[Imaging findings of intramammary malignant lymphoproliferative disease]. / Bildgebende Diagnostik maligner lymphoproliferativer Erkrankungen der Brust.

Intramammary manifestation of lymphoproliferative disease is rare. The radiological evaluation follows in most cases the clinical suspicion and therefore the radiologist takes an important place in diagnostics. The aim of this work is to demonstrate typical radiological patterns of this rare entity with multimodal cases and to sensitize for it. The differential diagnosis to other breast tumors, especially primary breast carcinoma, can be radiologically difficult, so the suspicious lesion must be histologically verified by biopsy.

[Imaging characteristics of malignant and benign lesions of skeletal muscle]. / Bildgebende Charakteristika maligner und benigner Läsionen der Skelettmuskulatur.

There are many different tumors and tumor-like lesions with variable biological behavior that may affect the skeletal musculature. The aim of this study was to review the different intramuscular lesions and to provide a classification based on their radiological patterns. Intramuscular lesions can present as solid, liquid, semiliquid or fat equivalent manifestations and also as diffuse muscle enlargement and muscle calcification. Additionally, lesions with mixed patterns of the aforementioned alterations can also occur. Benign and malignant muscle lesions can often manifest with identical radiological patterns, which is why a certain differentiation is often difficult. A systematic radiological description and when possible assignment with respect to etiology and dignity depending on the patient history is necessary in order to recommend a subsequent histological confirmation or to avoid unnecessary confirmation.

[Actors in liver transplantation advocate greater transparency and systematic evaluations of transplant centres]. / Akteure der Lebertransplantation befürworten größere Transparenz und systematische Evaluationen der Transplantationszentren.

BACKGROUND: Following the introduction of the MELD score, the survival rates have worsened after liver transplantation (LTX) in Germany. Existing organ shortages, shorter survival rates after LTX, and failures in the liver allocation process provide true challenges. Facilitated by a structured questionnaire, the appropriate German liver transplantation actors were approached with regard to these challenges for the first time. The aim was to provide a balanced experts' view in an anonymous fashion thereby identifying areas for potential improvement. METHOD: Data collection was performed by a structured, standardised, anonymous survey of all LTX centres in Germany. RESULTS: We received 75 % replies of the questionnaires, 35 of 36 participants responded to more than 75 % of all questions. The following key points were highlighted. A minimum amount of LTX per centre was deemed important and monetary incentives must not exist. The ultimate goal of LTX is a prolongation of life and social as well as occupational reintegration. Quality management and transparent LTX registers are prerequisites for both adequate organ allocation and distribution of resources in order to achieve the best possible transplant outcomes. CONCLUSION: The German liver transplant experts consider transparency of organ allocation and systematic evaluation of the quality of transplant centres and the transplantation process itself to be mandatory, however, executed in a participatory way. A scoring system to facilitate the decision making process in order to predict the likelihood of satisfactory LTX outcome thereby circumventing some of the ethical and constitutional doubts would be highly appreciated.

[Inguinal hernia operations-Always outpatient?] / Leistenhernienoperationen ­ immer ambulant?

Inguinal hernia operations represent the most frequent operations overall with 300,000 interventions annually in Germany, Austria and Switzerland (DACH region). Despite the announced political willingness and the increasing pressure from the legislator to avoid costly inpatient treatment by carrying out as many outpatient operations as possible, outpatient treatment has so far played a subordinate role in the DACH region. The Boards of the specialist societies the German Hernia Society (DHG), the Surgical Working Group Hernia (CAH of the DHG), the Austrian Hernia Society (ÖHG) and the Swiss Working Group Hernia Surgery (SAHC) make inroads into this problem, describe the initial position and assess the current situation.

[Surgical competence in the treatment of thoracic and abdominal injuries in rural hospitals]. / Chirurgische Kompetenz bei der Versorgung von Höhlenverletzungen im Krankenhaus der Grund- und Regelversorgung.

The German S3 Guideline on Treatment of Polytrauma/Severely Injured Patients characterizes key recommendations on the current diagnostic and therapeutic approach in concomitant thoracic and abdominal trauma based on the available scientific data. The special requirements for appropriate basic treatment can be derived for rural hospitals, even though the particular grade of recommendation often is low because evidence-based studies are still lacking.The options for adequate basic treatment of thoracic and abdominal trauma in patients with multiple injuries treated in rural hospitals substantially depend on the dedication, the level of experience and training, and the willingness of the locally responsible team to cooperate.

[Clinical aspects of premalignant lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract]. / Klinische Aspekte der Vorläuferläsionen des oberen Gastrointestinaltrakts.

