Social networks, mobility, and HIV risk among women in the fishing communities of Lake Victoria.

BACKGROUND: Population mobility is a demonstrated barrier to reducing HIV incidence. A clear understanding of social networks and their influence on mobility among women in the fishing communities of Lake Victoria may contribute to tailoring effective interventions that suit the needs of these mobile women. METHODS: A cross-sectional qualitative methods study was conducted to understand mobility patterns among women resident and or working in fishing communities of Lake Victoria in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The study was conducted in six fishing communities from March 2018 to June 2019. The communities were purposively selected, based on population size (1000 people or more) and HIV prevalence of > 15% among women aged 18 years or older who had lived in the fishing community for at least six months. In-depth interviews were conducted with 24 key informants and 72 women from the sites in the three countries. Questions focused on women's social networks and other factors that fuelled or facilitated women's mobility as well as challenges they faced due to mobility. Data analysis followed a thematic framework approach. RESULTS: Different social groupings/networks existed among women in the fishing communities of Lake Victoria. These included female sex workers, women fish processors/traders, women bar workers/owners, restaurant workers, and family networks. Networks encouraged mobility, supporting finding work opportunities, but also increased sexual risks through partner changes. The benefits of networks included information sharing, financial support, and group protection, especially against violence. CONCLUSION: Social networks and groupings among women in the fishing communities of Lake Victoria could be useful in tailoring HIV prevention and HIV care interventions to suit the needs of these highly mobile populations.

Mobility for maternal health among women in hard-to-reach fishing communities on Lake Victoria, Uganda; a community-based cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Maternal mortality is still a challenge in Uganda, at 336 deaths per 100,000 live births, especially in rural hard to reach communities. Distance to a health facility influences maternal deaths. We explored women's mobility for maternal health, distances travelled for antenatal care (ANC) and childbirth among hard-to-reach Lake Victoria islands fishing communities (FCs) of Kalangala district, Uganda. METHODS: A cross sectional survey among 450 consenting women aged 15-49 years, with a prior childbirth was conducted in 6 islands FCs, during January-May 2018. Data was collected on socio-demographics, ANC, birth attendance, and distances travelled from residence to ANC or childbirth during the most recent childbirth. Regression modeling was used to determine factors associated with over 5 km travel distance and mobility for childbirth. RESULTS: The majority of women were residing in communities with a government (public) health facility [84.2 %, (379/450)]. Most ANC was at facilities within 5 km distance [72 %, (157/218)], while most women had travelled outside their communities for childbirth [58.9 %, (265/450)]. The longest distance travelled was 257.5 km for ANC and 426 km for childbirth attendance. Travel of over 5 km for childbirth was associated with adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) [AOR = 1.9, 95 % CI (1.1-3.6)], up to five years residency duration [AOR = 1.8, 95 % CI (1.0-3.3)], and absence of a public health facility in the community [AOR = 6.1, 95 % CI (1.4-27.1)]. Women who had stayed in the communities for up to 5 years [AOR = 3.0, 95 % CI (1.3-6.7)], those whose partners had completed at least eight years of formal education [AOR = 2.2, 95 % CI (1.0-4.7)], and those with up to one lifetime birth [AOR = 6.0, 95 % CI (2.0-18.1)] were likely to have moved to away from their communities for childbirth. CONCLUSIONS: Despite most women who attended ANC doing so within their communities, we observed that majority chose to give birth outside their communities. Longer travel distances were more likely among AGYW, among shorter term community residents and where public health facilities were absent. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PACTR201903906459874 (Retrospectively registered). https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=5977 .

