Conventional cytogenetics and microsatellite chromosomal distribution in social wasp Mischocyttarus cassununga (Ihering, 1903) (Vespidae, Polistinae, Mischocyttarini).

Cytogenetics has allowed the investigation of chromosomal diversity and repetitive genomic content in wasps. In this study, we characterized the karyotype of the social wasp Mischocyttarus cassununga using conventional cytogenetics and chromosomal mapping of repetitive sequences. This study was undertaken to extend our understanding of the genomic organization of repetitive DNA in social wasps and is the first molecular cytogenetic insight into the genus Mischocyttarus. The karyotype of M. cassununga had a chromosome number of 2n = 64 for females and n = 32 for males. Constitutive heterochromatin exhibited three distribution patterns: centromeric and pericentromeric regions along the smaller arms and extending almost the entire chromosome. The major ribosomal DNA sites were located on chromosome pair in females and one chromosome in males. Positive signals for the microsatellite probes (GA)n and (GAG)n were observed in the euchromatic regions of all chromosomes. The microsatellites, (CGG)n, (TAT)n, (TTAGG)n, and (TCAGG)n were not observed in any region of the chromosomes. Our results contrast with those previously obtained for Polybia fastidiosuscula, which showed that the microsatellites (GAG)n, (CGG)n, (TAT)n, (TTAGG)n, and (TCAGG)n are located predominantly in constitutive heterochromatin. This suggests variations in the diversity and chromosomal organization of repetitive sequences in the genomes of social wasps.

Supernumerary B Chromosomes of Tetragonisca fiebrigi Share Repeat Content with Standard Chromosome Set of both T. fiebrigi and Tetragonisca angustula (Apidae: Meliponini).

The stingless bees Tetragonisca angustula and Tetragonisca fiebrigi are widely distributed in Brazil, and both are commonly known as "jataí." Our goal was to investigate the possible origin of the B chromosomes in T. fiebrigi, a cytotaxonomic trait that differentiates T. fiebrigi from T. angustula. We analyzed diploid chromosome number (2n), B chromosome incidence, patterns of constitutive heterochromatin, and in situ localization of different repetitive DNA probes in T. angustula and T. fiebrigi. Both species displayed 2n = 34, with similar karyotype structures. One to three B chromosomes were observed in T. fiebrigi only. Constitutive heterochromatin was distributed on one arm of all chromosomes in both species, and T. fiebrigi B chromosomes were mainly heterochromatic with one euchromatic extremity. The (GA)15 and (CAA)10 microsatellite probes marked the euchromatic arms of all chromosomes in both species without marking the B chromosomes. The 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probe marked 10 chromosomes in T. angustula and 6 A chromosomes in T. fiebrigi with an additional marking on 1B in individuals with 3B. The Tan-Bsp68I repetitive DNA probe marked the heterochromatic portion of all T. fiebrigi A and B chromosomes. This probe also marked the heterochromatic portion of all T. angustula chromosomes; therefore, both alternative hypotheses to the B chromosome origin are possible: (i) from the A chromosome complement of T. fiebrigi (intraspecific origin); or (ii) a by-product of genome reshuffling following the hybridization between T. fiebrigi and T. angustula (interspecific origin).

Chromosome Evolution in the Genus Partamona (Apidae: Meliponini), with Comments on B Chromosome Origin.

The genus Partamona includes 33 species of stingless bees, of which 11 were studied cytogenetically. The main goal of this study was to propose a hypothesis about chromosomal evolution in Partamona by combining molecular and cytogenetic data. Cytogenetic analyses were performed on 3 Partamona species. In addition, the molecular phylogeny included mitochondrial sequences of 11 species. Although the diploid number was constant within the genus, 2n = 34, B chromosomes were reported in 7 species. Cytogenetic data showed karyotypic variations related to chromosome morphology and the amount and distribution of heterochromatin and repetitive DNA. The molecular phylogenetic reconstruction corroborated the monophyly of the genus and separated the 2 clades (A and B). This separation was also observed in the cytogenetic data, in which species within each clade shared most of the cytogenetic characteristics. Furthermore, our data suggested that the B chromosome in the genus Partamona likely originated from a common ancestor of the species that have it in clade B and, through interspecific hybridization, it appeared only in Partamona rustica from clade A. Based on the above, Partamona is an interesting genus for further investigations using molecular mapping of B chromosomes as well as for broadening phylogenetic data.

Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from Integrated Neutral Gas Observations: an instrument to observe the 21cm hydrogen line in the redshift range 0.13 < z < 0.45 - status update.

BINGO (BAO from Integrated Neutral Gas Observations) is a unique radio telescope designed to map the intensity of neutral hydrogen distribution at cosmological distances, making the first detection of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) in the frequency band 980 MHz - 1260 MHz, corresponding to a redshift range 0.127 < z < 0.449. BAO is one of the most powerful probes of cosmological parameters and BINGO was designed to detect the BAO signal to a level that makes it possible to put new constraints on the equation of state of dark energy. The telescope will be built in Paraíba, Brazil and consists of two \thicksim 40m mirrors, a feedhorn array of 50 horns, and no moving parts, working as a drift-scan instrument. It will cover a 15 ^{\circ} ∘ declination strip centered at \sim \delta ∼ δ =-15 ^{\circ} ∘ , mapping \sim ∼ 5400 square degrees in the sky. The BINGO consortium is led by University of São Paulo with co-leadership at National Institute for Space Research and Campina Grande Federal University (Brazil). Telescope subsystems have already been fabricated and tested, and the dish and structure fabrication are expected to start in late 2020, as well as the road and terrain preparation.

Corrupção no Brasil: uma visão da psicologia analítica / Corruption in Brazil: an analytical psychology view

Nos últimos anos, a mídia internacional expôs vários escândalos relacionados à corrupção, que demonstraram não só a fragilidade dos sistemas políticos mas também a escala global da corrupção. A corrupção não é apenas um tema da moda, mas um fenômeno global gravíssimo que parece ter peculiaridades entre os países. No Brasil, a corrupção é um problema que oprime a sociedade, mas que parece estar diretamente relacionado à identidade coletiva do brasileiro e, para muitos, ela é intrínseca ao "jeitinho brasileiro".Apesar de a corrupção ser um assunto de discussão recorrente para diferentes campos de estudo, a maioria das teorias existentes sobre a corrupção é unilateral e parcial. Elas se concentram em apenas uma parte do problema, colocando a responsabilidade ou na falta de moralidade de brasileiros e seus políticos ou na ineficiência do sistema judiciário. A opinião do público leigo é superficial e tende a concluir de maneira projetiva que a corrupção é responsável por todos os problemas do país. A psicologia analítica pode contribuir com novas abordagens para o estudo do fenômeno da corrupção. Aplicando valores psicoterapêuticos a questões políticas, esta pesquisa pode vir a ajudar psicoterapeutas a abrir um caminho de duas vias entre "realidades internas" e o "mundo da política", como propõe Andrew Samuels. Propõe-se aqui um olhar mais atento para a relação entre a realidade interna do povo brasileiro e o mundo da política no Brasil, particularmente a corrupção brasileira...

In recent years, international media has exposed several corruption-related scandals, which have shown not only the fragility of political systems but also the global scale of corruption. Corruption is more than a trending topic, it is a global phenomenon with severe consequences that seems to have particular distinctions from country to country. For example, in Brazil, corruption is a widespread and a pressing social problem that seems to be directly connected with the Brazilian collective identity and, for many, is intrinsic to the "Brazilian way" (jeitinho brasileiro).Although corruption has been a matter of discussion for many different fields of study, most existing theories of corruption are unilateral and partial as they focus on just a part of the problem, placing the responsibility on either the lack of morality of Brazilians and their politicians, or on the inefficiency of the judicial system. People's opinion and current interpretive theories are superficial and tend to conclude that corruption is responsible for all social problems in Brazil. Analytical Psychology can contribute with new approaches to the study of the corruption phenomenon. By applying psychotherapeutic values to political issues, I believe this research can help psychotherapists to open a two-way path between "inner realities" and the "world of politics" as Andrew Samuels proposes. This research proposes a closer look at the relationship between the "inner reality" of the Brazilian people and the "world of politics" in Brazil, particularly focusing on Brazilian corruption...

[Partial cross-cultural adaptation of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) scale for analysis of patients with mental retardation]. / Adaptação transcultural parcial da escala Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), para avaliar eficácia de tratamento em pacientes com retardo mental.

