High-Dose Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Due to COVID-19: A Multicenter Phase II Trial.

Rationale: The effects of high-dose inhaled nitric oxide on hypoxemia in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) acute respiratory failure are unknown. Objectives: The primary outcome was the change in arterial oxygenation (PaO2/FiO2) at 48 hours. The secondary outcomes included: time to reach a PaO2/FiO2.300mmHg for at least 24 hours, the proportion of participants with a PaO2/FiO2.300mmHg at 28 days, and survival at 28 and at 90 days. Methods: Mechanically ventilated adults with COVID-19 pneumonia were enrolled in a phase II, multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled parallel-arm trial. Participants in the intervention arm received inhaled nitric oxide at 80 ppm for 48 hours, compared with the control group receiving usual care (without placebo). Measurements and Main Results: A total of 193 participants were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. The mean change in PaO2/FiO2 ratio at 48 hours was 28.3mmHg in the intervention group and 21.4mmHg in the control group (mean difference, 39.1mmHg; 95% credible interval [CrI], 18.1 to 60.3). The mean time to reach a PaO2/FiO2.300mmHg in the interventional group was 8.7 days, compared with 8.4 days for the control group (mean difference, 0.44; 95% CrI, 23.63 to 4.53). At 28 days, the proportion of participants attaining a PaO2/FiO2.300mmHg was 27.7% in the inhaled nitric oxide group and 17.2% in the control subjects (risk ratio, 2.03; 95% CrI, 1.11 to 3.86). Duration of ventilation and mortality at 28 and 90 days did not differ. No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: The use of high-dose inhaled nitric oxide resulted in an improvement of PaO2/FiO2 at 48 hours compared with usual care in adults with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19.

Association of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 agonist therapy with the presence of gastric contents in fasting patients undergoing endoscopy under anesthesia care: a historical cohort study.

PURPOSE: We aimed to estimate the association of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist therapy with the incidence of endoscopically visible gastric contents after preprocedural fasting. METHODS: We reviewed the records of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) performed at our institution between 2019 and 2023 and determined the presence of residual gastric contents from the procedure notes and saved images. We compared patients taking GLP-1 agonists at the time of the procedure (GLP group, 90 procedures) with patients who started GLP-1 agonist therapy within 1,000 days after undergoing EGD (control, 102 procedures). We excluded emergent procedures without fasting, combined EGD/colonoscopy procedures, and patients with known gastroparesis or previous gastric surgery. We estimated the association between GLP-1 agonist therapy and residual gastric contents with a confounder-adjusted generalized linear mixed effect model. RESULTS: Compared with controls, the GLP cohort had a higher age, American Society of Anesthesiologists' Physical Status, and incidence of nausea and diabetes mellitus. Body mass index and fasting duration were comparable between groups. Visible gastric content was documented in 17 procedures in the GLP group (19%) and in five procedures in the control group (5%), with an associated confounder adjusted odds ratio of 5.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 19.3; P = 0.004). There were five instances of emergent endotracheal intubation in the GLP group vs one case in control and one case of pulmonary aspiration vs none in control. CONCLUSIONS: In fasting patients, GLP-1 agonist therapy was associated with an increased incidence of residual gastric contents, potentially posing an additional risk of periprocedural pulmonary aspiration.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Notre objectif était d'estimer l'association d'un traitement par agonistes des récepteurs du peptide-1 de type glucagon (glucagon-like peptide 1, GLP-1) avec l'incidence de contenu gastrique visible par endoscopie malgré le jeûne préopératoire. MéTHODE: Nous avons examiné les dossiers des œsophagogastroduodénoscopies (OGD) réalisées dans notre établissement entre 2019 et 2023 et déterminé la présence de contenu gastrique résiduel à partir des notes d'intervention et des images enregistrées. Nous avons comparé les patient·es prenant des agonistes du GLP-1 au moment de l'intervention (groupe GLP, 90 procédures) avec les patient·es qui ont commencé un traitement par agonistes du GLP-1 dans les 1000 jours suivant l'OGD (groupe témoin, 102 procédures). Nous avons exclu les procédures d'urgence sans jeûne, les procédures combinées OGD/coloscopie et les patient·es présentant une gastroparésie connue ou une chirurgie gastrique antérieure. Nous avons estimé l'association entre le traitement par agonistes du récepteur GLP-1 et le contenu gastrique résiduel à l'aide d'un modèle linéaire généralisé à effets mixtes ajusté en fonction des facteurs de confusion. RéSULTATS: Par rapport aux témoins, la cohorte GLP était plus âgée, de statut physique selon l'American Society of Anesthesiologists plus élevé et présentait une incidence plus élevée de nausées et de diabète. L'indice de masse corporelle et la durée du jeûne étaient comparables entre les groupes. Du contenu gastrique visible a été documenté dans 17 procédures dans le groupe GLP (19 %) et dans cinq procédures dans le groupe témoin (5 %), avec un rapport de cotes ajusté associé de 5,8 (intervalle de confiance à 95 %, 1,7 à 19,3; P = 0,004). Il y a eu cinq cas d'intubation endotrachéale urgente dans le groupe GLP vs un cas dans le groupe témoin et un cas d'aspiration pulmonaire vs aucun dans le groupe témoin. CONCLUSION: Chez la patientèle à jeun, le traitement par agonistes des récepteurs du GLP-1 a été associé à une incidence accrue de contenu gastrique résiduel, ce qui pourrait entraîner un risque supplémentaire d'aspiration pulmonaire périprocédurale.