A variety of somatic genetic and epigenetic aberrations are discussed in the multistep carcinogenesis of tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract but specific genetic changes are still unknown. Primary prevention of cancer is important and includes the control of causal endo- and exogenous factors. Screening endoscopies to detect premalignant lesions or early carcinoma cannot be recommended in the Western world. The incidence of preinvasive neoplasia, above all the high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, in Barrett's esophagus or stomach is as low as 4.0 or 0.6%, respectively. Secondary prevention of cancer after changes of the mucosa should be performed by endoscopic diagnosis and treatment performing biopsies or resection of the lesion. After histological diagnosis of a high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, complete resection of these lesions including complete ablation of Barrett's mucosa should be carried out. On the basis of an exact pathological report, close cooperation between endoscopist and surgeon seems to be necessary to find out the best individual therapy with curative intent.

[Gastric cancer: current status of multimodality treatment]. / Magenkarzinom: Aktueller Stand der multimodalen Therapie.

BACKGROUND: The overall prognosis of gastric cancer with an overall 5-year survival of 25% is still poor despite improvements of the surgical and perioperative procedures. To improve the surgical treatment results other therapeutic options as chemo- and/or radiotherapy have been investigated for more than 20 years. METHODS: After a literature review, the results of actual trials of multimodality treatment were analysed and described. RESULTS: Adjuvant treatment was less effective compared with neoadjuvant or perioperative chemotherapy performed in advanced tumour categories T3/4. Actual trials could show that the rate of curative (R0) resection can be augmented resulting in an increase of the overall 5-year survival rate of more than 10 %. CONCLUSION: To confirm this trend, further studies with high pathological and surgical quality control are necessary as well as a more exact definition of prediction and evaluation of the response following chemotherapy.

[Digitalization in surgery : What surgeons currently think and know about it-results of an online survey]. / Digitalisierung in der Chirurgie : Was Chirurgen darüber denken und was sie wissen ­ Ergebnisse einer Onlineumfrage.

BACKGROUND: The digitalization process is currently on everyone's lips and sweeping changes in the field of public health and especially in surgery are to be expected within the next few years. Besides general issues, such as electronic health records and medical information systems, artificial intelligence, robotics and model-based surgery will decisively impact on the daily routine. In order to provide the necessary knowledge base, to point out related risks and chances and also to define fields of action for surgery, the German Society of Surgery commissioned a position paper on digitalization. A first appraisal in form of an online survey is the subject of this article. METHODS: This article is based on an online survey of the members of the German Society of Surgery and selected members of other related societies. The survey asked for the members' personal assessment concerning different aspects of the digitalization process and the respective state of knowledge as well as the impact on the field of surgery. RESULTS: A total of 296 members contributed to this survey. According to their assessment, digitalization in surgery is currently associated with terms such as electronic health records and medical information systems but they also assume a relevant influence on their own activities and on the fields of interventional medicine and surgery. A relevant need for improvement of the current state of knowledge was highlighted, not only for general aspects of digitalization but also for surgically relevant issues in particular. The vast majority of interviewed members saw digitalization more as a chance for improvement than as a risk factor. CONCLUSION: According to the views of interviewed members of the German Society of Surgery the process of digital transformation will significantly impact the field of surgery. All those involved should feel responsible to contribute to and guide this process in order to maintain the surgically inherent requirements and to protect patient safety. The position paper on digitalization can serve as a basis and should define concrete recommendations for action. In the sense of an academic approach the new possibilities should be critically evaluated with respect to suitability and should be exclusively confined to applications that are beneficial to ourselves and to our patients.

Hospital volume and outcome in inguinal hernia repair: analysis of routine data of 133,449 patients.

INTRODUCTION: Inguinal hernias are repaired using either open or minimally invasive surgical techniques. For both types of surgery it has been demonstrated that a higher annual surgeon volume is associated with a lower risk of recurrence. This present study investigated the volume-outcome implications for recurrence operations, surgical complications, rate of chronic pain requiring treatment, and 30-day mortality based on the hospital volume. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data basis used was the routine data collected throughout the Federal Republic of Germany for persons insured by the Local General Sickness Fund "AOK" who had undergone inpatient inguinal hernia repair between 2013 and 2015. Complications were recorded by means of indicators. Hospitals were divided into five groups on the basis of the annual caseload volume: 1-50, 51-75, 76-100, 101-125, and ≥ 126 inguinal hernia repairs per year. The effect of the hospital volume on the indicators was assessed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: 133,449 inguinal hernia repairs were included. The incidence for recurrence operations was 0.95%, for surgical complications 4.22%, for chronic pain requiring treatment 2.87%, and for the 30-day mortality 0.28%. Low volume hospitals (1-50 and 51-75 inguinal hernia repairs per year) showed a significantly increased recurrence risk compared to high volume hospitals with ≥ 126 inguinal hernia repairs per year (odds ratio: 1.53 and 1.24). No significant correlations were found for the other results. CONCLUSIONS: The study gives a detailed picture of hospital care for inguinal hernia repair in Germany. Furthermore, it was noted that the risk of hernia recurrence decreases in line with a rising caseload of the treating hospital.