Understanding mobility and sexual risk behaviour among women in fishing communities of Lake Victoria in East Africa: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: HIV-prevalence and incidence is high in many fishing communities around Lake Victoria in East Africa. In these settings, mobility among women is high and may contribute to increased risk of HIV infection and poor access to effective prevention and treatment services. Understanding the nature and patterns of this mobility is important for the design of interventions. We conducted an exploratory study to understand the nature and patterns of women's mobility to inform the design of HIV intervention trials in fishing communities of Lake Victoria. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional formative qualitative study conducted in six purposively selected fishing communities in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Potential participants were screened for eligibility on age (18+ years) and having stayed in the fishing community for more than 6 months. We collected data using introductory and focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews with key informants. Data focused on: history and patterns of mobility, migration in and out of fishing communities and the relationship between mobility and HIV infection. Since the interviews and discussions were not audio-recorded, detailed notes were taken and written up into full scripts for analysis. We conducted a thematic analysis using constant comparison analysis. RESULTS: Participants reported that women in fishing communities were highly mobile for work-related activities. Overall, we categorized mobility as travels over long and short distances or periods depending on the kind of livelihood activity women were involved in. Participants reported that women often travelled to new places, away from familiar contacts and far from healthcare access. Some women were reported to engage in high risk sexual behaviour and disengaging from HIV care. However, participants reported that women often returned to the fishing communities they considered home, or followed a seasonal pattern of work, which would facilitate contact with service providers. CONCLUSION: Women exhibited circular and seasonal mobility patterns over varying distances and duration away from their home communities. These mobility patterns may limit women's access to trial/health services and put them at risk of HIV-infection. Interventions should be tailored to take into account mobility patterns of seasonal work observed in this study.

Uptake of Human Papilloma Virus vaccine among young women living in fishing communities in Wakiso and Mukono districts, Uganda.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a preventable cause of cervical cancer, the commonest cancer among women in Uganda. The Uganda Ministry of Health included the HPV vaccine in the free routine immunization schedule since 2015. Five years after this policy, we assessed the uptake of the HPV vaccine and associated socio-demographic factors among young women living in fishing communities in Central Uganda in 2020. We analyzed secondary data from 94 young women aged 9-25 years who were recruited from the two fishing communities (Kasenyi landing site and Koome Island) in a primary study that aimed to promote awareness of maternal and childhood vaccines. We assessed uptake of the HPV vaccine as the proportion of participants who self-reported to have ever received at least one dose of the HPV vaccine. We assessed the socio-demographic factors associated with HPV vaccine uptake using a modified Poisson regression model adjusted for clustering by study site in STATA version 17. The mean (standard deviation) age of study participants was 21.1 (3.1) years and most (81.9%) of them were from Kasenyi landing site. The uptake of the HPV vaccine was 10.6% [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 5.6, 18.9]. After adjusting for covariates, being 13-19 years old (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 5.52, 95%CI 1.69, 18.00) and of Catholic religion (aPR 5.55, 95%CI 1.53, 20.16) were significantly associated with HPV vaccine uptake. The HPV vaccine uptake was very low, despite the reported 99% national coverage of HPV vaccination program for the first dose at the end of 2019. Age and religion showed to be important determinants of the HPV vaccine uptake. Reasons for such very low uptake of HPV vaccinations need to be carefully assessed to find effective strategies to improve it.

Finding women in fishing communities around Lake Victoria: "Feasibility and acceptability of using phones and tracking devices".

INTRODUCTION: Women in fishing communities have both high HIV prevalence and incidence, hence they are a priority population for HIV prevention and treatment interventions. However, their mobility is likely to compromise the effectiveness of interventions. We assessed the acceptability, feasibility and of using phones and global positioning system (GPS) devices for tracking mobility, to inform future health research innovations. METHODS: A mult-site formative qualitative study was conducted in six purposively selected Fishing Communities on the shores of Lake Victoria in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Participants were selected based on duration of stay in the community and frequency of movement. Sixty-four (64) women participated in the study (16 per fishing community). Twenty-four (24) participants were given a study phone; 24 were asked to use their own phones and 16 were provided with a portable GPS device to understand what is most preferred. Women were interviewed about their experiences and recommendations on carrying GPS devices or phones. Twenty four (24) Focus Group Discussions with 8-12 participants were conducted with community members to generate data on community perceptions regarding GPS devices and phones acceptability among women. Data were analyzed thematically and compared across sites/countries. RESULTS: Women reported being willing to use tracking devices (both phones and GPS) because they are easy to carry. Their own phone was preferred compared to a study phone and GPS device because they were not required to carry an additional device, worry about losing it or be questioned about the extra device by their sexual partner. Women who carried GPS devices suggested more sensitization in communities to avoid domestic conflicts and public concern. Women suggested changing the GPS colour from white to a darker colour and, design to look like a commonly used object such as a telephone Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, a rosary/necklace or a ring for easy and safe storage. CONCLUSION: Women in the study communities were willing to have their movements tracked, embraced the use of phones and GPS devices for mobility tracking. Devices need to be redesigned to be more discrete, but they could be valuable tools to understanding movement patterns and inform design of interventions for these mobile populations.

