A Novel CRYBB2 Silent Variant in Autosomal Dominant Congenital Cataracts (ADCC) in Pakistani families.

Objective: Congenital Cataract is a type of ophthalmic genetic disorder that appears at birth or in early childhood. Among 30 genes, CRYBB2 is one of the most common and a water-soluble protein of lens's that code for the ßB2-crystallin. This study aimed to investigate the novel silent mutation in CRYBB2 of exon six in the Pakistani families of Autosomal Dominant Congenital Cataracts (ADCC). Methods: It is a family-based study that presents three to five-generations of two Pakistani families. Data and blood samples from the families were collected from January to August 2019 from LRBT (Layton Rahmatullah Benevolent Trust) Hospital, Mansehra, Pakistan. We only included patients >15 years old. Before enrollment in the current study, each patient obtained a thorough optical examination. Samples were moved to the molecular lab using the collection and storage method. The phenol-chloroform technique was used to extract the DNA. The technique of Sanger sequencing was used to find any potential mutation in some of the selected families. Statistical and bioinformatics analysis were carried out. Results: By using bioinformatics tools, the novel silent mutation was identified. Heterozygous silent mutation of CRYBB2 of exon 6 (c. 495G>A) was detected by the alignment of sequences. Computational prediction program did not predict the silent mutation. Conclusion: This study investigated a novel important sequence variant in the beta-crystalline protein that causes autosomal dominant congenital cataract (ADCC) in Pakistani families. Thus, our study enlarges the CRYBB2 mutation spectrum and associated phenotypes to help clinical diagnosis of human genetic diseases.

Molecular Characterization of Wild and Cultivated Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) through DNA Barcode Markers.

Background: DNA barcoding is a useful technique for the identification, conservation, and diversity estimation at the species level in plants. The current research work was carried out to characterize selected Fragaria species from northern Pakistan using DNA barcode markers. Methodology. Initially, the efficacy of eight DNA barcode markers was analyzed based on the amplification and sequencing of the genome of selected Fragaria species. The resultant sequences were analyzed using BLAST, MEGA 7.0, and Bio Edit software. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by using Fragaria current species sequences and reference sequences through the neighbor-joining method or maximum likelihood method. Results: Among eight DNA barcode markers, only two (ITS2 and rbclC) were amplified, and sequences were obtained. ITS2 sequence was BLAST in NCBI for related reference species which ranged from 89.79% to 90.05% along with Fragaria vesca (AF163517.1) which have 99.05% identity. Similarly, the rbclC sequence of Fragaria species was ranged from 96% to 99.58% along with Fragaria × ananassa (KY358226.1) which had 99.58% identity. Conclusion: It is recommended that DNA barcode markers are a useful tool to identify the genetic diversity of a species. Moreover, this study could be helpful for the identification of the Fragaria species cultivated in other regions of the world.

The alcohol dehydrogenase gene family in sugarcane and its involvement in cold stress regulation.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) in plants are encoded by a multigene family. ADHs participate in growth, development, and adaptation in many plant species, but the evolution and function of the ADH gene family in sugarcane is still unclear. RESULTS: In the present study, 151 ADH genes from 17 species including 32 ADH genes in Saccharum spontaneum and 6 ADH genes in modern sugarcane cultivar R570 were identified. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated two groups of ADH genes and suggested that these genes underwent duplication during angiosperm evolution. Whole-genome duplication (WGD)/segmental and dispersed duplications played critical roles in the expansion of ADH family in S. spontaneum and R570, respectively. ScADH3 was cloned and preferentially expressed in response to cold stress. ScADH3 conferred improved cold tolerance in E. coli cells. Ectopic expression showed that ScADH3 can also enhance cold tolerance in transgenic tobacco. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaves of transgenic tobacco was significantly lower than in wild-type tobacco. The transcript levels of ROS-related genes in transgenic tobacco increased significantly. ScADH3 seems to affect cold tolerance by regulating the ROS-related genes to maintain the ROS homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS: This study depicted the size and composition of the ADH gene family in 17 species, and investigated their evolution pattern. Comparative genomics analysis among the ADH gene families of S. bicolor, R570 and S. spontaneum revealed their close evolutionary relationship. Functional analysis suggested that ScADH3, which maintained the steady state of ROS by regulating ROS-related genes, was related to cold tolerance. These findings will facilitate research on evolutionary and functional aspects of the ADH genes in sugarcane, especially for the understanding of ScADH3 under cold stress.