Electrical Impedance Tomography Identifies Evolution of Regional Perfusion in a Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Bedside electrical impedance tomography could be useful to visualize evolving pulmonary perfusion distributions when acute respiratory distress syndrome worsens or in response to ventilatory and positional therapies. In experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome, this study evaluated the agreement of electrical impedance tomography and dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography perfusion distributions at two injury time points and in response to increased positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and prone position. METHODS: Eleven mechanically ventilated (VT 8 ml · kg-1) Yorkshire pigs (five male, six female) received bronchial hydrochloric acid (3.5 ml · kg-1) to invoke lung injury. Electrical impedance tomography and computed tomography perfusion images were obtained at 2 h (early injury) and 24 h (late injury) after injury in supine position with PEEP 5 and 10 cm H2O. In eight animals, electrical impedance tomography and computed tomography perfusion imaging were also conducted in the prone position. Electrical impedance tomography perfusion (QEIT) and computed tomography perfusion (QCT) values (as percentages of image total) were compared in eight vertical regions across injury stages, levels of PEEP, and body positions using mixed-effects linear regression. The primary outcome was agreement between QEIT and QCT, defined using limits of agreement and Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Pao2/Fio2 decreased over the course of the experiment (healthy to early injury, -253 [95% CI, -317 to -189]; early to late injury, -88 [95% CI, -151 to -24]). The limits of agreement between QEIT and QCT were -4.66% and 4.73% for the middle 50% quantile of average regional perfusion, and the correlation coefficient was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.86 to 0.90]; P < 0.001). Electrical impedance tomography and computed tomography showed similar perfusion redistributions over injury stages and in response to increased PEEP. QEIT redistributions after positional therapy underestimated QCT in ventral regions and overestimated QCT in dorsal regions. CONCLUSIONS: Electrical impedance tomography closely approximated computed tomography perfusion measures in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome, in the supine position, over injury progression and with increased PEEP. Further validation is needed to determine the accuracy of electrical impedance tomography in measuring perfusion redistributions after positional changes.

Nationwide Clinical Practice Patterns of Anesthesiology Critical Care Physicians: A Survey to Members of the Society of Critical Care Anesthesiologists.

