Real-Time Interactive Digital Health Care System for Postoperative Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction: Limited range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder occurs commonly after breast cancer surgery, resulting in reduced quality of life and difficulty with activities of daily living. Physical exercise is effective in postoperative breast cancer patients, but no study has assessed the effects of augmented reality (AR)-based telerehabilitation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of hospital-home linked rehabilitation therapy using an AR-based digital health care system (UINCARE Home+) in postoperative patients with breast cancer. Methods: This study was a prospective, multicenter, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Patients who underwent breast cancer surgery were assigned to either the UINCARE Home+ (intervention) group or the brochure-based home rehabilitation (control) group for an 8-week intervention. The study outcomes were the change in ROM of the affected shoulder, pain in the affected shoulder (Numerical Rating Scale [NRS]), functional outcomes (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire [QuickDASH] score), and quality of life (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast [FACT-B] and EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level [EQ-5D-5L] scores), all of which were measured at enrollment and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks thereafter. Results: A total of 100 participants were enrolled in the study (n = 50 in each groups). In both groups, active and passive ROM, NRS, and the QuickDASH, FACT-B, and EQ-5D-5L scores showed significant improvements from baseline to 12 weeks (p < 0.001), but no group differences were detected. Discussion: A home-based exercise program with an AR system improved shoulder dysfunction in breast cancer patients and could be used in conjunction with a traditional hospital-based rehabilitation program. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04316156.

Novel, user-friendly landmarks for localizing Baxter's nerve: A cadaveric study.

INTRODUCTION: Identification of Baxter's nerve (BN) has proven challenging for less experienced practitioners using ultrasonography due to a lack of adequate landmarks. This study aimed to establish novel, user-friendly anatomical landmarks and to describe useful structures to localize BN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 10 fresh cadaveric feet and identified the interobserver agreement of measuring three surface landmarks: the most medially protruded point on the medial malleolus (P), the navicular tuberosity (Q), and the center of the calcaneus (B). Next, 24 fresh cadaveric feet were used to identify the point of BN entry into the quadratus plantae (QP) muscle, which corresponds to the proximal BN impingement site. The rectangular coordinate system consisted of the origin (point P), X-axis, extension line P-Q, and Y-axis (the perpendicular line to the X-axis). To consider various foot sizes, the X and Y values were divided by the P-Q length and were designated as the ratios X and Y. RESULTS: Points P and Q showed smaller interobserver differences than that of point B. Ratios X and Y were 61.25 and 99.80%, respectively, for the QP. BN arose from the lateral plantar nerve in 20 of 24 specimens. The adjacent vessel was <3 mm from the entrapment site of BN in 20 of 24 specimens. CONCLUSION: New landmarks will improve the precision of localizing the entrapment site of BN and will provide advanced guidelines for podiatric patients.

The effect of breast cancer surgery on spine alignment: Whole-spine radiograph analysis.

Breast cancer survivors may experience spinal deformity following breast cancer surgery. This study investigated the long-term effects of breast cancer surgery on whole-spine alignment. This retrospective study included 200 patients who underwent breast cancer surgery and ≥2 anteroposterior standing whole-spine X-rays. The curvature of the spine was measured using the Cobb angle; changes in Cobb angle between X-rays were compared among three groups according to breast cancer surgery type. The mean interval between initial and follow-up X-ray was 28.46 ± 13.39 months. The change in Cobb angle was 0.40 ± 1.65 degrees and the absolute value of that change was 1.25 ± 1.15 degrees in all patients with breast cancer. There were no significant differences in angular change among groups according to breast cancer surgery type. Most patients showed minimal changes in spinal alignment after breast cancer surgery. Our findings indicate that breast cancer surgery does not negatively affect spinal alignment.

Carpal tunnel syndrome and tenosynovitis in women with breast cancer associated with hormone therapy: A multi-institutional analysis using a clinical data warehouse.