Clinic presentation delay and tuberculosis treatment outcomes in the Lake Victoria region of East Africa: A multi-site prospective cohort study.

In the Lake Victoria region of East Africa, little is known about delays between tuberculosis (TB) symptom onset and presentation at a clinic. Associations between clinic presentation delay and TB treatment outcomes are also poorly understood. In 2019, we abstracted data from routine TB treatment records for all adults (n = 776) initiating TB treatment in a 6-month period across 12 health facilities near Lake Victoria. We interviewed 301 cohort members and assessed whether they experienced a clinic presentation delay longer than 6 weeks. We investigated potential clinical and demographic correlates of clinic presentation delay and examined the association between clinic presentation delay and an unfavorable TB treatment outcome (death, loss to follow-up, or treatment failure). Clinic presentation delay was common, occurring among an estimated 54.7% (95% CI: 48.9%, 61.2%) of cohort members, though no specific correlates were identified. Clinic presentation delay was slightly associated with unfavorable TB treatment outcomes. The 180-day risk of an unfavorable outcome was 14.2% (95% CI: 8.0%, 20.4%) among those with clinic presentation delay, compared to 12.7% (95% CI: 5.1%, 20.3%) among those presenting earlier. Multi-level community-based interventions may be necessary to reduce clinic presentation delays in communities near Lake Victoria.

Geographic mobility and treatment outcomes among people in care for tuberculosis in the Lake Victoria region of East Africa: A multi-site prospective cohort study.

Geographic mobility may disrupt continuity of care and contribute to poor clinical outcomes among people receiving treatment for tuberculosis (TB). This may occur especially where health services are not well coordinated across international borders, particularly in lower and middle income country settings. In this work, we describe mobility and the relationship between mobility and unfavorable TB treatment outcomes (i.e., death, loss to follow-up, or treatment failure) among a cohort of adults who initiated TB treatment at one of 12 health facilities near Lake Victoria. We abstracted data from health facility records for all 776 adults initiating TB treatment during a 6-month period at the selected facilities in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. We interviewed 301 cohort members to assess overnight travel outside one's residential district/sub-county. In our analyses, we estimated the proportion of cohort members traveling in 2 and 6 months following initiation of TB treatment, explored correlates of mobility, and examined the association between mobility and an unfavorable TB treatment outcome. We estimated that 40.7% (95% CI: 33.3%, 49.6%) of people on treatment for TB traveled overnight at least once in the 6 months following treatment initiation. Mobility was more common among people who worked in the fishing industry and among those with extra-pulmonary TB. Mobility was not strongly associated with other characteristics examined, however, suggesting that efforts to improve TB care for mobile populations should be broad ranging. We found that in this cohort, people who were mobile were not at increased risk of an unfavorable TB treatment outcome. Findings from this study can help inform development and implementation of mobility-competent health services for people with TB in East Africa.