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing contributions of critical care anesthesiologists to clinical practice, research, and administrative leadership of intensive care units (ICUs), relatively little is known about the subspecialty-specific clinical practice environment. An understanding of contemporary clinical practice is essential to recognize the opportunities and challenges facing critical care anesthesia, optimize staffing patterns, assess sustainability and satisfaction, and strategically plan for future activity, scope, and training. This study surveyed intensivists who are members of the Society of Critical Care Anesthesiologists (SOCCA) to evaluate practice patterns of critical care anesthesiologists, including compensation, types of ICUs covered, models of overnight ICU coverage, and relationships between these factors. We hypothesized that variability in compensation and practice patterns would be observed between individuals. METHODS: Board-certified critical care anesthesiologists practicing in the United States were identified using the SOCCA membership distribution list and invited to take a voluntary online survey between May and June 2021. Multiple-choice questions with both single- and multiple-select options were used for answers with categorical data, and adaptive questioning was used to clarify stem-based responses. Respondents were asked to describe practice patterns at their respective institutions and provide information about their demographics, salaries, effort in ICUs, as well as other activities. RESULTS: A total of 490 participants were invited to take this survey, and 157 (response rate 32%) surveys were completed and analyzed. The majority of respondents were White (73%), male (69%), and younger than 50 years of age (82%). The cardiothoracic/cardiovascular ICU was the most common practice setting, with 69.5% of respondents reporting time working in this unit. Significant variability was observed in ICU practice patterns. Respondents reported spending an equal proportion of their time in clinical practice in the operating rooms and ICUs (median, 40%; interquartile range [IQR], 20%-50%), whereas a smaller proportion-primarily those who completed their training before 2009-reported administrative or research activities. Female respondents reported salaries that were $36,739 less than male respondents; however, this difference was not statistically different, and after adjusting for age and practice type, these differences were less pronounced (-$27,479.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], -$57,232.61 to $2273.03; P = .07). CONCLUSIONS: These survey data provide a current snapshot of anesthesiology critical care clinical practice patterns in the United States. Our findings may inform decision-making around the initiation and expansion of critical care services and optimal staffing patterns, as well as provide a basis for further work that focuses on intensivist satisfaction and burnout.

Anesthetics to Prevent Lung Injury in Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate if sevoflurane based anesthesia is superior to propofol in preventing lung inflammation and preventing postoperative pulmonary complications. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Single tertiary care university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Forty adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to anesthetic maintenance with sevoflurane or propofol. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was sampled before and after bypass to measure pulmonary inflammation using a biomarker panel. The change in bronchoalveolar lavage concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included lung inflammation defined as changes in other biomarkers and postoperative pulmonary complications. There were no significant differences between groups in the change in bronchoalveolar lavage TNFα concentration (median [IQR] change, 17.24 [1.11-536.77] v 101.51 [1.47-402.84] pg/mL, sevoflurane v propofol, p = 0.31). There was a significantly lower postbypass concentration of plasma interleukin 8 (median [IQR], 53.92 [34.5-55.91] v 66.92 [53.03-94.44] pg/mL, p = 0.04) and a significantly smaller postbypass increase in the plasma receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (median [IQR], 174.59 [73.59-446.06] v 548.22 [193.15-852.39] pg/mL, p = 0.03) in the sevoflurane group compared with propofol. The incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications was 100% in both groups, with high rates of pleural effusion (17/18 [94.44%] v 19/22 [86.36%], p = 0.39) and hypoxemia (16/18 [88.88%] v 22/22 [100%], p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Sevoflurane anesthesia during cardiac surgery did not consistently prevent lung inflammation or prevent postoperative pulmonary complications compared to propofol. There were significantly lower levels of 2 plasma biomarkers specific for lung injury and inflammation in the sevoflurane group.

Intraoperative Oxygen Practices in Cardiac Surgery: A National Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the current nationwide perspectives and practice regarding intraoperative oxygen titration in cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Prospective, observational survey. SETTING: Hospitals across the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Cardiovascular anesthesiologists and perfusionists. INTERVENTIONS: Expert- and consensus-derived electronic surveys were sent to perfusionists and cardiac anesthesiologists to evaluate the current intraoperative practices around oxygen administration. Providers were asked about individual intraoperative oxygen titration practices used at different stages of cardiac surgical procedures. Anonymous responses were collected in the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 3,335 providers were invited to participate, of whom 554 (317 anesthesiologists and 237 perfusionists) were included in the final analysis (17% response rate). During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), perfusionists reported a median (interquartile range [IQR]) target range from 150 (110-220)-to-325 mmHg (250-400), while anesthesiologists reported a significantly lower target range from 90 (70-150)-to-250 mmHg (158-400) (p values <0.0001 and 0.02, respectively). This difference was most pronounced at lower partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) ranges. The median PaO2 considered "too low" by perfusionists was 100 mmHg (IQR 80-125), whereas it was 60 mmHg (IQR 60-75) for anesthesiologists, who reported for both off and on bypass. The median PaO2 considered "too high" was 375 mmHg (IQR 300-400) for perfusionists and 300 mmHg (IQR 200-400) for anesthesiologists. Anesthesiologists, therefore, reported more comfort with significantly lower PaO2 values (p < 0.0001), and considered a higher PaO2 value less desirable compared with perfusionists (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This survey demonstrated there was wide variation in oxygen administration practices between perfusionists and anesthesiologists. Hyperoxygenation was more common while on CPB.