A dynamic degradome landscape on miRNAs and their predicted targets in sugarcane caused by Sporisorium scitamineum stress.

BACKGROUND: Sugarcane smut is a fungal disease caused by Sporisorium scitamineum. Cultivation of smut-resistant sugarcane varieties is the most effective way to control this disease. The interaction between sugarcane and S. scitamineum is a complex network system. However, to date, there is no report on the identification of microRNA (miRNA) target genes of sugarcane in response to smut pathogen infection by degradome technology. RESULTS: TaqMan qRT-PCR detection and enzyme activity determination showed that S. scitamineum rapidly proliferated and incurred significant enzyme activity changes in the reactive oxygen species metabolic pathway and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway at 2 d and 5 d after inoculation, which was the best time points to study target gene degradation during sugarcane and S. scitamineum interaction. A total of 122.33 Mb of raw data was obtained from degradome sequencing analysis of YC05-179 (smut-resistant) and ROC22 (smut-susceptible) after inoculation. The Q30 of each sample was > 93%, and the sequence used for degradation site analysis exactly matched the sugarcane reference sequence. A total of 309 target genes were predicted in sugarcane, corresponding to 97 known miRNAs and 112 novel miRNAs, and 337 degradation sites, suggesting that miRNAs can efficiently direct cleavage at multiple sites in the predicted target mRNAs. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that the predicted target genes were involved in various regulatory processes, such as signal transduction mechanisms, inorganic ion transport and metabolism, defense mechanisms, translation, posttranslational modifications, energy production and conversion, and glycerolipid metabolism. qRT-PCR analysis of the expression level of 13 predicted target genes and their corresponding miRNAs revealed that there was no obvious negative regulatory relationship between miRNAs and their target genes. In addition, a number of putative resistance-related target genes regulated by miRNA-mediated cleavage were accumulated in sugarcane during S. scitamineum infection, suggesting that feedback regulation of miRNAs may be involved in the response of sugarcane to S. scitamineum infection. CONCLUSIONS: This study elucidates the underlying response of sugarcane to S. scitamineum infection, and also provides a resource for miRNAs and their predicted target genes for smut resistance improvement in sugarcane.

Identification of variants in the mitochondrial lysine-tRNA (MT-TK) gene in myoclonic epilepsy-pathogenicity evaluation and structural characterization by in silico approach.

Variations in mitochondrial genes have an established link with myoclonic epilepsy. In the present study we evaluated the nucleotide sequence of MT-TK gene of 52 individuals from 12 unrelated families and reported three variations in 2 of the 13 epileptic patients. The DNA sequences coding for MT-TK gene were sequenced and mutations were detected in all participants. The mutations were further analyzed by the in silico analysis and their structural and pathogenic effects were determined. All the investigated patients had symptoms of myoclonus, 61.5% were positive for ataxia, 23.07% were suffering from hearing loss, 15.38% were having mild to severe dementia, 69.23% were males, and 61.53% had cousin marriage in their family history. DNA extracted from saliva was used for the PCR amplification of a 440 bp DNA fragment encompassing complete MT-TK gene. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed three mutations, m.8306T>C, m.8313G>C, and m.8362T>G that are divergent from available reports. The identified mutations designate the heteroplasmic condition. Furthermore, pathogenicity of the identified variants was predicted by in silico tools viz., PON-mt-tRNA and MitoTIP. Secondary structure of altered MT-TK was predicted by RNAStructure web server. Studies by MitoTIP and PON-mt-tRNA tools have provided strong evidences of pathogenic effects of these mutations. Single nucleotide variations resulted in disruptive secondary structure of mutant MT-TK models, as predicted by RNAStructure. In vivo confirmation of structural and pathogenic effects of identified mutations in the animal models can be prolonged on the basis of these findings.