ABSTRACT: The study aims to evaluate the characteristics, treatments, and incidence rates of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and tenosynovitis in women with breast cancer, according to the hormone therapy used. We retrospectively reviewed women with breast cancer identified from the clinical data warehouse of the six hospitals in Korea, from January 2015 to August 2020. Among them, patients with CTS or tenosynovitis were reviewed in terms of disease status and treatments. A total of 101 patients among a population of 15,504 met the study inclusion criteria, so their clinical data were analyzed. Aromatase inhibitor (AI) users frequently needed oral medication for CTS, and developed severe CTS which frequently required surgery. AI users presented with a higher incidence of CTS (1.3%) than patients without hormone therapy (0.4%), and tenosynovitis occurred at a higher rate in AI users (2.3%) compared to the tamoxifen (1.1%) and no hormone groups (0.5%). More than half of the CTS and tenosynovitis occurred within 12 months after hormone commencement. The incidence and disease characteristics of CTS and tenosynovitis differed among the groups depending on the type of hormone therapy received. Our findings will help clinicians understand clinical courses and treatments for CTS and tenosynovitis in breast cancer patients.

Visual assessment of preterm and full-term infants under the age of 12 months using the Preverbal Visual Assessment questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Infants develop many complex visual competences within the first 12 months of life. Premature infants are at high risk for abnormal visual and neurological development. Clinical medical history or neurologic evaluation do not give enough information on visual maturation in infants under 12 months of age. AIMS: To compare visual maturation between preterm and full-term infants aged under 12 months, using the Preverbal Visual Assessment questionnaire (PreViAs). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional analysis. SUBJECTS: Infants aged under 12 months, who visited our rehabilitation department for early intervention. Infants were categorized as either preterm or full-term, and assigned to one of three subgroups (0-4 months, 4-8 months, 8-12 months) according to corrected or chronological age. OUTCOME MEASURES: PreViAs scores. RESULTS: There were 200 preterm and 225 full-term infants analyzed. The mean global PreViAs scores among preterm infants were significantly lower than among full-term infants in all age groups (0-4 months: p = 0.033, 4-8 months: p = 0.005, and 8-12 months: p = 0.008). The mean global scores and four subdomain scores of the PreViAs were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in very preterm (under 32-weeks gestational age) and very low birth weight (under 1500 g birth weight) than in moderate-to-late preterm infants (between 32- to 37- weeks gestational age) and infants with birth weight above 1500 g. Patent ductus arteriosus, retinopathy of prematurity, and birth weight (percent) showed significant correlation with PreViAs global scores. CONCLUSION: PreViAs is a useful tool for visual assessment of infants under 12 months, especially in high-risk infants.

Real-time interactive digital healthcare system for post-operative breast cancer patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: After receiving breast cancer surgery or reconstruction, shoulder dysfunctions including weakness, post-operative pain, shoulder joint instability, and limited range of motion (ROM) often occur. Due to limited ROM, patients may suffer difficulty in activities of daily living, and quality of life may be reduced. The objective of this study is to compare the effects on shoulder ROM of a real-time interactive digital healthcare system and brochure-based home rehabilitation program in post-operative breast cancer patients. METHODS: This study is a prospective, multi-center, assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. The study aims to recruit 100 breast cancer patients exhibiting limited shoulder ROM after undergoing axillary lymph node dissection or breast reconstruction following mastectomy. Patients will be randomly assigned to two groups for 8 weeks of rehabilitation: a digital healthcare system rehabilitation (intervention) group and a brochure-based rehabilitation (control) group. The primary outcome is the change in ROM of the affected shoulder between baseline and 12 weeks after enrollment. Secondary outcomes include pain in the affected shoulder, as measured using a numerical rating scale, functional outcomes (QuickDASH scores), and quality of life (FACT-B and EQ-5D-5L scores), all of which will be measured on enrollment and 4, 8, and 12 weeks thereafter. DISCUSSION: This study will compare the effectiveness of a newly developed, augmented reality-based real-time interactive digital healthcare system with that of brochure-based home rehabilitation for improving the shoulder ROM, pain, functional outcomes, and quality of life of post-operative breast cancer patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04316156 . Registered on 20 March 2020.

Effects of Copy Number Variations on Developmental Aspects of Children With Delayed Development.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of copy number variations (CNV) on developmental aspects of children suspected of having delayed development. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was done for 65 children who underwent array-comparative genomic hybridization after visiting physical medicine & rehabilitation department of outpatient clinic with delayed development as chief complaints. Children were evaluated with Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II), Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI), or Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES). A Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to determine statistical differences of developmental quotient (DQ), receptive language quotient (RLQ), and expressive language quotient (ELQ) between children with CNV (CNV(+) group, n=16) and children without CNV (CNV(-) group, n=37). RESULTS: Of these subjects, the average age was 35.1 months (mean age, 35.1±24.2 months). Sixteen (30.2%) patients had copy number variations. In the CNV(+) group, 14 children underwent DDST-II. In the CNV(-) group, 29 children underwent DDSTII. Among variables, gross motor scale was significantly (p=0.038) lower in the CNV(+) group compared with the CNV(-) group. In the CNV(+) group, 5 children underwent either SELSI or PRES. In the CNV(-) group, 27 children underwent above language assessment examination. Both RLQ and ELQ were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The gross motor domain in DQ was significantly lower in children with CNV compared to that in children without CNV. This result suggests that additional genetic factors contribute to this variability. Active detection of genomic imbalance could play a vital role when prominent gross motor delay is presented in children with delayed development.

