Endovascular Thrombectomy with or without Bridging Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is unclear added benefit of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis to assess the cost-effectiveness of comparing EVT with IVT versus EVT alone. METHODS: We used a decision tree to examine the short-term costs and outcomes at 90 days after the occurrence of index stroke to compare the cost-effectiveness of EVT alone with EVT plus IVT for patients with stroke. Subsequently, we developed a Markov state transition model to assess the costs and outcomes over 1-year, 5-year, and 20-year time horizons. We estimated total and incremental cost, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. RESULTS: The average costs per patient were estimated to be $47,304, $49,510, $59,770, and $76,561 for EVT-only strategy and $55,482, $57,751, $68,314, and $85,611 for EVT with IVT over 90 days, 1 year, 5 years, and 20 years, respectively. The cost saving of EVT-only strategy was driven by the avoided medication costs of IVT (ranging from $8,178 to $9,050). The additional IVT led to a slight decrease in QALY estimate during the 90-day time horizon (loss of 0.002 QALY), but a small gain over 1-year and 5-year time horizons (0.011 and 0.0636 QALY). At a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000 per QALY gained, the probabilities of EVT only being cost-effective were 100%, 100%, and 99.3% over 90-day, 1-year, and 5-year time horizons. CONCLUSION: Our cost-effectiveness model suggested that EVT only may be cost-effective for patients with acute ischemic stroke secondary to large vessel occlusion.

An alternative reduced dose regimen of ticagrelor for neuroendovascular patients.

OBJECTIVE: There is a growing use of ticagrelor in patients undergoing neuroendovascular procedures, especially those who demonstrate clopidogrel resistance. While multiple dosages are studied in the cardiology literature, the optimal dose for patients with neurological pathology has yet to be established. Here, we describe a single center experience involving 39 patients who underwent neuroendovascular procedures that then received an adjusted lower dose of ticagrelor. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed between 2013 and 2017 for patients on dual anti-platelet therapy (DAPT) for either cervical or intracranial vascular pathologies, as well as stenting of the neurovasculature, including carotid arteries. Patients were placed on ticagrelor if their measured P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) responses to clopidogrel were outside the expected range in our center using the VerifyNow™ P2Y12 test. All patients were maintained on a dose of 45 mg twice daily except for one patient who received 22.5 mg twice daily. Responsiveness to ticagrelor were measured utilizing the VerifyNow™ P2Y12 test. RESULTS: The mean number of days for follow-up post treatment initiation was 532 days. A total of 39 patients were included in the analysis. Of these, 8 patients (21%) received implantation of intracranial stents (5 patients received pipeline embolization devices, 1 patient received stent-assisted coiling, and 2 patients received intracranial stents for atherosclerotic disease). Fourteen patients (35%) received carotid angioplasty and stenting. Seventeen patients (44%) did not receive permanent implantation of a stent. All patients on the lower dose ticagrelor of 45 mg twice daily achieved responsiveness (i.e., PRU < 194). Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke occurred in one patient (2.5%). No other hemorrhagic complications were encountered. No thromboembolic events were recorded aside from one patient (2.5%) with intracranial atherosclerotic disease who had an ischemic event. CONCLUSIONS: A lower dose of ticagrelor (45 mg twice daily) appears to be safe and effective in this small cohort of patients who are resistant to clopidogrel per P2Y12 testing and who have increased risk of ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes due to neurovascular pathologies and implants. Further randomized studies are required to confirm these findings.