Inhaled high dose nitric oxide is a safe and effective respiratory treatment in spontaneous breathing hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a selective pulmonary vasodilator. In-vitro studies report that NO donors can inhibit replication of SARS-CoV-2. This multicenter study evaluated the feasibility and effects of high-dose inhaled NO in non-intubated spontaneously breathing patients with Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: This is an interventional study to determine whether NO at 160 parts-per-million (ppm) inhaled for 30 min twice daily might be beneficial and safe in non-intubated COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: Twenty-nine COVID-19 patients received a total of 217 intermittent inhaled NO treatments for 30 min at 160 ppm between March and June 2020. Breathing NO acutely decreased the respiratory rate of tachypneic patients and improved oxygenation in hypoxemic patients. The maximum level of nitrogen dioxide delivered was 1.5 ppm. The maximum level of methemoglobin (MetHb) during the treatments was 4.7%. MetHb decreased in all patients 5 min after discontinuing NO administration. No adverse events during treatment, such as hypoxemia, hypotension, or acute kidney injury during hospitalization occurred. In our NO treated patients, one patient of 29 underwent intubation and mechanical ventilation, and none died. The median hospital length of stay was 6 days [interquartile range 4-8]. No discharged patients required hospital readmission nor developed COVID-19 related long-term sequelae within 28 days of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In spontaneous breathing patients with COVID-19, the administration of inhaled NO at 160 ppm for 30 min twice daily promptly improved the respiratory rate of tachypneic patients and systemic oxygenation of hypoxemic patients. No adverse events were observed. None of the subjects was readmitted or had long-term COVID-19 sequelae.

Intraoperative Oxygen Concentration and Neurocognition after Cardiac Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Despite evidence suggesting detrimental effects of perioperative hyperoxia, hyperoxygenation remains commonplace in cardiac surgery. Hyperoxygenation may increase oxidative damage and neuronal injury leading to potential differences in postoperative neurocognition. Therefore, this study tested the primary hypothesis that intraoperative normoxia, as compared to hyperoxia, reduces postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older patients having cardiac surgery. METHODS: A randomized double-blind trial was conducted in patients aged 65 yr or older having coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. A total of 100 patients were randomized to one of two intraoperative oxygen delivery strategies. Normoxic patients (n = 50) received a minimum fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.35 to maintain a Pao2 above 70 mmHg before and after cardiopulmonary bypass and between 100 and 150 mmHg during cardiopulmonary bypass. Hyperoxic patients (n = 50) received a fraction of inspired oxygen of 1.0 throughout surgery, irrespective of Pao2 levels. The primary outcome was neurocognitive function measured on postoperative day 2 using the Telephonic Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Secondary outcomes included neurocognitive function at 1, 3, and 6 months, as well as postoperative delirium, mortality, and durations of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, and hospital stay. RESULTS: The median age was 71 yr (interquartile range, 68 to 75), and the median baseline neurocognitive score was 17 (16 to 19). The median intraoperative Pao2 was 309 (285 to 352) mmHg in the hyperoxia group and 153 (133 to 168) mmHg in the normoxia group (P < 0.001). The median Telephonic Montreal Cognitive Assessment score on postoperative day 2 was 18 (16 to 20) in the hyperoxia group and 18 (14 to 20) in the normoxia group (P = 0.42). Neurocognitive function at 1, 3, and 6 months, as well as secondary outcomes, were not statistically different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized controlled trial, intraoperative normoxia did not reduce postoperative cognitive dysfunction when compared to intraoperative hyperoxia in older patients having cardiac surgery. Although the optimal intraoperative oxygenation strategy remains uncertain, the results indicate that intraoperative hyperoxia does not worsen postoperative cognition after cardiac surgery.

Right Ventricular Strain Is Common in Intubated COVID-19 Patients and Does Not Reflect Severity of Respiratory Illness.