The aim of the ABC (Aberrant Behavior Checklist) is to evaluate the treatment response for aberrant behavior in patients with mental retardation. The aim of this study was to describe the partial cross-cultural adaptation of the ABC scale to Brazilian Portuguese. The process included conceptual and item equivalence, two translations (T1, T2) and their back-translations (R1, R2), evaluation of referential and general equivalence, expert evaluations, a pre-test, and elaboration of the final version. Conceptual and item equivalences of the ABC were considered pertinent to Brazilian culture. Semantic equivalence showed good correspondence between R1 items and ABC. Reasonable correspondence was obtained between ABC items and R2. All of the professors understood 94.8% of the items in the scale, while relatives understood 87.9%. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the ABC scale thus is available for use, with the appropriate conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence.

Frequency of symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in autistic children.

BACKGROUND: Both DSM-IV and the ICD-10 exclude diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) when autism diagnostic is present. Some authors suggest, however, that autism can be associated to other comorbidity amongst which the ADHD. OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence of ADHD in children with autism. METHOD: Children were selected from a specialized school, all of then had previous diagnosis or diagnostic suspicion of autism. The Brazilian version of the KIDDIE-SADS PL was applied to parents for diagnostic of ADHD. DSM-IV diagnostic of autism was based on parents' interview and child observation. RESULTS: 32 children were included in the study. Results show that 53.1% of the ASD child had ADHD symptoms enough to fulfill DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, whereas 56.9% did not fulfill DSM-IV criteria for ADHD. CONCLUSION: Results suggest a high frequency of ADHD symptoms in ASD patients. Elucidating if we are facing a comorbity or an autism distinct phenotype can contribute for a more adjusted pharmacotherapy approach for these children.

Control of psychomotor agitation and aggressive behavior in patients with autistic disorder: a retrospective chart review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of pharmacotherapy on the symptoms of psychomotor agitation and aggressive behavior in a sample of patients with autistic spectrum disorder. METHOD: The charts of all patients with a diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder, receiving care for psychomotor agitation and/or aggressive behavior in two psychiatric outpatient departments between 2001 and 2006, were reviewed. The Clinical Global Impression-Severity and -Improvement scales (CGI-S and CGI-I) were applied to the data retrieved from the charts. RESULTS: The majority of the 26 patients included were treated with second-generation antipsychotics. A positive, statistically significant correlation was found between the implementation of pharmacotherapy and a reduction in CGI-S scores (p<0.05). Treatment response in patients with no mental retardation was better than in those mentally retarded (p<0.05). The majority of patients in whom clinical improvement was found following implementation of treatment had participated in at least one form of intervention therapy in addition to the principal treatment (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Second-generation antipsychotics seem to reduce psychomotor agitation and aggressive behavior in patients with autistic spectrum disorder; however, further studies are required to evaluate the side effects of these drugs in relation to their beneficial effects.

Adaptação transcultural parcial da escala Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), para avaliar eficácia de tratamento em pacientes com retardo mental / Partial cross-cultural adaptation of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) scale for analysis of patients with mental retardation

The aim of the ABC (Aberrant Behavior Checklist) is to evaluate the treatment response for aberrant behavior in patients with mental retardation. The aim of this study was to describe the partial cross-cultural adaptation of the ABC scale to Brazilian Portuguese. The process included conceptual and item equivalence, two translations (T1, T2) and their back-translations (R1, R2), evaluation of referential and general equivalence, expert evaluations, a pre-test, and elaboration of the final version. Conceptual and item equivalences of the ABC were considered pertinent to Brazilian culture. Semantic equivalence showed good correspondence between R1 items and ABC. Reasonable correspondence was obtained between ABC items and R2. All of the professors understood 94.8 percent of the items in the scale, while relatives understood 87.9 percent. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the ABC scale thus is available for use, with the appropriate conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence.