Underlying intracranial atherosclerotic disease is associated with worse outcomes in acute large vessel occlusion undergoing endovascular thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND: Data on large vessel occlusion (LVO) management due to intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical outcomes between patients with ICAD and those without ICAD following mechanical thrombectomy (MT). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who underwent MT for LVO in a large academic comprehensive stroke center, and compared in-hospital mortality, 90-day mortality, favorable functional outcome at 90 days, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) using chi-squared tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses. We defined ICAD as observable plaque at occlusion site post-thrombectomy. RESULTS: Among 215 patients (mean age 67.1 ± 16.0 years; 60.5% female; 83.6% Black, median NIHSS score 16), ICAD was present in 38 patients (17.7%). Diabetes and dyslipidemia were more common in those with ICAD (57.9% vs. 38.4%, p = 0.027 and 29.0% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.035, respectively). Substantial reperfusion (TICI ≥2b) was achieved less often (84.2% vs. 94.4%, p = 0.031) but symptomatic ICH was also less common in ICAD patients (0% vs. 9.0%, p = 0.081). In-hospital and 90-day mortality were more common (36.8% vs. 15.8%, p = 0.003 and 52.6% vs. 26.6%, p = 0.002, respectively) and favorable functional outcome (mRS 0-2) at 90 days was less common (7.9% vs. 33.9%, p = 0.001) in ICAD patients. After adjusting for prognostic variables, ICAD was independently associated with in-hospital mortality (OR=4.1, 95% CI 1.7-9.7), 90-day mortality (OR=3.7, 95% CI 1.6-8.6), and poor functional outcome at 90 days (OR=5.5, 95% CI 1.6-19.4). CONCLUSION: Symptomatic ICAD in a predominantly African American cohort is associated with increased odds of mortality and poor functional outcome at 90 days in patients with LVO undergoing MT.

Prognostic factors for VTE and bleeding in hospitalized medical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

There may be many predictors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and bleeding in hospitalized medical patients, but until now, systematic reviews and assessments of the certainty of the evidence have not been published. We conducted a systematic review to identify prognostic factors for VTE and bleeding in hospitalized medical patients and searched Medline and EMBASE from inception through May 2018. We considered studies that identified potential prognostic factors for VTE and bleeding in hospitalized adult medical patients. Reviewers extracted data in duplicate and independently and assessed the certainty of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Of 69 410 citations, we included 17 studies in our analysis: 14 that reported on VTE, and 3 that reported on bleeding. For VTE, moderate-certainty evidence showed a probable association with older age; elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, and fibrinogen levels; tachycardia; thrombocytosis; leukocytosis; fever; leg edema; lower Barthel Index (BI) score; immobility; paresis; previous history of VTE; thrombophilia; malignancy; critical illness; and infections. For bleeding, moderate-certainty evidence showed a probable association with older age, sex, anemia, obesity, low hemoglobin, gastroduodenal ulcers, rehospitalization, critical illness, thrombocytopenia, blood dyscrasias, hepatic disease, renal failure, antithrombotic medication, and presence of a central venous catheter. Elevated CRP, a lower BI, a history of malignancy, and elevated heart rate are not included in most VTE risk assessment models. This study informs risk prediction in the management of hospitalized medical patients for VTE and bleeding; it also informs guidelines for VTE prevention and future research.

Association of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with cardiovascular disease: a US-National Inpatient Perspective.

PURPOSE: Data on the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are limited. In this study, we assess the prevalence of CVD in patients with ADPKD and evaluate associations between these two entities. METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample database, we identified 71,531 hospitalizations among adults aged ≥ 18 years with ADPKD, from 2006 to 2014 and collected relevant clinical data. RESULTS: The prevalence of CVD in the study population was 42.6%. The most common CVD were ischemic heart diseases (19.3%), arrhythmias (14.2%), and heart failure (13.1%). The prevalence of CVD increased with the severity of renal dysfunction (RD). We found an increase in hospitalizations of patients with ADPKD and CVD over the years (ptrend < 0.01), irrespective of the degree of RD. CVD was the greatest independent predictor of mortality in these patients (OR: 3.23; 95% CI 2.38-4.38 [p < 0.001]). In a propensity matched model of hospitalizations of patients with CKD with and without ADPKD, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF), pulmonary hypertension (PHN), non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), and hemorrhagic stroke among patients with ADPKD when compared to patients with similar degree of RD without ADPKD. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CVD is high among patients with ADPKD, and the most important risk factor associated with CVD is severity of RD. We found an increase in the trend of hospitalizations of patients with ADPKD associated with increased risk of AF, PHN, NICM, and hemorrhagic stroke. History of CVD is the strongest predictor of mortality among patients with ADPKD.