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is common and associated with worse outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome, RV dysfunction develops due to pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction, inflammation, and alveolar overdistension or atelectasis. Although similar pathogenic mechanisms may induce RV dysfunction in COVID-19, other COVID-19-specific pathology, such as pulmonary endothelialitis, thrombosis, or myocarditis, may also affect RV function. We quantified RV dysfunction by echocardiographic strain analysis and investigated its correlation with disease severity, ventilatory parameters, biomarkers, and imaging findings in critically ill COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We determined RV free wall longitudinal strain (FWLS) in 32 patients receiving mechanical ventilation for COVID-19-associated respiratory failure. Demographics, comorbid conditions, ventilatory parameters, medications, and laboratory findings were extracted from the medical record. Chest imaging was assessed to determine the severity of lung disease and the presence of pulmonary embolism. RESULTS: Abnormal FWLS was present in 66% of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients and was associated with higher lung compliance (39.6 vs 29.4 mL/cmH2O, P = 0.016), lower airway plateau pressures (21 vs 24 cmH2O, P = 0.043), lower tidal volume ventilation (5.74 vs 6.17 cc/kg, P = 0.031), and reduced left ventricular function. FWLS correlated negatively with age (r = -0.414, P = 0.018) and with serum troponin (r = 0.402, P = 0.034). Patients with abnormal RV strain did not exhibit decreased oxygenation or increased disease severity based on inflammatory markers, vasopressor requirements, or chest imaging findings. CONCLUSIONS: RV dysfunction is common among critically ill COVID-19 patients and is not related to abnormal lung mechanics or ventilatory pressures. Instead, patients with abnormal FWLS had more favorable lung compliance. RV dysfunction may be secondary to diffuse intravascular micro- and macro-thrombosis or direct myocardial damage. TRIAL REGISTRATION: National Institutes of Health #NCT04306393. Registered 10 March 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04306393.

Perioperative Emergencies: Who, What, When, Where, Why?

OBJECTIVE(S): Throughout the last several decades, the perioperative mortality rate from anesthesia care has declined, shifting focus to perioperative emergencies. Data on these emergencies, often referred to as "Anesthesia STAT" calls (STATs), are lacking at adult hospitals. The goal of this study was to determine the etiology of STATs at a major academic medical center and to determine surgical cases and patient comorbid conditions that increase the risk for STATs. DESIGN: This was a retrospective observational study. SETTING: This study took place at a large academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who underwent anesthesia care were included in this study. INTERVENTIONS: No interventions were performed during this study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data collected included the etiologies of STATs, patient demographic information, patient comorbid conditions, and surgeries during which STATs occurred. Between February 1, 2019, and January 31, 2020, 92 STATs occurred during 58,547 anesthetic cases, with an incidence rate of 0.16%. The most common etiology for a STAT was cardiac arrest, followed by respiratory compromise. Surgical services associated with a significant increase of STATs included general, thoracic, oral/maxillofacial, and vascular surgery. Comorbid conditions that significantly increased the risk of STATs included hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac arrest is the most common etiology of STATs. Specific surgical services and comorbid conditions are associated with an increased risk of STATs.

Frailty in Critical Care Medicine: A Review.

Traditional approaches to clinical risk assessment utilize age as a marker of increased vulnerability to stress. Relatively recent advancements in the study of aging have led to the concept of the frailty syndrome, which represents a multidimensional state of depleted physiologic and psychosocial reserve and clinical vulnerability that is related to but variably present with advancing age. The frailty syndrome is now a well-established clinical entity that serves as both a guide for clinical intervention and a predictor of poor outcomes in the primary and acute care settings. The biological aspects of the syndrome broadly represent a network of interrelated perturbations involving the age-related accumulation of molecular, cellular, and tissue damage that leads to multisystem dysregulation, functional decline, and disproportionately poor response to physiologic stress. Given the complexity of the underlying biologic processes, several well-validated approaches to define frailty clinically have been developed, each with distinct and reasonable considerations. Stemming from this background, the past several years have seen a number of observational studies conducted in intensive care units that have established that the determination of frailty is both feasible and prognostically useful in the critical care setting. Specifically, frailty as determined by several different frailty measurement tools appears associated with mortality, increased health care utilization, and disability, and has the potential to improve risk stratification of intensive care patients. While substantial variability in the implementation of frailty measurement likely limits the generalizability of specific findings, the overall prognostic trends may offer some assistance in guiding management decisions with patients and their families. Although no trials have assessed interventions to improve the outcomes of critically ill older people living with frailty, the particular vulnerability of this population offers a promising target for intervention in the future.