Acceptability and applicability of biometric iris scanning for the identification and follow up of highly mobile research participants living in fishing communities along the shores of Lake Victoria in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Recruitment and retention of participants in research studies conducted in fishing communities remain a challenge because of population mobility. Reliable and acceptable methods for identifying and tracking participants taking part in HIV prevention and treatment research are needed. The study aims to assess the acceptability, and technical feasibility of iris scans as a biometric identification method for research participants in fishing communities. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in eight fishing communities in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, with follow-up after one month in a randomly selected subset of participants. All consenting participants had their iris scanned and then responded to the survey. RESULTS: 1,199 participants were recruited. The median age was 33 [Interquartile range (IQR) 24-42] years; 56% were women. The overall acceptability of iris scanning was 99%, and the success rate was 98%. Eighty one percent (n = 949) had a successful scan on first attempt, 116 (10%) on second and 113 (9%) after more than two attempts. A month later, 30% (n = 341) of participants were followed up. The acceptability of repeat iris scanning was 99% (n = 340). All participants who accepted repeat iris scanning had successful scans, with 307 (90%) scans succeeding on first attempt; 25 (7%) on second attempt, and 8 (2%) after several attempts. The main reason for refusing iris scanning was fear of possible side effects of the scan on the eyes or body. CONCLUSION: The acceptability and applicability of biometric iris scan as a technique for unique identification of research participants is high in fishing communities. However, successful use of the iris scanning technology in research will require education regarding the safety of the procedure.

Improving access to maternal health services among rural hard-to-reach fishing communities in Uganda, the role of community health workers.

OBJECTIVES: To explore whether community health worker household-based maternal health visits improve antenatal care and skilled birth attendance among hard-to-reach fishing villages on Lake Victoria, Uganda. METHODS: This quasi-experimental 18-month prospective study involved 486 consenting women aged 15-49 years, who were pregnant or had a pregnancy outcome in the past 6 months, from 6 island fishing communities. The community health worker household-based intervention (community health workers' household visits to provide counseling, blood pressure measurement, anemia, and HIV testing) involved 243 women from three fishing communities. Random effects logistic regression was used to determine the association between the community health worker intervention and antenatal care and skilled birth attendance among women who had at least 5 months of pregnancy or childbirth at follow-up. RESULTS: Almost all women accepted the community health worker intervention (90.9% (221/243)). Hypertension was at 12.5% (27/216) among those who accepted blood pressure measurements, a third (33.3% (9/27)) were pregnant. HIV prevalence was 23.5% (52/221). Over a third (34.2% (69/202)) of women tested had anemia (hemoglobin levels less than 11 g/dL). The community health worker intervention was associated with attendance of first antenatal care visit within 20 weeks of pregnancy (adjusted odd ratio = 2.1 (95% confidence interval 0.6-7.6)), attendance of at least four antenatal care visits (adjusted odd ratio = 0.9 (95% confidence interval 0.4-2.0)), and skilled birth attendance (adjusted odd ratio = 0.5 (95% confidence interval 0.1-1.5)), though not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Community health workers have a crucial role in improving early antenatal care attendance, early community-based diagnosis of anemia, hypertensive disorders, and HIV among women in these hard-to-reach fishing communities.

Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among adolescents and young people living in fishing populations along Lake Victoria Fishing Communities in Uganda.

INTRODUCTION: fishing communities in Uganda are key populations for HIV, with persistently higher prevalence and incidence than the general population. METHODS: between March and August 2014, a cross sectional survey was conducted in 10 fishing communities of Lake Victoria in Uganda. Data was collected on socio-behavioural characteristics using interviewer administered questionnaires and venous blood collected for HIV testing. Prevalent HIV infections among adolescents and young people aged 13 to 24 years was estimated and the factors associated with those infections determined using multi variable logistic regression modelling. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 10.8% among the 630 (96.5%) who provided a blood sample. Females were 3.5 times as likely to have HIV infection as males (aOR=3.52, 95% CI: 1.34-9.22). Young people aged 20-24 years were twice as likely to be HIV infected as those aged 13-19 years (aOR=1.77, 95% CI: 0.05-2.10), participants without formal education or those who had studied up to primary level were more likely to be HIV infected than those who had post primary education ((aOR=2.45, 95% CI: 1.19-5.07) or (5.29 (1.35-20.71) respectively). Reporting more than one sexual partner in the past 6 months was associated with HIV prevalent infection than those reporting no sexual partners (aOR=6.44, 95% CI: 1.27-32.83). CONCLUSION: adolescents and young people aged 13-24 years in fishing communities around Lake Victoria, Uganda, have a high HIV prevalence, with females having a three-fold higher level than males. These findings highlight-the need to improve HIV prevention among young females living in these fishing communities.