Prioritization approaches in the development of health practice guidelines: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Given the considerable efforts and resources required to develop practice guidelines, developers need to prioritize what topics and questions to address. This study aims to identify and describe prioritization approaches in the development of clinical, public health, or health systems guidelines. METHODS: We searched Medline and CINAHL electronic databases in addition to Google Scholar. We included papers describing prioritization approaches in sufficient detail allowing for reproducibility. We synthesized findings in a semi-quantitative way. We followed an iterative process to develop a common framework of prioritization criteria that captures all of the criteria reported by each included study. RESULTS: Our search captured 33,339 unique citations out of which we identified 10 papers reporting prioritization approaches for guideline development. All of the identified approaches focused on prioritizing guideline topics but none on prioritizing recommendation questions or outcomes. The two most frequently reported steps of the development process for these approaches were reviewing the grey literature (9 out of 10, 90%) and engaging various stakeholders (9 out of 10, 90%). We derived a common framework of 20 prioritization criteria that can be used when prioritizing guideline topics. The most frequently reported criteria were the health burden of disease which was included in all of the approaches, practice variation (8 out of 10, 80%), and impact on health outcomes (7 out of 10, 70%). Two of the identified approaches stood out as being comprehensive and detailed. CONCLUSIONS: We described 10 prioritization approaches in the development of health practice guidelines. There is a need to assess the effectiveness, efficiency and transparency of the identified approaches and to develop standardized and validated priority setting tools.

Barriers and facilitators to implementation, uptake and sustainability of community-based health insurance schemes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Community-based health insurance (CBHI) has evolved as an alternative health financing mechanism to out of pocket payments in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in areas where government or employer-based health insurance is minimal. This systematic review aimed to assess the barriers and facilitators to implementation, uptake and sustainability of CHBI schemes in LMICs. METHODS: We searched six electronic databases and grey literature. We included both quantitative and qualitative studies written in English language and published after year 1992. Two reviewers worked in duplicate and independently to complete study selection, data abstraction, and assessment of methodological features. We synthesized the findings based on thematic analysis and categorized according to the ecological model into individual, interpersonal, community and systems levels. RESULTS: Of 15,510 citations, 51 met the eligibility criteria. Individual factors included awareness and understanding of the concept of CBHI, trust in scheme and scheme managers, perceived service quality, and demographic characteristics, which influenced enrollment and sustainability. Interpersonal factors such as household dynamics, other family members enrolled in the scheme, and social solidarity influenced enrollment and renewal of membership. Community-level factors such as culture and community involvement in scheme development influenced enrollment and sustainability of scheme. Systems-level factors encompassed governance, financial and delivery arrangement. Government involvement, accountability of scheme management, and strong policymaker-implementer relation facilitated implementation and sustainability of scheme. Packages that covered outpatient and inpatient care and those tailored to community needs contributed to increased enrollment. Amount and timing of premium collection was reported to negatively influence enrollment while factors reported as threats to sustainability included facility bankruptcy, operating on small budgets, rising healthcare costs, small risk pool, irregular contributions, and overutilization of services. At the delivery level, accessibility of facilities, facility environment, and health personnel influenced enrollment, service utilization and dropout rates. CONCLUSION: There are a multitude of interrelated factors at the individual, interpersonal, community and systems levels that drive the implementation, uptake and sustainability of CBHI schemes. We discuss the implications of the findings at the policy and research level. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (ID = CRD42015019812 ).

The protracted waste crisis and physical health of workers in Beirut: a comparative cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Since July 2015, Lebanon has been experiencing a waste management crisis. Dumpsites in inhabited areas and waste burning have emerged due to the waste accumulation, further adding to the gravity of the situation. However, the association between the crisis and health of the population has not been scientifically reported. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to assess whether exposure to open dumpsites and waste burning is associated with acute health symptoms. The study sample included 221 male workers between the ages of 18-60 years selected from two areas chosen based on their proximity to a garbage dumpsite and waste burning. 110 workers were exposed to a garbage dumpsite and waste burning, and 111 workers were not. Data were collected via a face-to-face interview using a newly developed validated structured questionnaire. Chi-square tests were used to check for statistically significant differences between exposure and covariates. Multivariable analyses using multiple logistic regression were used to compare health symptoms between exposed and unexposed workers adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: The prevalence of acute health symptoms was greater among the exposed workers than the non-exposed workers, including gastrointestinal, respiratory, dermatological and constitutional symptoms. Controlling for confounding variables, such as age, insurance, family support, residence near dumpsite, work site, and smoking, a minimum odds ratio (OR) of 4.30 was obtained when comparing the exposed population to those non-exposed. CONCLUSION: The strong association between improper waste management and physical health calls for immediate attention by the government, stakeholders and community members to find optimal solutions for this waste management crisis and set immediate priority interventions such as regular waste collection, volume reduction and recycling performance improvement. However, the long recall period may have underestimated our results.

Knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of physicians in low and middle-income countries regarding interacting with pharmaceutical companies: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the perceptions and attitudes of physicians is important. This knowledge assists in the efforts to reduce the impact of their interactions with the pharmaceutical industry on clinical practice. It appears that most studies on such perceptions and attitudes have been conducted in high-income countries. The objective was to systematically review the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of physicians in low and middle-income countries regarding interactions with pharmaceutical companies. METHODS: Eligible studies addressed any type of interaction between physicians and pharmaceutical companies. The outcomes of interest included knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of practicing physicians. The search strategy covered MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Two reviewers completed in duplicate and independently study selection, data abstraction, and assessment of methodological features. The data synthesis consisted of a narrative summary of the findings stratified by knowledge, beliefs and attitudes. RESULTS: We included ten reports from nine eligible studies, each of which had a number of methodological limitations. Four studies found that the top perceived benefits of this interaction were receiving information and rewards. In five out of eight studies assessing the perception regarding the impact of the interaction on the behavior of physician prescription, the majority of participants believed it to be minor. In one of these studies, participants perceived that impact to be lesser when asked about their own behavior. The attitudes of physicians towards information and rewards provided by pharmaceutical company representatives (PCRs) (assessed in 5 and 2 studies respectively) varied across studies. In the only study assessing their attitudes towards pharmaceutical-sponsored Continuing Medical Education, physicians considered local conferences to have higher impact. Their attitudes towards developing policies restricting physicians' interactions with PCRs were positive in two studies. In one study, the majority of participants did not mind the public knowing that physicians were receiving gifts and awards from drug companies. CONCLUSIONS: This review identified few studies conducted in low and middle-income countries. While physicians generally perceived the impact of interactions on their behavior to be minor, their attitudes toward receiving information and rewards varied across studies.

The Zoom RDL radial access system for neurointervention: An early single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: The transradial approach (TRA) for neurointerventional procedures is increasingly being used given its technical feasibility and safety. However, catheter trackability and device deliverability are reported barriers to TRA adoption. METHODS: This is the first report describing the technical feasibility and performance of using the Zoom RDL Radial Access System (Imperative Care, Inc., Campbell, CA) in 29 patients who underwent neurointerventional procedures from October 2022 to January 2023 in a single-center institution. RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 61.9±17.2 years, 79.3% were male (23/29), and 62.1% were black (18/29). The most common procedures were stroke thrombectomy (31.0%, 9/29) and aneurysm embolization (27.6%, 8/29). All the stroke thrombectomy procedures were successfully performed; first-pass effect rate (mTICI≥2 c in one pass) was achieved in 66.7% (6/9) of cases. We used TRA in 86.2% of cases (25/29), including distal radial/snuffbox access in 31.0% (9/29) of cases. The radial diameter was >2 mm for all cases. An intermediate/aspiration catheter was used in 89.7% (26/29) of cases. Access success was achieved in 89.7% of cases (26/29); two cases required conversion from TRA to transfemoral approach (6.9%) and one case required conversion to a different guide catheter (3.4%). There were no access site complications or other Zoom RDL-related complications. One intracerebral hemorrhage, and one procedure-related thrombus were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of Zoom RDL Radial Access System is technically feasible and effective for complex neurointerventional procedures with low complication rates.

Endovascular Embolization of Traumatic Vessel Injury Using N-butyl Cyanoacrylate: A Case Series.