Race/Ethnicity and Duration of Anesthesia for Pediatric Patients in the US: a Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous literature has demonstrated adverse patient outcomes associated with racial/ethnic disparities in health services. Because patients/parents and providers care about the duration of anesthesia, this study focuses on this outcome. OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between race/ethnicity and duration under anesthesia. RESEARCH DESIGN: In this retrospective cohort study of data from the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group, White non-Latino was the reference and was compared with Black non-Latino children, Latino, Asian, Native American, Other, and "Unknown" race children. SUBJECTS: Children aged 3 to 17 years. OUTCOMES: Induction duration (primary outcome), procedure-end duration, and total duration under anesthesia (secondary outcomes). RESULTS: Of 37,596 eligible cases, 9,610 cases with complete data were analyzed. The sample consisted of 6,894 White non-Latino patients, 1,021 Black non-Latino patients, 50 Latino patients, 287 Asian patients, 26 Native American patients, 57 "Other" race patients, and 1,275 patients of "Unknown" race. The mean induction time was 11.9 min (SD 5.6 min). In adjusted analysis, Black non-Latino patients had 5% longer induction and procedure-end durations than White non-Latino children (exponentiated beta coefficient [Exp (ß)] 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.08, p < 0.01 and Exp (ß) 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.13, p < 0.01 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: White non-Latino children had shorter induction and procedure-end durations than Black children. The differences in induction and procedure-end time were small but may be meaningful on a population-health level.

Preprocedural fasting policies for patients receiving tube feeding: A national survey.

BACKGROUND: Patients who are critically ill frequently accrue substantial nutrition deficits due to multiple episodes of prolonged fasting prior to procedures. Existing literature suggests that, for most patients receiving tube feeding, the aspiration risk is low. Yet, national and international guidelines do not address fasting times for tube feeding, promoting uncertainty regarding optimal preprocedural fasting practice. We aimed to characterize current institutional fasting practices in the United States for patients with and without a secure airway, with variable types of enteral access, for representative surgical procedures. METHODS: The survey was distributed to a purposive sample of academic institutions in the United States. Reponses were reported as restrictive (6-8 h preprocedurally) or permissive (<6 h or continued intraprocedurally) feeding policies. Differences between level 1 trauma centers and others, and between burn centers and others, were evaluated. RESULTS: The response rate was 40.3% (56 of 139 institutions). Responses revealed a wide variability with respect to current practices, with more permissive policies reported in patients with secure airways. In patients with a secure airway, Level 1 trauma centers were significantly more likely to have permissive fasting policies for patients undergoing an extremity incision and drainage for each type of feeding tube surveyed. CONCLUSIONS: Current hospital policies for preprocedural fasting in patients receiving tube feeds are conflicting and are frequently more permissive than guidelines for healthy patients receiving oral nutrition. Prospective research is needed to establish the safety and clinical effects of various fasting practices in tube-fed patients.

Risk Factors for Delayed Extubation Following High Posterior Cervical and Occipital Fusion.

BACKGROUND: Much has been written on initial airway management in patients undergoing cervical spine procedures, but comparatively less is known about extubation criteria. High cervical and occipital fusion procedures pose a particular risk for extubation given the potential for a reduced range of motion at the occiput-C1 and C1-C2 joints should reintubation be necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of posterior high cervical and occipital fusion cases to identify factors related to delayed extubation and postoperative airway and pulmonary complications. Using a convenience sample of all cases operated between January 2009 and April 2018, we reviewed anesthesia records and discharge summaries to compare patient characteristics, airway management, surgical factors, and postoperative complications between patients who underwent delayed extubation and those who did not. RESULTS: A total of 135 patients met our inclusion criteria. Overall, 92 (68.1%) patients were extubated in the operating room (OR), and 43 (31.9%) underwent delayed extubation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age, procedure length, C2 as the highest level fused, and percentage colloid administered as predictors of delayed extubation. We did not find a difference in the rate of postoperative pulmonary complications between groups (6/92 [6.5%] for OR extubation; 2/43 [4.7%] for delayed extubation). Two patients had serious airway complications, and both were extubated in the OR (2/92, 2.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The decision to extubate immediately postoperatively after high cervical and occipital fusion should be considered carefully as the morbidity associated with airway obstruction can be severe in this population, while negative effects of delayed extubation were not evident in our analysis.

Unilateral Right-Sided Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block for Post-Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Analgesia: A Randomized Control Trial.

