis was 15.9 days and 47 lower limbs and three upper limbs were fixed. Of the participants who had deep infections, three (6%) showed signs during initial treatment (external fixator) and nine (18%), after definitive internal osteosynthesis. We found no correlation between provisional external correction and complications in the definitive treatment with osteosynthesis. Conclusion: The use of temporary external fixation before definitive internal osteosynthesis in fractures of the appendicular skeleton failed to increase complication rates even if the path of the implants in both procedures overlapped. Level of Evidence II, Comparative Prospective Study.

RESUMO Introdução: As indicações para a fixação externa provisória que antecedem o tratamento definitivo das fraturas está associado ao controle do dano local e sistêmico e à impossibilidade de osteossíntese definitiva na urgência. Objetivo: Identificar complicações associadas à fixação externa precedente à osteossíntese interna definitiva. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo comparativo realizado com pacientes atendidos em situação de urgência entre novembro de 2019 e março de 2020, que sofreram a fixação externa provisória seguida de osteossíntese definitiva. Buscamos indícios de inadequações na fixação externa e correlação com: infecção (eritema, hiperemia, fístula do trajeto dos pinos ou da cicatriz cirúrgica), sintomas sistêmicos de infecção e parâmetros radiográficos da evolução do tratamento até oito semanas do pós-operatório. Resultados: O tempo médio para conversão em osteossíntese definitiva foi de 15,9 dias, e foram fixados 47 membros inferiores e 3 membros superiores. Dos participantes que apresentaram quadros de infecções profundas, três (6%) apresentaram os sinais durante o tratamento inicial (fixador externo) e nove (18%) após a osteossíntese interna definitiva. Não foi encontrada correlação entre a fixação externa provisória e complicações no tratamento definitivo com osteossíntese. Conclusão: O emprego da fixação externa temporária antes da osteossíntese interna definitiva em fraturas do esqueleto apendicular não provocou aumento nas taxas de complicações, mesmo quando houve sobreposição no trajeto dos implantes usados nos dois procedimentos. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Prospectivo Comparativo.

Risk of injury to vascular-nerve bundle after calcaneal fracture: comparison among three techniques.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether the number of screws or pins placed in the calcaneus might increase the risk of injury when three different techniques for treating calcaneal fractures. METHOD: 126 radiographs of patients who suffered displaced calcaneal fractures were retrospectively analyzed. Three surgical techniques were analyzed on an interobserver basis: 31 radiographs of patients treated using plates that were not specific for the calcaneus, 48 using specific plates and 47 using an external fixator. The risk of injury to the anatomical structures in relation to each Kirschner wire or screw was determined using a graded system in accordance with the Licht classification. The total risk of injury to the anatomical structures through placement of more than one wire/screw was quantified using the additive law of probabilities for the product, for independent events. RESULTS: All of the models presented high explanatory power for the risk evaluated, since the coefficient of determination values (R (2)) were greater than 98.6 for all the models. Therefore, the set of variables studied explained more than 98.6% of the variations in the risks of injury to arteries, veins or nerves and can be classified as excellent models for prevention of injuries. CONCLUSION: The risk of injury to arteries, veins or nerves is not defined by the total number of pins/screws. The region and the number of pins/screws in each region define and determine the best distribution of the risk.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se o número de parafusos ou pinos colocados no calcanhar aumentaria o risco de lesão quando usamos três técnicas diferentes para o tratamento das fraturas. MÉTODO: Foram analisadas retrospectivamente 126 radiografias de pacientes que sofreram fratura desviada do calcanhar. Foram analisadas três técnicas cirúrgicas sob a forma interobservador: 31 radiografias de pacientes tratados com placa não específica para o calcanhar, 48 com placa específica e 47 com fixador externo. O risco de lesão das estruturas anatômicas em relação a cada fio de Kirschner ou parafuso foi determinado pelo sistema de graduação segundo a classificação de Licht. A quantificação do risco total de lesão das estruturas anatômicas na colocação de mais de um fio/parafuso foi calculada pela lei aditiva das probabilidades do produto para eventos independentes. RESULTADOS: Todos os modelos apresentaram um alto poder de explicação do risco avaliado, uma vez que os valores do coeficiente de determinação R2 são maiores do que 98,6 para todos os modelos. Portanto, o conjunto de variáveis estudado explica mais de 98,6% das variações dos riscos de lesão das artérias, veias ou dos nervos e podem ser classificados como excelentes modelos para prevenção de lesões. CONCLUSÃO: O risco de lesão das artérias, veias ou dos nervos não é definido pelo total de pinos/parafusos. A região e a quantidade de pinos/parafusos em cada região definem e determinam melhor a distribuição do risco.

Tibial shaft fracture and ankle injury - Case report.