[Diagnosis of and therapy for gastric cancer--work-flow]. / Diagnostik und Therapie des Magenkarzinoms--Workflow.

AIM: This review comments on the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer in the classical meaning--excluding adenocarcinoma of the -oesophagogastric junction. Algorithms of diagnosis and care with respect to tumour stage are presented. PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Besides oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography is necessary for the accurate diagnosis of T categories and as a selection criterion for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Computed tomography is recommended for preoperative evaluation of tumours > T1, laparoscopy has become an effective stag-ing tool in T3 and T4 tumours avoiding unnecessary laparotomies and improving the detection of small -liver and peritoneal metastases. TREATMENT: Endoscopic mucosal resection and submucosal dissection are indicated in superficial cancer confined to the mucosa with special characteristics (T1 a / no ulcer / G1, 2 / Laurén intestinal / L0 / V0 / tumour size < 2 cm). In all other cases total gastrectomy or distal subtotal gastric resection are indicated, the latter in cases of tumours located in the distal two-thirds of the stomach. Standard lymphadenectomy (LAD) is the D2 LAD without distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. The Roux-en-Y oesophagojejunostomy is still the preferred type of reconstruction. An additional pouch reconstruction should be considered in -patients with favourable prognosis, this also -applies for the preservation of the duodenal passage by jejunum interposition. Extended organ resections are only indicated in cases where a R0-resection is possible. Hepatic resection for metachronous or synchronous liver metastases is rarely advised since 50 % of patients with liver metastases show concomitant peritoneal dissemination of the disease. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Undergoing gastrectomy at a high-volume centre is associated with lower in-hospital mortality and a better prognosis, however, clear thresholds for case load cannot be given. Perioperative chemotherapy and postoperative chemoradiotherapy are based on the MAGIC and MacDonald trials. Perioperative chemotherapy should be performed in patients with T3 and T4 tumours with the aim to increase the likelihood of curative R0-resection by downsizing the tumour. Adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy cannot be recommended since its benefit has so far not been proven in randomised trials. In selected patients with incomplete lymph-node dissection and questionable R0-resection postoperative chemoradiotherapy may be debated.

[Impact of perioperative nutritional therapy on risk and complication management in patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer]. / Bedeutung der perioperativen Ernährungstherapie beim Risiko- und Komplikationsmanagement von Patienten mit Ösophaguskarzinom.

Esophagectomy is considered to be a high risk procedure regarding postoperative morbidity and mortality. Therefore, in Germany, these operations are limited to hospitals fulfilling a minimum quantity. This systematic review focuses on risk and complication management regarding the impact of perioperative nutritional therapy, including the recent S3-guideline recommendations and comments of the German Working Group of Medical Societies (AWMF) which were established with contributions from the authors.

[New S3 guideline for esophageal cancer : Important surgical aspects]. / Die neue S3-Leitlinie zum Ösophaguskarzinom : Wichtige chirurgische Aspekte.

The current German S3 guideline represents the recommendations for the diagnosis and therapy of squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus based on evidence from the literature and interdisciplinary expert consensus. Esophagogastroscopy with biopsy, endosonography, and spiral CT scan of the neck, thorax, and abdomen are decisive in staging and the choice of therapy. For a curative approach, surgery, especially transthoracic esophagectomy and gastric pull-up, is the most important therapeutic option, except in the case of mucosal carcinomas or cervical squamous cell carcinomas. The significance of total minimally invasive esophageal resection or a hybrid technique is still uncertain. In category cT3 or resectable cT4 tumors, neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy should be performed in squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. Alternatively, perioperative chemotherapy can be carried out in adenocarcinoma. Palliative resections should be avoided and replaced by interventional procedures for palliation.

Phase II study with the combination etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced measurable gastric cancer.