There is limited evidence of N-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) use in endovascular embolization of traumatic face and neck vessel injuries. We investigated the safety and effectiveness of n-BCA for this purpose. We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients presenting to a Level 1 trauma center between April 2021 and July 2022. We included patients aged ≥ 18 years old with any vessel injury in the face and neck circulation requiring n-BCA embolization. The primary endpoint was n-BCA effectiveness defined as immediate control of active bleeding post-embolization. In total, 13 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median decade of life was 3 (IQR 3 - 5) with a male predominance (n = 11, 84.6%). Median Glasgow Coma Scale score on presentation was 15 (IQR 3-15). Eleven patients suffered gunshot wound injuries; two patients suffered blunt injuries. Injured vessels included facial artery (n = 6, 46.2%), buccal branch artery (n = 3, 23.1%), internal maxillary (n = 5, 38.5%), cervical internal carotid artery (n = 1, 7.7%), and vertebral artery (n = 1, 7.7%). All patients were treated with 1:2 n-BCA to ethiodol mixture with immediate extravasation control. No bleeding recurrence or need for retreatment occurred. One patient died in-hospital (7.7%). Patients were discharged to home (n = 8, 61.5%), day rehabilitation (n = 1, 7.7%), or acute rehabilitation (n = 3, 23.1%). One patient developed a right posterior cerebral artery infarct with hemorrhagic transformation. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of n-BCA liquid embolism in traumatic vessel injuries, especially penetrating gunshot wounds.

Endovascular thrombectomy for large ischemic strokes: An updated living systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) as a safe, effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with large ischemic regions. Our study updates an ongoing living systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing outcomes of EVT to medical management only. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for RCTs comparing EVT to medical management in AIS patients with large ischemic areas. Using fixed-effect models, we conducted a meta-analysis to compare functional independence, mortality, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) between EVT and standard medical management. We evaluated bias risk with the Cochrane tool and graded the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: Of 1363 new citations, we included six RCTs with a total of 1876 patients. We found low-certainty evidence of improved functional independence (risk difference [RD] 29.9%, 95% CI 17.2% to 46.9%), increase in sICH (RD 2.6%, 95% CI 0.3% to 6.4%), and a non-significant decrease in mortality (RD -1.8%, 95% CI -3.9% to 0.6%) for AIS patients with large infarcts who underwent EVT compared to medical management only. CONCLUSION: Our revised meta-analysis suggests low-certainty evidence that there is improved functional independence, a non-significant decrease in mortality, and an increase in sICH among AIS patients with large infarcts who undergo EVT compared to those receiving medical management alone. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42023398742).

The use of PK Papyrus covered coronary stent for carotid reconstruction: an initial institutional experience.

BACKGROUND: The use of covered stent grafts for the treatment of carotid rupture is increasingly being used given their ability to preserve the parent artery while simultaneously occluding the fistula or rupture point. METHODS: This case series describes the technical feasibility of using, and the performance of, the PK Papyrus covered coronary stent (Biotronik, Inc., Lake Oswego, Oregon, USA) in six patients with carotid rupture, including carotid cavernous fistulas, between July 2021 and October 2023 in a single-center institution in the USA. RESULTS: The median decade of life was 5 (IQR 3) with a 1:1 male-to-female ratio. The majority were black patients (n=5/6, 83.3%). The most common disease pathology was carotid cavernous fistula (n=4/6, 66.7%), followed by traumatic carotid rupture (n=2/6, 33.3%). All the stent embolization procedures were successfully treated with the PK Papyrus covered coronary stent. None of the patients had any recurrence or re-treatment. The number of stents required ranged from 1 to 3. A balloon guide catheter was used in 66.7% of cases (n=4/6). In-hospital mortality was 0.0% (n=0/6). No in-stent thrombosis was observed, but there was one case of cangrelor-associated hemorrhagic stroke conversion. Transfemoral access was used in all cases with one access site complication. Median follow-up time was 1.8 months (IQR 3.5). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the largest case series in the USA demonstrating the feasibility and safety of using the PK Papyrus covered coronary stent for the treatment of carotid rupture, including carotid cavernous fistulas.