The authors report on a case of tibial shaft fracture associated with ankle injury. The clinical, radiological and surgical characteristics are discussed. Assessment of associated injuries is often overlooked and these injuries are hard to diagnose. When torque occurs in the lower limb, the ankle becomes susceptible to simultaneous injury. It is essential to make careful assessment based on clinical, radiographic, intraoperative and postoperative characteristics in order to attain functional recovery.

Os autores relatam um caso de fratura diafisária de tíbia associado à lesão do tornozelo. As características clínicas, radiológicas e cirúrgicas são discutidas. A avaliação de lesões associadas são muitas vezes negligenciadas e de difícil diagnóstico. Quando um torque no membro inferior ocorre, o tornozelo fica suscetível a uma lesão simultânea. É essencial uma avaliação cuidadosa baseada no aspecto clínico, radiográfico, intra e pós-operatório para recuperação funcional.

Postoperative infection in patients undergoing inspection of orthopedic damage due to external fixation.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a retrospective analysis on cases undergoing inspection of orthopedic damage, at an orthopedic emergency service in a teaching hospital, with the aim of evaluating patients with postoperative infection after conversion to internal osteosynthesis. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis covering the period from June 2012 to June 2013, on patients who underwent inspection of orthopedic damage due to external fixation and subsequently were converted to definitive osteosynthesis using a nail or plate. RESULTS: We found an infection rate of 13.3% in our sample and, furthermore, found that there had been technical errors in setting up the fixator in 60.4% of the cases. CONCLUSION: We found an infection rate that we considered high, along with inadequacies in constructing the external fixator. We emphasize that this procedure is not risk-free and that training for physicians who perform this procedure should be mandatory.

OBJETIVO: Fazer uma análise retrospectiva de casos submetidos ao controle de danos ortopédicos em um pronto socorro de ortopedia de hospital-escola com o objetivo de avaliar os pacientes com infecção pós-operatória após serem convertidos para osteossíntese interna. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de pacientes de junho de 2012 a junho de 2013 submetidos ao controle de danos ortopédicos com fixador externo que posteriormente foram convertidos para osteossíntese definitiva, com haste ou placa. RESULTADOS: Encontramos uma taxa de infecção de 13,3% em nossa casuística e verificamos erros técnicos na elaboração do fixador em 60,4% das oportunidades. CONCLUSÃO: Foi encontrada uma taxa de infecção que consideramos alta, assim como de inadequações na confecção do fixador externo. Salientamos que esse procedimento não é isento de riscos e treinamento para médicos que o fazem deve ser obrigatório.

Weight Discharge in Postoperative of Plateau Fracture Tibialis: Systematic Review of Literature / Descarga de peso no pós-operatório de fratura de planalto tibial: Revisão sistemática da literatura

Abstract Tibial plateau fractures are a risk to the functional integrity of the knee, affecting the axial alignment and capable of leading to pain and disability of the individual. Early weight bearing and joint mobilization can prevent these functional deficits. the goal of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature about studies that quote the beginning, evolution, and progression criteria for weight-bearing in postoperative period of tibial plateau fractures. We selected articles published in the last 12 years, in Portuguese and English, that described the time of onset and progression of weight-bearing, considering the severity of the fracture. Thirty-six articles were selected. There is no consensus in the literature as to the beginning and evolution of weight-bearing in the postoperative period of tibial plateau fractures; however, a relationship between the severity of the fracture and the fixation method has been observed.

Resumo As fraturas do planalto tibial constituem risco à integridade funcional do joelho, afetando o alinhamento axial e podendo levar à dor e à incapacidade do indivíduo. O suporte de carga e a mobilização articular precoce podem prevenir esses déficits e acelerar o processo de reabilitação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre estudos que citam o início, evolução e critérios de progressão do suporte de carga no pós-operatório das fraturas de planalto tibial. Foram selecionados artigos publicados nos últimos 12 anos, nos idiomas português e inglês, que descrevessem o tempo de início e progressão do suporte de carga, considerando a gravidade da fratura. Foram selecionados 36 artigos na literatura. Não há consenso na literatura quanto ao início e evolução do suporte de carga no pós-operatório das fraturas do planalto tibial. Contudo, observa-se relação entre a gravidade da fratura e o tempo de início da carga.

Tertiary survey in trauma patients: avoiding neglected injuries.