A ABC (Aberrant Behavior Checklist) visa avaliar a resposta ao tratamento de transtornos comportamentais em portadores de retardo mental. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a adaptação transcultural parcial da escala ABC para o português do Brasil. Foi realizada avaliação da equivalência conceitual e de itens, foram feitas duas traduções (T1 e T2), suas respectivas retraduções (R1 e R2), avaliação das equivalências referencial e geral, avaliação de especialistas, pré-teste e elaboração da versão final. Em relação à equivalência conceitual e de itens a ABC foi considerada pertinente à nossa cultura. Quanto à equivalência semântica, houve uma boa correspondência entre os itens de R1 e a ABC original, e razoável entre estes e R2. Portanto optou-se por utilizar os itens de T1. Todos os professores compreenderam 94,8 por cento da escala, enquanto todos os parentes entenderam 87,9 por cento. Fica disponível a versão em português do Brasil da escala ABC, respeitando a equivalência conceitual e de itens e semântica.

Verificação e descrição do índice de sobrepeso de escolares da rede pública da cidade de Matias Barbosa / Examination and description of the index of overweight of students of the city of Matias Barbosa

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a prevalência de sobrepeso entre escolares da rede municipal de ensino do município de Matias Barbosa - MG. A amostra foi composta por 501 crianças de ambos os sexos e idade entre seis e 12 anos. Foram coletados valores referentes à massa corporal e estatura para em seguida classificar quanto ao Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) (baixo peso/eutrofia/sobrepeso). Os dados são apresentados em valores de média, desvio padrão e porcentagem, sendo o teste "t" de Student usado para analisar a média do IMC por grupo etário. Verificou-se que a prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 15,38% para o sexo masculino, 8,77% para o feminino e 12,37% para a amostra total, sendo a prevalência no sexo masculino superior a observada no feminino. Assim, conclui-se que os valores de sobrepeso observados entre os escolares de Matias Barbosa, principalmente entre os indivíduos do sexo masculino, servem como forma de alerta e indicam a necessidade de intervenção por parte das escolas pesquisadas.

The aim of this study was describe the prevalence of overweight among students of state schools from Matias Barbosa, Minas Gerais. The sample consisted of 501 children from both sexes and age between 6 and 12 years. Body Mass and height were collected in order to classify the students according to the Body Mass Index (BMI) (as underweight / normal weight / overweight). The data are presented through the following values: mean, standard deviation and percentage, the Student “t” Test was used to analyze the mean of BMI by age group. It was found that the prevalence of overweight was 15.38% for males, 8.77% for the female and 12.37% for the total sample, there was a prevalence of overweight in males than that observed in females. Thus, it appears that observed values of overweight among school Matias Barbosa, especially among males, serve as a warning and indicate the need of intervention by health care professional at the researched schools.

Frequency of symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in autistic children / Freqüência de sintomas de transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade em crianças autistas

Background: Both DSM-IV and the ICD-10 exclude diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) when autism diagnostic is present. Some authors suggest, however, that autism can be associated to other comorbidity amongst which the ADHD. Objective: To estimate prevalence of ADHD in children with autism. Method: Children were selected from a specialized school, all of then had previous diagnosis or diagnostic suspicion of autism. The Brazilian version of the KIDDIE-SADS PL was applied to parents for diagnostic of ADHD. DSM-IV diagnostic of autism was based on parents' interview and child observation. Results: 32 children were included in the study. Results show that 53.1 percent of the ASD child had ADHD symptoms enough to fulfill DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, whereas 56.9 percent did not fulfill DSM-IV criteria for ADHD. Conclusion: Results suggest a high frequency of ADHD symptoms in ASD patients. Elucidating if we are facing a comorbity or an autism distinct phenotype can contribute for a more adjusted pharmacotherapy approach for these children.

Tanto o DSM-IV quanto a CID-10 excluem o diagnóstico de transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) em pacientes autistas. A literatura, no entanto, sugere que o autismo pode estar associado a outras doenças, dentre elas o TDAH. Objetivo: Estimar a freqüência de sintomas de TDAH em autistas. Método: As crianças foram selecionadas de uma escola especializada em crianças com transtorno do espectro autista (TEA); todas tinham um diagnóstico ou suspeita diagnóstica prévia de autismo. O instrumento de avaliação aplicado para o diagnóstico de TDAH foi a versão brasileira do KIDDIE-SADS PL. O diagnóstico de autismo de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV foi feito através de entrevista com os pais e observação da criança. Resultados: 32 crianças foram incluídas no estudo. Os resultados indicam que 53,1 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram sintomas compatíveis com o diagnóstico de TDAH e de autismo, enquanto que 56,9 por cento dos autistas não preenchiam critérios para TDAH. Conclusão: Os achados sugerem uma elevada freqüência de sintomas de TDAH em pacientes com autismo. Elucidar se estamos diante de uma comorbidade ou de um fenótipo diferente de autismo pode contribuir para uma melhor abordagem farmacoterápica dessas crianças.