Background: Post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) pain control is still an issue postoperatively. Objectives: We investigated the effectiveness of the unilateral right-side ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) on post-LC pain intensity and opioid consumption. Methods: This is a parallel-arm randomized control trial on 62 adult patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status ≤ 2 who underwent LC. The patients were randomized into 2 groups (the block group [BG] and the control group [CG]; n = 31 per group). BG received a single-shot right-sided T7 ESPB with 20 mL of 0.2% ropivacaine at arrival time in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). CG) received no regional anesthesia. Both groups received patient-controlled intravenous fentanyl and rescue meperidine for analgesia. The primary outcome was the pain intensity determined using a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) in the first 24 hours after surgery. Secondary outcomes included total fentanyl and meperidine consumption within 24 hours. Results: Median pain scores were significantly higher in CG at rest and with coughing up to 12 hours after surgery compared with BG. Pain scores were higher in CG with a cough at 24 hours compared with BG (median 1 [interquartile range (IQR) 1, 2] vs. 1 [1, 0]; P = 0.0005). Total fentanyl consumption and meperidine consumption within 24 hours were significantly lower in BG compared with CG (median 60 µg [IQR 60, 90] vs 250 µg [90, 300]; P < 0.0001 and median 20 µg [IQR 10, 20] vs 25 [20, 25]; P = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions: A single-shot, right-sided, unilateral ESPB decreases post-LC opioid consumption and pain.

Close surveillance imaging is unnecessary for patients with grade I blunt thoracic aortic injury.

BACKGROUND: No evidence-based recommendations exist for imaging surveillance of grade I blunt thoracic aortic injuries (BTAI). We aimed to evaluate the natural history of these injuries to provide guidance for follow-up imaging. METHODS: Patients that presented to our trauma center from 2008 to 2021 with grade I BTAI were retrospectively evaluated. CT angiography images were assessed for initial injury grade and subsequent stability, improvement, worsening, or resolution. RESULTS: Of 83 patients who had grade I injuries and repeat imaging, 57.8% had complete resolution, 20.5% had improvement, and 18.1% had stability of their injury. Only seven patients (8.4%) demonstrated worsening of their injury. Six patients had eventual resolution and one underwent endovascular repair that would not have been performed under current practice patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Since grade I injuries do not worsen to require later surgical intervention, early surveillance imaging is not necessary and further imaging may not be necessary at all.

High-Dose Nitric Oxide From Pressurized Cylinders and Nitric Oxide Produced by an Electric Generator From Air.

BACKGROUND: High-dose (≥ 80 ppm) inhaled nitric oxide (INO) has antimicrobial effects. We designed a trial to test the preventive effects of high-dose NO on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in health care providers working with patients with COVID-19. The study was interrupted prematurely due to the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines for health care professionals. We thereby present data on safety and feasibility of breathing 160 ppm NO using 2 different NO sources, namely pressurized nitrogen/NO cylinders (INO) and electric NO (eNO) generators. METHODS: NO gas was inhaled at 160 ppm in air for 15 min twice daily, before and after each work shift, over 14 d by health care providers (NCT04312243). During NO administration, vital signs were continuously monitored. Safety was assessed by measuring transcutaneous methemoglobinemia (SpMet) and the inhaled nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration. RESULTS: Twelve healthy health care professionals received a collective total of 185 administrations of high-dose NO (160 ppm) for 15 min twice daily. One-hundred and seventy-one doses were delivered by INO and 14 doses by eNO. During NO administration, SpMet increased similarly in both groups (P = .82). Methemoglobin decreased in all subjects at 5 min after discontinuing NO administration. Inhaled NO2 concentrations remained between 0.70 ppm (0.63-0.79) and 0.75 ppm (0.67-0.83) in the INO group and between 0.74 ppm (0.68-0.78) and 0.88 ppm (0.70-0.93) in the eNO group. During NO administration, peripheral oxygen saturation and heart rate did not change. No adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study testing high-dose INO (160 ppm) for 15 min twice daily using eNO seems feasible and similarly safe when compared with INO.