INTRODUCTION: Medical personnel in trauma centres in several countries have realised that undiagnosed injuries are common and are now focussing their attention on reducing the incidence of these injuries. Tertiary survey is a simple and easy approach to address the issue of undiagnosed injuries in trauma patients. Tertiary survey consists of reevaluating patients 24 hours after admission by means of an anamnesis protocol, physical examination, review of complementary tests and request for new tests when necessary. OBJECTIVE: To show the importance of tertiary survey in trauma patients for diagnosing injuries undetected at the time of initial survey. METHODS: A standardised protocol was used to perform a prospective observational study with patients admitted through the emergency department, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Santa Casa de São Paulo. The patients were reevaluated 24 hours after admission or after recovering consciousness. New physical examinations were performed, tests performed on admission were reassessed and new tests were requested, when necessary. RESULTS: Between February 2012 and February 2013, 526 patients were evaluated, 81 (15.4%) were polytraumatised, and 445 (84.6%) had low-energy trauma. A total of 57 new injuries were diagnosed in 40 patients, 61.4% of which affected the lower limb. Diagnosis of 11 new injuries (19.3%) resulted in changes in procedure. CONCLUSION: The application of the protocol for tertiary survey proved to be easy, inexpensive and beneficial to patients (particularly polytraumatised patients) because it enabled identification of important injuries that were not detected on admission in a large group of patients.

Antegrade x retrograde nailing in femoral fractures: a study on consolidation and infection / Haste anterógrada x retrógrada em fraturas femorais: um estudo sobre consolidação e infecção

ABSTRACT Objective: Osteosynthesis with intramedullary nailing is considered the method of choice to treat diaphyseal femur fractures in adults. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the bone healing time and incidence of infection in patients with diaphyseal femur fractures treated surgically with retrograde and antegrade intramedullary nailing. Methods: The medical records of 123 patients from two university hospitals dated 2011-2013 were evaluated, with 126 diaphyseal femur fractures having been found. The most frequent treatment was antegrade intramedullary nailing (51%), of which 38% involved reaming (n=25). Results: We found evidence of 92% healed fractures at 12 months postoperatively. Complications included chronic osteomyelitis in one patient and femoral neck fracture in another patient, both after reamed antegrade nailing. Pyoarthritis of the knee associated with osteomyelitis affected two patients after reamed retrograde nailing and one patient after unreamed retrograde nailing. Conclusion: We did not observe a significant difference in bone healing rates with the use of reamed or unreamed antegrade or retrograde nailing. Complications included the presence of infection with an incidence similar to that reported in the literature, and of particular significance, unrelated to the type of approach. Level of evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

RESUMO Objetivo: A osteossíntese com haste intramedular é considerada o método de escolha para tratamento das fraturas diafisárias do fêmur em adultos. O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi avaliar o tempo até a consolidação e a incidência de infecção em pacientes com fratura diafisária do fêmur, operados com haste intramedular retrógrada e anterógrada. Métodos: Foram avaliados os prontuários de 123 pacientes de dois hospitais universitários entre os anos de 2011 e 2013, tendo sido encontradas 126 fraturas diafisárias do fêmur. O tratamento mais frequente foi com haste intramedular anterógrada (51%), das quais 38% (n=25) eram fresadas. Resultados: Com 12 meses de pós-operatório, evidenciamos 92% de consolidação. Entre as complicações, observamos um paciente com osteomielite crônica e um com fratura do colo do fêmur, ambos submetidos à haste intramedular anterógrada fresada e pioartrite do joelho, associada à osteomielite em dois pacientes submetidos à haste intramedular retrógrada fresada e em um paciente após a utilização de haste intramedular retrógrada não fresada. Conclusão: Não observamos diferença significativa entre a taxa de consolidação com o emprego das hastes retrógradas e anterógradas, fresadas ou não fresadas. Dentre as complicações, observamos a presença de infecção em incidência similar à da literatura e particularmente sem relação com a via de acesso escolhida. Nível de evidência III, estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