In this phase II multicenter trial, 67 evaluable patients with advanced measurable gastric carcinoma were treated with a combination of etoposide, Adriamycin (doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), and cisplatin (EAP). The overall response rate was 64%, including 21% complete responses (CRs). In 55 patients with metastatic disease, 31 responses (51%) including eight CRs (15%) were achieved. Responses were seen in all metastatic sites, but the response rate was lower in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. In 12 patients with locoregional disease, six CRs and six partial responses (PRs) were observed. Eight CRs (three and five in patients with metastatic and locoregional disease, respectively) were pathologically confirmed. The overall median response duration was 7 months; it was 16 months for patients achieving CR (22 months for pathologically confirmed CR [pCR]), and 6 months for PR. The median survival time for all patients was 9 months, for the patients who achieved CR 17 months, for pCR 23 months, and for PR 9.5 months. Median survival time for all patients with metastatic disease was 8 months, and for locoregional disease 12.5 months. Six patients (9%) (four local, two metastatic disease) were alive at 2 years, and four patients are alive and disease free at 35+ to 56+ months. Main toxicities were leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, with 64% of patients developing grade 3 to 4 myelosuppression and 12% severe infections. Nonhematologic toxicities of World Health Organization (WHO) grade 4 were not observed.

Preoperative chemotherapy in locally advanced and nonresectable gastric cancer: a phase II study with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin.

Thirty-four patients with locally advanced, nonresectable gastric cancer (staged by laparotomy) received etoposide, Adriamycin (doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), and cisplatin (EAP). Thirty-three patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Second-look surgery with removal of residual tumor by gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy was performed in case of complete/partial remission (CR/PR) after EAP. After successful resection (R0- and R1-resection), two cycles of EAP were administered for consolidation therapy. Patients refusing reoperation received up to six cycles of EAP. The response rate (CR/PR) after EAP was 70% (23/33), including a 21% (7/33) rate of clinical CRs (CCRs). Two patients had minor remission (MR)/no change and seven had progressive disease. There was one early death. Nineteen of 23 responders (5 CCRs, 14 clinical PRs [CPRs]) and one patient with MR underwent second-look surgery. Five CCRs were pathologically confirmed; 10 patients with CPR were without evidence of disease (NED) after resection. In three patients (CPR), R1-resections (microscopically tumor-cell positive proximal margin) were performed; two patients are disease-free, 22+ and 33+ months after consolidation chemotherapy. In two patients, the tumor was again considered nonresectable. Twenty patients were disease-free after EAP +/- surgery +/- consolidation chemotherapy. Toxicity was primarily hematologic. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia of World Health Organization (WHO) grade 3 occurred in 30% and 9%, respectively and grade 4 in 18% and 9% of the patients, respectively. There was no increased peri- or postoperative morbidity. After a median follow-up of 20 months for disease-free patients, the relapse rate is 60% (12/20). The median survival time for all patients is 18 months and for disease-free patients 24 months. EAP is highly effective in locally advanced gastric cancer, and offers a chance for surgery with curative intention in patients with an otherwise fatal prognosis.

The influence of case load and the extent of resection on the quality of treatment outcome in gastric cancer.

AIMS: The background was to analyse the influence of hospital- and surgeon volume and of the extent of resective procedures on the quality of early and late treatment results in gastric cancer. METHODS: The literature was reviewed by searching the databases of Medline, Cancerlit, Pubmed and the Cochran register. RESULTS: The levels of evidence showed wide variations. The influence of hospital volume was more important for the outcome than the case load of the individual surgeon. The extent of surgical resection should be adapted to histology--or stage. The value of systematic lymph node dissection is still under discussion. CONCLUSIONS: We have found that the best treatment results were seen in high volume hospitals with experienced surgeons, even taking into account extended surgical procedures. Further studies are needed to define the optimal number of operations necessary to be carried out each year.

Fatal pulmonary cement embolism following percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP).

A case of fatal pulmonary embolism with acrylic cement occuring during a percutaneous vertebroplasty on account of a fracture of L1 is described. Autopsy confirmed the presence of large amounts of surgical cement in the paravertebral venous system and in the pulmonary arteries. This rare complication occurred because perivertebral venous cement migration was not recognized during vertebroplasty. To our knowledge, this is the first case of fatal pulmonary embolism caused by surgical cement following a percutaneous vertebroplasty.

Structural and luminescence studies of the new nitridomagnesoaluminate CaMg2AlN3.

CaMg(2)AlN(3) was synthesized in a closed system by solid state reaction from binary nitrides. Structure refinements based on powder X-ray diffraction data suggested ambiguity about the occupancy of magnesium and aluminum tetrahedral sites. Solid-state (27)Al and (25)Mg NMR studies were used to adjudicate amongst possible space groups. With reference to projector augmented wave calculations of the quadrupolar coupling constants, the measured values of CQ and the numbers of crystallographically inequivalent Al and Mg sites indicate that CaMg(2)AlN(3) crystallizes in the space group P6(3)/mmc with partial occupancy of the distorted tetrahedral Al site and possibly also mixing of Mg(2+) and Al(3+) ions on opposite sites. The compound obtained by synthesis with a flux shows orange defect-related luminescence at room temperature.