Cloning, E. coli expression, and characterization of heart lactate dehydrogenase B from river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme of glycolytic pathway which catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate. The present study describes cDNA cloning, E. coli expression and characterization of lactate dehydrogenase B (LDH-B) from the heart ventricles of river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Total RNA was isolated from the heart tissue, a 1005bp cDNA encoding complete polypeptide chain of 334 amino acids was generated by reverse transcriptase reaction and analyzed for nucleotide sequence. The consensus sequence obtained from both strands has shown 84% to 98% homology with that of different mammalian species. The attributed gene was cloned, expressed in BL21 (DE3) RIPL Codon Plus strain of E. coli using pET21a (+) plasmid. The purified recombinant enzyme displayed a KM value of 50 µM for pyruvate, an optimum activity at 35°C and pH 7.0. The enzyme was found as a homotetramer of 140 kDa on FPLC based gel-filtration column. Molecular weight of a subunit of enzyme as determined by mass spectrometric analysis was 36530.21 Da. The present study describes the first ever report about the cDNA sequence and characteristics of recombinant LDH-B from River buffalo.

Genetic analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus from Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an endemic and highly contagious disease in small ruminants of Pakistan. Despite the fact that an effective vaccine is available, outbreaks are regularly occurring in the country. Thus so far, the diagnosis has primarily been made based on clinical outcome or serology. This study was carried out to characterize PPRV from an emerging wave of outbreaks from Punjab, Pakistan. RESULTS: A total of 32 blood samples from five different flocks were tested with real-time PCR for the presence of PPRV genome. The samples detected positive in real-time PCR (n = 17) were subjected to conventional PCR for the amplification of the nucleoprotein (N) gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced N genes (n = 8) indicated the grouping of all the sequences in lineage IV along with PPRV strains from Asian and Middle East. However, interestingly sequences were divided into two groups. One group of viruses (n = 7) clustered with previously characterized Pakistani isolates whereas one strain of PPRV was distinct and clustered with Saudi Arabian and Iranian strains of PPRV. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrated in this study expanded the information on the genetic nature of different PPRV population circulating in small ruminants. Such information is essential to understand genetic nature of PPRV strains throughout the country. Proper understanding of these viruses will help to devise control strategies in PPRV endemic countries such as Pakistan.

The role of zinc on anti-Newcastle disease virus specific antibody response and agranulocytes count in rabbits treated with methotrexate and prednisolone.

Zinc (Zn) plays a pivotal role in highly proliferative tissues including immune system. The long-term therapy of neoplastic and autoimmune disorders is associated with immunosuppression and myleosuppression. In the current study role of Zn on anti-Newcastle disease virus response and agranulocytes count of methotrexate and prednisolone treated rabbits. Thirty six healthy rabbits were randomly segregated into six groups (group I to VI) each containing six rabbits. Oil based Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine was administered subcutaneously to rabbits of all the groups at day 0 and 21 and after one week, all the groups received Zn, (Zn + prednisolone), prednisolone, (Zn + methotrexate) methotrexate orally from day 7 to day 21, except the control. The serum antibody titer, total and differential leukocyte count were measured weekly for 6 weeks. The administration of zinc in combination with methotrexate showed same antibody titer as that of the control suggesting that Zn has ability to counteract the methotrexate-induced immunosuppression. However, Zn did not show any significant impact in combination with prednisolone (p<0.05). The results of the present study indicate that co-administration of Zn and methotrexate is beneficial in the activity of immune system.

Allicin, an Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Agent, Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment.

Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) is a defense molecule produced by cellular contents of garlic (Allium sativum L.). On tissue damage, the non-proteinogenic amino acid alliin (S-allylcysteine sulfoxide) is converted to allicin in an enzyme-mediated process catalysed by alliinase. Allicin is hydrophobic in nature, can efficiently cross the cellular membranes and behaves as a reactive sulfur species (RSS) inside the cells. It is physiologically active molecule with the ability to oxidise the thiol groups of glutathione and between cysteine residues in proteins. Allicin has shown anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and also serves as an efficient therapeutic agent against cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the present review describes allicin as an antioxidant, and neuroprotective molecule that can ameliorate the cognitive abilities in case of neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disorders. As an antioxidant, allicin fights the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by downregulation of NOX (NADPH oxidizing) enzymes, it can directly interact to reduce the cellular levels of different types of ROS produced by a variety of peroxidases. Most of the neuroprotective actions of allicin are mediated via redox-dependent pathways. Allicin inhibits neuroinflammation by suppressing the ROS production, inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, P38 and JNK pathways. As an inhibitor of cholinesterase and (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) it can be applied to manage the Alzheimer's disease, helps to maintain the balance of neurotransmitters in case of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactive syndrome (ADHD). In case of acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) allicin protects neuron damage by regulating inflammation, apoptosis and promoting the expression levels of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2). Metal induced neurodegeneration can also be attenuated and cognitive abilities of patients suffering from neurological diseases can be ameliorates by allicin administration.

Mapping of global research output in congenital cataracts from 1903 to 2021.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Globally, congenital cataract remains one of the main causes of visual loss in children. This study was designed to plot the overall research output and evaluate some key bibliometric indicators in congenital cataracts research. METHODS: Publications on congenital cataracts were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The published literature was searched using the keywords "congenital cataract" OR "congenital cataracts" in the title filed with document types and language restrictions. The data were exported into HistCite to analyze; publication year, top authors, countries, institutions, journals, keywords, and most cited studies. VOSviewer software was used to construct network visualization mapping. RESULTS: A total of 1427 publications (1903-2021) published in English language were included in this study. Over the past few decades, the total number of publications in congenital cataracts was found to be increased. The most productive year was 2016 (n = 72), while the most cited year was 1941 (1268 citations). The Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Impact Factor: 4.799) was the most attractive journal with 161 publications, and the Molecular Vision (Impact Factor : 2.367) was the most cited journal with 1915 citations and 161.723 citations per year. The most productive country was the United States of America (USA) (n = 325), while the most active institute was Sun Yat-sen University, China (n = 36). The most prolific author was Yao K (n = 27). The most studied Web of Science category was ophthalmology (n = 852). The most widely used keyword was congenital (n = 1427). The most cited paper in congenital cataracts was "Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother, cited 1268 times. The USA and author keyword congenital cataract had the highest total link strength. CONCLUSION: These findings provide useful insights, current status, and trends in clinical research in congenital cataracts. This study can be used to identify future research areas and standard bibliography references for better diagnosis and disease control.

Sugarcane calcineurin B-like (CBL) genes play important but versatile roles in regulation of responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Free calcium ions are common second messengers in plant cells. The calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) is a special calcium sensor that plays an important role in plant growth and stress response. In this study, we obtained three CBL genes (GenBank accession nos. KX013374, KX013375, and KX013376) from sugarcane variety ROC22. The open reading frames of ScCBL genes ranged from 642 to 678 base pairs in length and encoded polypeptides from 213 to 225 amino acids in length. ScCBL2-1, ScCBL3-1, and ScCBL4 were all located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. ScCBL2-1 and ScCBL3-1 expression was up-regulated by treatment with salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium chloride (NaCl), or copper chloride (CuCl2). ScCBL4 expression was down-regulated in response to all of these stresses (abscisic acid (ABA), SA, MeJA, and NaCl) except for H2O2, calcium chloride (CaCl2), PEG, and CuCl2. Expression in Escherichia coli BL21 cells showed that ScCBLs can enhance tolerance to NaCl or copper stress. Overexpression of ScCBLs in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves promoted their resistance to infection with the tobacco pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. The results from the present study facilitate further research regarding ScCBL genes, and in particular, their roles in the response to various stresses in sugarcane.

4-(4-Octyloxybenzo-yloxy)benzoic acid.

The title compound, C(22)H(26)O(5), is an important inter-mediate for the synthesis of side-chain ligands for polymeric liquid crystals. The octyl group is coplanar with the central C(6)O moiety, where the maximum deviation of a C atom in the octyl group from the C(6)O plane is 0.161 (5) Å. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Cross Sectional Study and Risk Factors Analysis of Francisella tularensis in Soil Samples in Punjab Province of Pakistan.