Open tibial shaft fractures. Treatment with intramedullary nailing after provisional stabilization with non penetrating external fixator.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of union, nonunion, deep infection and factors influencing the time of bone healing in the treatment of open tibial shaft fractures Gustilo and Anderson types I and II initially treated with a non penetrating external fixator (Pinless®) followed by an unreamed intramedullary locked nail (UTN®). METHODS: It is a prospective study of 39 open tibial shaft fractures. According to the AO classification, 16 patients (41.0%) were type A, 17 (43.6%) were type B and six (15.4%) were type C. According to the Gustilo and Anderson classification, 14 patients (35.9%) were type I and 25 (64.1%) were type II. For the definitive stabilization of the fracture were used an unreamed intramedulary locked nail (UTN®). RESULTS: Bone healing was achieved in 97.4% of the cases, with a mean time of 21.2 weeks, ranging from 12 to 104 weeks. Deep infection was seen in 2.6% patients and malunion were seen in 5.1%. Only the presence of complications were statistically significant to the time of bone healing, with a risk of faster healing in patients without complications of 4.29 times (CI 95%: 1.25-14.71) comparing to patients with complications. CONCLUSION: The treatment of open tibial shaft fractures with unreamed intramedullary locked nail allows high rates of bone healing, low rates of nonunion and deep infection, and only the presence of complications is statistically significant to the time of bone healing.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as taxas de consolidação, não consolidação e infecção profunda e quais fatores podem influenciar o tempo de consolidação nos pacientes com fraturas expostas da diáfise da tíbia graus I e II de Gustilo e Anderson, tratadas segundo um protocolo sequencial inicialmente com fixador externo não transfixante Pinless®, seguido por osteossíntese com haste intramedular maciça bloqueada não fresada (UTN®). MÉTODOS: Em estudo prospectivo, 39 fraturas expostas da diáfise da tíbia foram acompanhadas. Segundo a classificação AO, 16 pacientes (41%) sofreram fraturas do tipo A, 17 (43,6%) do tipo B e seis (15,4%) do tipo C. Segundo a classificação de Gustilo e Anderson, 14 pacientes (35,9%) sofreram fraturas expostas grau I e 25 (64,1%) fraturas grau II. Para fixação interna foi usada haste intramedular maciça bloqueada não fresada (UTN®). RESULTADOS: Consolidação ocorreu em 97,4% dos casos com tempo médio de 21,2 semanas, variação de 12 até 104 semanas. Infecção profunda ocorreu em 2,6% dos casos e consolidação viciosa ocorreu em 5,1%. Da análise estatística observamos que apenas a presença de complicações é estatisticamente significativa para explicar o tempo de consolidação. O risco de consolidação mais rápida em pacientes sem complicações é de 4,29 vezes (IC 95%: 1,25­14,71) em relação a pacientes com complicações. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento das fraturas expostas da diáfise da tíbia com osteossíntese intramedular maciça bloqueada não fresada apresenta taxa alta de consolidação, baixas taxas de não consolidação e de infecção profunda e apenas a presença de complicações apresenta relação estatisticamente significante com o tempo de consolidação.

Physical therapy in the postoperative of proximal femur fracture in elderly. Literature review.

The proximal femoral fracture in the elderly is a serious public health problem. Surgical treatment of this fracture is used to reduce morbidity, together with postoperative physical therapy. The objective was to conduct a systematic review of physical therapy protocols in postoperative for fractures of the proximal femur in elderly. We selected randomized controlled trials in elderly in the past 10 years, in Portuguese and English. There were 14 articles in the literature. Physical therapy has an important role in functional recovery of the elderly. Level of Evidence I, Systematic Review RCTs (Study results were homogenous).

Tertiary assessment of trauma patients in a hospital in the city of São Paulo: a question of necessity.

OBJECTIVE: To minimize the occurrence of missed injuries, the tertiary evaluation was introduced consisting of reassessment of the patient, 24 hours after admission, with: complete history, physical examination, review of exams and diagnostic testing if necessary. METHODS: Observational study evaluating trauma patients admitted to a teaching hospital in São Paulo, according to a protocol for tertiary evaluation. RESULTS: Between February and May 2012, for 12 weeks, 182 patients were submitted to tertiary evaluation, 100 (55%) polytraumatized and 82 (45%) were victims of low-energy trauma. Neglected lesions were observed in 21 (11.5%) patients, who had 28 missed injuries. Of these 28 lesions, seven (25%) required surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: Strategies including formal tertiary evaluation, the protocol applied for assessing trauma victims, seem to be beneficial in these patients, regardless of the mechanism of trauma. The method is easily applied, effective and has low cost in identifying missed injuries in the victims of trauma.

OBJETIVO: Com o intuito de minimizar a ocorrência de lesões despercebidas, foi introduzida a avaliação terciária, que consiste na reavaliação do paciente, 24 horas após sua internação, com: anamnese completa, exame físico detalhado, revisão dos exames subsidiários e complementação diagnóstica se houver necessidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional que avaliou pacientes vítimas de trauma internados em hospital escola na cidade de São Paulo, guiado por protocolo para avaliação terciária. RESULTADOS: Entre fevereiro e maio de 2012, durante 12 semanas, foram submetidos à avaliação terciária 182 pacientes vítimas de trauma, 100 (55%) politraumatizados e 82 (45%) vítimas de trauma de baixa energia. As lesões negligenciadas foram observadas em 21 (11,5%) pacientes, que apresentavam 28 lesões despercebidas. Dessas 28 lesões, sete (25%) necessitaram de tratamento cirúrgico. CONCLUSÃO: Estratégias que incluem avaliação terciária formal, aplicada nas vítimas de trauma, sugerem ser benéficas aos pacientes, independentemente do mecanismo de trauma. É método de execução fácil, custo financeiro barato e efetivo na identificação de lesões negligenciadas nas vítimas de trauma.