Endovascular Thrombectomy With or Without Thrombolysis for Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: To this date, whether to administer intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) prior to endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for stroke patients still stirs some debate. We aimed to systematically update the evidence from randomized trials comparing EVT alone vs EVT with bridging IVT. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing EVT with or without IVT in patients presenting with stroke secondary to a large vessel occlusion. We conducted meta-analyses using random-effects models to compare functional independence, mortality, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), between EVT and EVT with IVT. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and certainty of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach. Results: Of 11,111 citations, we included 6 studies with a total of 2336 participants. We found low-certainty evidence of possibly a small decrease in the proportion of patients with functional independence (risk difference [RD] -2.0%, 95% CI -5.9% to 2.0%), low-certainty evidence that there is possibly a small increase in mortality (RD 1.0%, 95% CI -2.2% to 4.7%), and moderate-certainty evidence that there is probably a decrease in sICH (RD -1.0%, 95% CI -1.6% to .7%) for patients with EVT alone compared to EVT plus IVT, respectively. Conclusion: Low-certainty evidence shows that there is possibly a small decrease in functional independence, low-certainty evidence shows that there is possibly a small increase in mortality, and moderate-certainty evidence that there is probably a decrease in sICH for patients with EVT alone compared to EVT plus IVT.

Early single-center experience with middle meningeal artery embolization using Zoom™ 45 Catheter.

BACKGROUND: Middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization for subdural hematomas (SDH) and dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) has gained momentum in the neuroendovascular space. However, there is variability in the technique for safe and effective embolization. The aim of this report is to describe the technical feasibility and clinical performance of using Zoom™ 45 catheter for MMA access to facilitate embolization. METHODS: We analyzed all cases of MMA embolization in which the Zoom™ 45 catheter was used and performed in our institution from February 2021 to March 2023 for SDH and dAVFs. RESULTS: A total of 32 patients were included. Mean age was 64.0 ± 18.0 years, 75.0% (4/32) were male, and 56.7% (17/30), were black. The technical success was achieved in 93.8% (30/32) of cases, with selective embolization utilizing microcatheter directly into frontal and parietal branches for most patients (96.9%, 31/32). Identification of dangerous collaterals, such as lacrimal and petrous branches, prior to embolization, was achieved in most patients (96.9%, 31/32). Bilateral MMA embolization was done in 50.0% (16/32) of patients. The transradial approach and transfemoral approach were used in 53.1% (17/32) and 46.9% (15/32) of patients, respectively. The most common embolization material was n-butyl cyanoacrylate (84.4%, 27/32). There were no access site complications or complications related to the MMA embolization procedures and used devices. CONCLUSIONS: The use of Zoom™ 45 Catheter seems to be technically feasible, safe, and effective for facilitating MMA access for embolization in the context of SDH and dAVFs.

Factors Affecting Selection of TraineE for Neurointervention (FASTEN).

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Neurointervention is a very competitive specialty in the United States due to the limited number of training spots and the larger pool of applicants. The training standards are continuously updated to ensure solid training experiences. Factors affecting candidate(s) selection have not been fully established yet. Our study aims to investigate the factors influencing the selection process. METHODS: A 52-question survey was distributed to 93 program directors (PDs). The survey consisted of six categories: (a) Program characteristics, (b) Candidate demographics, (c) Educational credentials, (d) Personal traits, (e) Research and extracurricular activities, and (f) Overall final set of characteristics. The response rate was 59.1%. As per the programs' characteristics, neurosurgery was the most involved specialty in running the training programs (69%). Regarding demographics, the need for visa sponsorship held the greatest prominence with a mean score of 5.9 [standard deviation (SD) 2.9]. For the educational credentials, being a graduate from a neurosurgical residency and the institution where the candidate's residency training is/was scored the highest [5.4 (SD = 2.9), 5.4 (SD = 2.5), respectively]. Regarding the personal traits, assessment by faculty members achieved the highest score [8.9 (SD = 1)]. In terms of research/extracurricular activities, fluency in English had the highest score [7.2 (SD = 1.9)] followed by peer-reviewed/PubMed-indexed publications [6.4 (SD = 2.2)]. CONCLUSION: Our survey investigated the factors influencing the final decision when choosing the future neurointerventional trainee, including demographic, educational, research, and extracurricular activities, which might serve as valuable guidance for both applicants and programs to refine the selection process.