Tularemia is an endemic zoonotic disease in many parts of the world including Asia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine genome-based prevalence of Francisella tularensis (Ft) in soil, assess an association between its occurrence in soil and likely predictors i.e., macro and micro-nutrients and several categorical variables, and determine seroconversion in small and large ruminants. The study included a total of 2,280 soil samples representing 456 villages in eight districts of the Punjab Province of Pakistan followed by an analysis of serum antibodies in 707 ruminants. The genome of Ft was detected in 3.25% (n = 74, 95% CI: 2.60-4.06) of soil samples. Soluble salts (OR: 1.276, 95% CI: 1.043-1.562, p = 0.015), Ni (OR: 2.910, 95%CI: 0.795-10.644, p = 0.106), Mn (OR:0.733, 95% CI:0.565-0.951, p = 0.019), Zn (OR: 4.922, 95% CI:0.929-26.064, p = 0.061) and nutrients clustered together as PC-1 (OR: 4.76, 95% CI: 2.37-9.54, p = 0.000) and PC-3 (OR: 0.357, 95% CI: 0.640, p = 0.001) were found to have a positive association for the presence of Ft in soil. The odds of occurrence of Ft DNA in soil were higher at locations close to a water source, including canals, streams or drains, [χ2 = 6.7, OR = 1.19, 95% CI:1.05-3.09, p = 0.004] as well as places where animals were present [χ2 = 4.09, OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.05-4.05, p = 0.02]. The seroconversion was detected in 6.22% (n = 44, 95% CI: 4.67-8.25) of domestic animals. An occurrence of Ft over a wide geographical region indicates its expansion to enzootic range, and demonstrates the need for further investigation among potential disease reservoirs and at-risk populations, such as farmers and veterinarians.

4-(4-Propoxybenzo-yloxy)benzoic acid.

The title compound, C(17)H(16)O(5), is an important inter-mediate for the synthesis of side-chain ligands for polymeric liquid crystals. The prop-oxy and benzoic acid groups subtend dihedral angles of 4.36 (6) and 55.35 (6)°, respectively, with the central benzo-yloxy unit. The crystal structure is stabilized by an inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond.

(E)-4-(4-Fluoro-styr-yl)benzoic acid.

The title compound, C(15)H(11)FO(2), is an important inter-mediate in the synthesis of side-chain ligands for polymeric liquid crystals. The vinyl group is almost coplanar with both the aromatic rings. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding.

A study on prevalence and molecular characterization of trypanosomal species infecting equines in Lahore region, Pakistan.

Trypanosomiasis is an important protozoal disease with a diverse range of susceptible host including human. In the current study, molecular characterization of prevalent species was done through a pan-trypanosome polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). A total of three hundred (n = 300) equines including horses, donkeys and mules (100 each) were randomly selected and the equine blood samples were subjected to screening for trypanosomes through microhaematocrit centrifuge technique (MHCT), conventional PCR, semi-nested PCR and RFLP. Overall prevalence of trypanosomal species was 8% (24/300) as revealed by MHCT and species wise prevalence in horses, donkeys and mules was 4.33% (13/300), 1.33% (4/300) and 2.33% (7/300), respectively. Conventional and semi-nested PCR depicted an overall prevalence of 21% (63/300) and species wise prevalence in horses, donkeys and mules was 12% (36/300), 3.67% (11/300) and 5.33% (16/300), respectively. RFLP analysis of the semi-nested products, using Msp1 and Eco571 enzymes, negated the presence of T. congolense, T. brucei, T. vivax, T. theileri, and T. vivax in the positive samples and revealed that the animals might be suffering from T. evansi infection as the enzymes used were not able to detect this species. This hypothesis was further confirmed by using T. evansi specific primers which depicted all of the 63 samples were positive for T. evansi. It is inferred that T. evansi is the major trypanosome species prevalent in equines. Furthermore, PCR is more sensitive as compared to microscopic examination and the pan-trypanosome PCR-RFLP assay is suitable for carrying out laboratory diagnosis of field samples and epidemiological studies. Further studies on the possibilities of use of other restriction enzymes may help to improve the species specificity of the assay.