When does spasticity in the upper limb develop after a first stroke? A nationwide observational study on 861 stroke patients.

This study investigated the time taken for upper extremity spasticity to develop and its regional difference after first-ever stroke onset in a nationwide multicenter study in South Korea. The retrospective observational study included 861 individuals with post-stroke spasticity in the upper limbs. Spasticity in the upper extremity joints was defined as a modified Ashworth Scale score ≥1. The median time to develop upper limb spasticity after stroke onset was 34 days. 12% of post-stroke spasticity cases developed between 2 months and 3 months and 13% developed after 3 months from onset. At the time of diagnosis of spasticity, most patients showed only a slight increase in muscle tone, which was observed most frequently in the elbow, followed by the wrist, and fingers. Younger stroke survivors were more spastic, and the severity of spasticity increased with time. Approximately half of the patients with post-stroke spasticity developed spasticity during the first month. However, post-stroke spasticity can develop more than 3 months after stroke onset. Therefore, it is important to assess spasticity, even in the chronic state.

Long-term effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on disability in patients with stroke.

High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used to improve motor function in stroke patients. However, the long-term effects of rTMS on disability and motor function are not clear. We investigated the effects of high-frequency rTMS administered within 1 month of stroke on disability and motor function 6 months after stroke onset. The study was conducted by an open-label longitudinal study, and were included 76 (38 rTMS and 38 control) subacute stroke patients. The rTMS group received 10 Hz stimulation over the primary motor cortex of the affected hemisphere for 10 days with a daily dose of 1000 pulses. The Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale for motor deficits in the affected arm, the Manual Function Test (MFT), and the Functional Ambulation Classification (FAC) were administered at baseline (within 1 month of stroke onset) and at 3 and 6 months after onset. The K-MBI, MRC scale, MFT, and FAC scores of both groups changed significantly over time (p < 0.001); however, the motor strength, hand function, FAC classification, and K-MBI scores of the rTMS and control groups did not differ. Our findings indicate that rTMS did not have a long-lasting effect (6 months after onset) on disability and motor function in patients with stroke.

Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection for Neuropathic Pain in a Patient With a Brain Tumor: A Case Report.

Neuropathic pain is usually managed pharmacologically, rather than with botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A). However, medications commonly fail to relieve pain effectively or have intolerable side effects. We present the case of a 62-year-old man diagnosed with an intracranial chondrosarcoma, which was removed surgically and treated with radiation therapy. He suffered from neuropathic pain despite combined pharmacological therapy with gabapentin, amitriptyline, tramadol, diazepam, and duloxetine because of adverse effects. BTX-A (100 units) was injected subcutaneously in the most painful area in the posterior left thigh. Immediately after the injection, his pain decreased significantly from 6/10 to 2/10 on a visual analogue scale. Pain relief lasted for 12 weeks. This case report describes intractable neuropathic pain caused by a brain tumor that was treated with subcutaneous BTX-A, which is a useful addition for the management of neuropathic pain related to a brain tumor.

Progressive Bilateral Facial Palsy as a Manifestation of Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: A Case Report.

Bilateral facial palsy, which is usually combined with other diseases, occurs infrequently. It may imply a life-threatening condition. Therefore, the differential diagnosis of bilateral facial palsy is important. However, the etiology is variable, which makes diagnosis challenging. We report a rare case of progressive bilateral facial palsy as a manifestation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). A 40-year-old male with otitis media and right facial palsy was referred for electroneurography (ENoG), which showed a 7.7% ENoG. Left facial palsy occurred after 2 weeks, and multiple cavitary opacities were noted on chest images. GPA was diagnosed by lung biopsy. His symptoms deteriorated and mononeuropathy multiplex developed. The possibility of systemic disease, such as GPA, should be considered in patients presenting with bilateral facial palsy, the differential diagnosis of which is summarized in this report.