Virtual reality immersion compared to monitored anesthesia care for hand surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Common anesthesia practice for hand surgery combines a preoperative regional anesthetic and intraoperative monitored anesthesia care (MAC). Despite adequate regional anesthesia, patients may receive doses of intraoperative sedatives which can result in oversedation and potentially avoidable complications. VR could prove to be a valuable tool for patients and providers by distracting the mind from processing noxious stimuli resulting in minimized sedative use and reduced risk of oversedation without negatively impacting patient satisfaction. Our hypothesis was that intraoperative VR use reduces sedative dosing during elective hand surgery without detracting from patient satisfaction as compared to a usual care control. METHODS: Forty adults undergoing hand surgery were randomized to receive either intraoperative VR in addition to MAC, or usual MAC. Patients in both groups received preoperative regional anesthesia at provider discretion. Intraoperatively, the VR group viewed programming of their choice via a head-mounted display. The primary outcome was intraoperative propofol dose per hour (mg · hr-1). Secondary outcomes included patient reported pain and anxiety, overall satisfaction, functional outcome, and post anesthesia care unit (PACU) length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: Of the 40 enrolled patients, 34 completed the perioperative portion of the trial. VR group patients received significantly less propofol per hour than the control group (Mean (±SD): 125.3 (±296.0) vs 750.6 (±334.6) mg · hr-1, p<0.001). There were no significant differences between groups in patient reported overall satisfaction, (0-100 scale, Median (IQR) 92 (77-100) vs 100 (100-100), VR vs control, p = 0.087). There were no significant differences between groups in PACU pain scores, perioperative opioid analgesic dose, or in postoperative functional outcome. PACU LOS was significantly decreased in the VR group (53.0 (43.0-72.0) vs 75.0 (57.5-89.0) min, p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: VR immersion during hand surgery led to significant reductions in intraoperative propofol dose and PACU LOS without negatively impacting key patient reported outcomes.

Cost effectiveness of the sFlt1/PlGF ratio test as an adjunct to the current practice of evaluating suspected preeclampsia in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia is a major obstetric disorder that can lead to severe maternal, fetal and infant outcomes. In women with suspected preeclampsia, measurement of the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) ratio has been shown to have a high negative predictive value (>97%). Our aim was to estimate the value to the US healthcare system of adopting this test into clinical practice. STUDY DESIGN: An economic model was developed for the evaluation of suspected preeclampsia from a US payer perspective using data from a US observational study of 459 women evaluated between 23 and 34.6 weeks. Test results were not available to clinicians. The model compares two strategies for managing suspected preeclampsia: standard care versus a biomarker-informed pathway utilizing the sFlt1/PlGF ratio. RESULTS: Utilization of the sFlt1/PlGF ratio test reduced the number of women admitted for suspected preeclampsia by 34-49%. Despite fewer admissions, a higher proportion of women admitted to hospital subsequently developed preeclampsia, and the proportion of women not admitted who would subsequently develop preeclampsia remained low (3.2%-6.7%). Cost savings arising from a reduction in admissions are estimated to be $1050 in the base case; varying the hospitalization cost ±25% would lead to savings in the range $771 to $1330 per patient at 2020 prices. CONCLUSION: Adopting the sFlt1/PlGF ratio test as an adjunct to clinical criteria improves the assessment of risk in women presenting with suspicion of preeclampsia and has the potential to safely reduce unnecessary admissions and save costs.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe respiratory failure from COVID-19.

PURPOSE: Limited data are available on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: We examined the clinical features and outcomes of 190 patients treated with ECMO within 14 days of ICU admission, using data from a multicenter cohort study of 5122 critically ill adults with COVID-19 admitted to 68 hospitals across the United States. To estimate the effect of ECMO on mortality, we emulated a target trial of ECMO receipt versus no ECMO receipt within 7 days of ICU admission among mechanically ventilated patients with severe hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2 < 100). Patients were followed until hospital discharge, death, or a minimum of 60 days. We adjusted for confounding using a multivariable Cox model. RESULTS: Among the 190 patients treated with ECMO, the median age was 49 years (IQR 41-58), 137 (72.1%) were men, and the median PaO2/FiO2 prior to ECMO initiation was 72 (IQR 61-90). At 60 days, 63 patients (33.2%) had died, 94 (49.5%) were discharged, and 33 (17.4%) remained hospitalized. Among the 1297 patients eligible for the target trial emulation, 45 of the 130 (34.6%) who received ECMO died, and 553 of the 1167 (47.4%) who did not receive ECMO died. In the primary analysis, patients who received ECMO had lower mortality than those who did not (HR 0.55; 95% CI 0.41-0.74). Results were similar in a secondary analysis limited to patients with PaO2/FiO2 < 80 (HR 0.55; 95% CI 0.40-0.77). CONCLUSION: In select patients with severe respiratory failure from COVID-19, ECMO may reduce mortality.