A Novel L-ascorbate Peroxidase 6 Gene, ScAPX6, Plays an Important Role in the Regulation of Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Sugarcane.

The L-ascorbate peroxidase 6 gene (APX6) is one of the most important genes for scavenging H2O2 and plays a vital role in plant resistance to environmental stresses. In this study, a novel ScAPX6 gene (GenBank Accession No. KT907352) was obtained from a sugarcane variety (ROC22). Bioinformatics analysis showed that ScAPX6 has a cDNA length of 1,086 bp and encoded 333 amino acid residues. Subcellular localization confirmed that ScAPX6 was located in the chloroplast. Enhanced growth of Escherichia coli BL21 cells that expressed ScAPX6 showed high tolerance under copper (Cu) stress. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that ScAPX6 was constitutively expressed wherein with the highest expression levels in sugarcane pith and leaf and the lowest in the root. ScAPX6 was down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium chloride (NaCl) stimuli. Interestingly, it was significantly up-regulated under the stresses of abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) wherein with the highest inducible expression levels at 6 h at 6.0- and 70.0-times higher, respectively than that of control. Overexpression of ScAPX6 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves enhanced the resistance to the infection of tobacco pathogens Pseudomonas solanacearum and Fusarium solani var. coeruleum. These results implied that ScAPX6 might positively respond to ABA, MeJA, and Cu, but might negatively respond to the stresses of SA, H2O2, PEG, and NaCl. Keeping in view the current investigation, ScAPX6 could be associated with the hypersensitive response (HR) or immunity of sugarcane, which will provide a baseline for the function identification of sugarcane ScAPX6.

Genetic characterization and phylogeny of pigeon paramyxovirus isolate (PPMV-1) from Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Knowing the genome characteristics of circulating Newcastle disease viruses [avian paramyxoviruses (APMV-1) and pigeon paramyxoviruses (PPMV-1)] is important to devise appropriate diagnostics and control strategies. APMVs originating from chicken and wildlife in Pakistan are well-elucidated; nevertheless, molecular characterization for the circulating PPMV-1 is largely unknown. FINDINGS: Here, we have performed fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (HN) gene based characterization of PPMV-1 isolated from an outbreak in a pigeon flock. With F0 proteolytic cleavage site (112RRQKR↓F117), characteristic of velogenic/mesogenic serotype, the complete F and HN gene based sequence analysis of the isolate revealed evolutionary relationship to genotype VI. Further analysis of hyper-variable region of F-gene demonstrated clustering of the study isolate with genotype VIb. The deduced residue analysis for both F and HN protein showed a number of substitution mutations in the functional domains distinct from representative strains of each genotype including the vaccine strains; some of them were found exclusive to the study isolate. CONCLUSIONS: Though limited and preliminary data, the findings enhance our knowledge towards circulating strains of PPMVs in Pakistan. Further studies are needed to ascertain its potential for transmission in the wild birds, commercial and backyard poultry and its subsequent shedding into the environment.

Pollution Problem in River Kabul: Accumulation Estimates of Heavy Metals in Native Fish Species.

The contamination of aquatic systems with heavy metals is affecting the fish population and hence results in a decline of productivity rate. River Kabul is a transcountry river originating at Paghman province in Afghanistan and inters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and it is the major source of irrigation and more than 54 fish species have been reported in the river. Present study aimed at the estimation of heavy metals load in the fish living in River Kabul. Heavy metals including chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead were determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometer after tissue digestion by adopting standard procedures. Concentrations of these metals were recorded in muscles and liver of five native fish species, namely, Wallago attu, Aorichthys seenghala, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo dyocheilus, and Ompok bimaculatus. The concentrations of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead were higher in both of the tissues, whereas the concentration of cadmium was comparatively low. However, the concentration of metals was exceeding the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance of USA) limits. Hence, continuous fish consumption may create health problems for the consumers. The results of the present study are alarming and suggest implementing environmental laws and initiation of a biomonitoring program of the river.