Control of psychomotor agitation and aggressive behavior in patients with autistic disorder: a retrospective chart review / Controle da agitação psicomotora e agressividade em pacientes com autismo: estudo retrospectivo de revisão de prontuário

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of pharmacotherapy on the symptoms of psychomotor agitation and aggressive behavior in a sample of patients with autistic spectrum disorder. METHOD: The charts of all patients with a diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder, receiving care for psychomotor agitation and/or aggressive behavior in two psychiatric outpatient departments between 2001 and 2006, were reviewed. The Clinical Global Impression-Severity and -Improvement scales (CGI-S and CGI-I) were applied to the data retrieved from the charts. RESULTS: The majority of the 26 patients included were treated with second-generation antipsychotics. A positive, statistically significant correlation was found between the implementation of pharmacotherapy and a reduction in CGI-S scores (p<0.05). Treatment response in patients with no mental retardation was better than in those mentally retarded (p<0.05). The majority of patients in whom clinical improvement was found following implementation of treatment had participated in at least one form of intervention therapy in addition to the principal treatment (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Second-generation antipsychotics seem to reduce psychomotor agitation and aggressive behavior in patients with autistic spectrum disorder; however, further studies are required to evaluate the side effects of these drugs in relation to their beneficial effects.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento farmacológico dos sintomas de agitação psicomotora e agressividade em amostra de pacientes com transtorno do espectro autista. MÉTODO: Foram revisados os prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de transtorno do espectro autista que procuraram atendimento por apresentarem agitação psicomotora e/ou heteroagressividade, atendidos entre 2001 e 2006, em dois ambulatórios de psiquiatria. Para avaliação da evolução dos pacientes aplicou-se às informações do prontuário a escala de Impressão Clínica Global Sintomas (ICG-S) e a Impressão Clínica Global Melhora (ICG-M). RESULTADOS: A maioria dos 26 pacientes estava em tratamento com antipsicóticos de segunda geração. Houve correlação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre a introdução do tratamento farmacológico e a redução nos escores da ICG-S (p<0,05). A evolução do tratamento farmacológico foi melhor para os pacientes sem retardo mental do que para aqueles com retardo mental (p<0,05). A maioria dos pacientes que obteve melhora clínica com o tratamento participava de ao menos uma intervenção auxiliar ao tratamento principal (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os antipsicóticos de segunda geração parecem reduzir a agitação psicomotora e agressividade em pacientes com transtorno do espectro autista no Brasil. É necessário que se avaliem os efeitos colaterais em relação aos efeitos benéficos dessas drogas.

O duplo aspecto da morte / The double aspect of death

Distinguem-se neste trabalho dois aspectos do arquétipo da morte, o regressivo e o progressivo. O primeiro aspecto é correlacionado ao desejo incestuoso e mortal de retorno ao útero, ao medo da morte como representação de um apego neurótico a aspectos do passado, assim como à cultura do antienvelhecimento. O segundo aspecto é correlacionado à renovação da vida por meio dos ritos e à necessidade de ampliação da consciência. As religiões orientais apresentam diferentes maneiras de contemplar a morte, mas, de maneira semelhante, percebem a morte como uma iluminação e via para a transcendência. A percepção da possibilidade de preparação para a morte dá sentido ao enfrentamento da vida. A morte como arquétipo é compreendida por seu caráter numinoso e psicoide. O presente trabalho tem como intento conceber a morte como meta para o desenvolvimento da personalidade.

Two aspects of death archetype are distinguished at this paper, the regressive and the progressive. The first aspect is correlated with incestuous and deadly desire to return to the womb, with the fear of death as a representation of a neurotic attachment to aspects of the past, as well as with the culture of antiaging. The second aspect is correlated with the renewal of life through rites and with the need for increased awareness. Eastern religions have different ways to look at death, but similarly perceive death as a path to enlightenment and transcendence. The perception of the possibility of preparing for death gives a meaning to face life. Death as an archetype is understood through its numinous and psychoid characters. This work is an attempt to conceive death as a target for the development of personality.