Endovascular Thrombectomy for Large Ischemic Strokes: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: New studies have shown that endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is safe and effective for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with large ischemic areas. The aim of our study is to conduct a living systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing EVT versus medical management only. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing EVT versus medical management alone in AIS patients with large ischemic regions. We conducted our meta-analysis using fixed-effect models to compare functional independence, mortality, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) between EVT and standard medical management only. We assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the certainty of evidence for each outcome using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations approach. RESULTS: Of 14,513 citations, we included 3 RCTs with a total of 1,010 participants. We found low-certainty evidence of possibly a large increase in the proportion of patients with functional independence (risk difference [RD] 30.3%, 95% CI 15.0% to 52.3%), low-certainty evidence of possibly a small non-significant decrease in mortality (RD -0.7%, 95% CI -3.8% to 3.5%), and low-certainty evidence of possibly a small non-significant increase in sICH (RD 3.1%, 95% CI -0.3% to 9.8%) for AIS patients with large infarcts who underwent EVT compared to medical management only. CONCLUSION: Low-certainty evidence shows that there is possibly a large increase in functional independence, a small non-significant decrease in mortality, and a small non-significant increase in sICH amongst AIS patients with large infarcts undergoing EVT compared to medical management only.

Safety and efficacy of tirofiban in the management of stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: About 30 % of stroke patients have experienced unsuccessful reperfusion following endovascular therapy. Mechanical thrombectomy instruments may contribute to this by stimulating platelet aggregation. Tirofiban is a selective and rapidly activated antagonist of the platelets nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors that can reversibly suppress platelet aggregation. But, data from the medical literature are conflicting regarding its safety and efficacy for stroke patients. Hence, this study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of tirofiban in stroke patients. METHODS: Five major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane library) were searched till December 2022. The Cochrane tool was used for risk of bias assessment, and the RevMan 5.4 was utilized for data analysis. RESULTS: Seven RCTs with 2088 stroke patients were included. Tirofiban significantly increased the number of patients with mRS 0 score after 90 days than control; RR= 1.39, 95 %CI [1.15, 1.69]; p = 0.0006. Additionally, it reduced the NIHSS score after seven days; MD= -0.60, 95 %CI [-1.14, -0.06]; p = 0.03. However, tirofiban increased the incidence of intracranial haemorrhage (ICH); RR= 1.22, 95 %CI [1.03, 1.44]; p = 0.02. Other assessed outcomes showed insignificant results. CONCLUSIONS: Tirofiban was associated with a higher mRS 0 score after three months and a lower NIHSS score after seven days. However, it is associated with higher ICH. Multicentric trials are required to provide more convincing proof of its utility.

Endovascular thrombectomy for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis using the Penumbra Indigo® Aspiration System.

We present a 35-year-old male with ulcerative colitis initially admitted for a flare-up who then presented with altered mental status and was found to have extensive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis on computed tomography imaging. The patient underwent successful partial recanalization of the superior sagittal sinus and bilateral transverse sinuses using the Penumbra Indigo® Aspiration System with improved outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first reported use of this device in the treatment of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

Endovascular thrombectomy with or without thrombolysis bridging in patients with acute ischaemic stroke: protocol for a systematic review, meta-analysis of randomised trials and cost-effectiveness analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Current published guidelines and meta-analyses comparing endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) alone versus EVT with bridging intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) suggest that EVT alone is non-inferior to EVT with bridging thrombolysis in achieving favourable functional outcome. Because of this controversy, we aimed to systematically update the evidence and meta-analyse data from randomised trials comparing EVT alone versus EVT with bridging thrombolysis, and performed an economic evaluation comparing both strategies. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct a systematic review of randomised controlled trials comparing EVT with or without bridging thrombolysis in patients presenting with large vessel occlusions. We will identify eligible studies by systematically searching the following databases from inception without any language restrictions: MEDLINE (through Ovid), Embase and the Cochrane Library. The following criteria will be used to assess eligibility for inclusion: (1) adult patients ≥18 years old; (2) randomised patients to EVT alone or to EVT with IVT; and (3) measured outcomes, including functional outcomes, at least 90 days after randomisation. Pairs of reviewers will independently screen the identified articles, extract information and assess the risk of bias of eligible studies. We will use the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool to evaluate risk of bias. We will also use the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to assess the certainty in evidence for each outcome. We will then perform an economic evaluation based on the extracted data. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This systematic review will not require a research ethics approval because no confidential patient data will be used. We will disseminate our findings by publishing the results in a peer-reviewed journal and via presentation at conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022315608.