Patients' experiences of postoperative intermediate care and standard surgical ward care after emergency abdominal surgery: a qualitative sub-study of the Incare trial.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To elicit knowledge of patient experiences of postoperative intermediate care in an intensive care unit and standard postoperative care in a surgical ward after emergency abdominal surgery. BACKGROUND: Emergency abdominal surgery is common, but little is known about how patients experience postoperative care. The patient population is generally older with multiple comorbidities, and the short-term postoperative mortality rate is 15-20%. Thus, vigilant surgeon and nursing attention is essential. The present study is a qualitative sub-study of a randomised trial evaluating postoperative intermediate care after emergency abdominal surgery, the InCare trial. DESIGN: A qualitative study with individual semi-structured interviews. METHODS: We analysed interviews using Systematic Text Condensation. RESULTS: Eighteen patients (nine intervention/nine controls) were strategically sampled from the InCare trial. Data analysis resulted in three distinct descriptions of intermediate care; two of standard surgical ward care. Intermediate care was described as 'luxury service' or 'a life saver.' The latter description was prevalent among patients with a perceived complicated disease course. Intermediate care patients felt constrained by continuous monitoring of vital signs as they recovered from surgery. Standard surgical ward care was described as either 'ok - no more, no less' or 'suboptimal'. Experiencing suboptimal care was related to patient perceptions of heavy staff workloads, lack of staff availability and subsequent concerns about the quality of care. CONCLUSION: Postoperative intermediate care enhanced perceptions of quality of care, specifically in patients with a perceived complicated disease course. Patients were eager to contribute actively to their recovery; however, intermediate care patients felt hindered in doing so by continuous monitoring of vital signs. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Intermediate care may increase patient perceptions of quality and safety of care.

Changes in emergency department blood product use for major paediatric trauma following the implementation of a major haemorrhage protocol.

OBJECTIVE: Fixed ratio blood product administration may improve outcomes in trauma patients with massive blood loss. The present study aimed to describe the impact of a major haemorrhage protocol (MHP) on the ratio of blood products administered for paediatric major trauma. METHODS: Retrospective observational study in a state-designated paediatric major trauma centre in Melbourne, Australia. Children with major trauma who received blood products in the ED were identified from a hospital trauma registry. Blood product ratios before, during and after implementation of a hospital MHP were compared in consecutive 2 year blocks. RESULTS: Over a 6 year period, 767 major trauma patients were identified, of whom 47 received blood products in the ED and were included in the analysis; 14 pre-MHP implementation, 24 during-MHP implementation and nine post-MHP implementation. No patients received blood products at a ratio of 1:1:1 for red blood cells:fresh frozen plasma:platelets, respectively, during any time period. In this cohort of predominantly blunt trauma, blood products were infrequently administered in the ED because of the low prevalence of massive blood loss. Coagulopathy and hypofibrinogenaemia were commonly observed, nearly half of included patients were managed operatively and one quarter did not survive their injuries. CONCLUSION: The implementation of a MHP did not change the ratio of blood product administration in this cohort of patients because of the infrequency of massive blood loss. Future studies may focus on the impact of treating coagulopathy and hypofibrinogenaemia on patient-centred outcomes.

[Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in a vaccinated, immunocompetent infant with reactive arthritis]. / Haemophilus influenzae type b-meningitis hos vaccineret, immunkompetent barn med reaktiv artritis.

Due to the excellent immunogenicity of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines, vaccine failures are rarely seen in patients following the recommended national immunization programmes. We present an infant with Hib meningitis despite relevant prophylaxis, without known risk factors such as medical co-morbidity, immunosuppression, immunoglobulin deficiency or prematurity. Later, a reactive arthritis developed. In conclusion, Hib-meningitis can occur in vaccinated, immunocompetent patients, and antibiotics covering Hib should be chosen in patients presenting with meningitis.

Transfusion therapy in paediatric trauma patients: a review of the literature.

Haemorrhage is a leading cause of death in paediatric trauma patients. Predefined massive transfusion protocols (MTP) have the potential to significantly reduce mortality by treating haemorrhagic shock and coagulopathy, in adhering to the principles of haemostatic resuscitation with rapid administration of balanced ratios of packed red blood cells (RBC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets (PLT).Because of their substantial physiological reserve, initial vital signs may not be good predictors of early haemorrhage in paediatric patients. Determining the triggers for MTP activation in paediatric trauma patients is challenging, and the optimal blood product ratio that will increase survival in massively bleeding paediatric trauma patients has yet to be determined. To date, only a few small descriptive studies and case reports have investigated the use of predefined MTP in paediatric trauma patients.MTP with increased FFP or PLT to RBC ratios combined with viscoelastic haemostatic assay (VHA) guided haemostatic resuscitation have not yet been tested in paediatric populations but based on results from adult trauma patients, this therapeutic approach seems promising.Considering the high prevalence of early coagulopathy in paediatric trauma patients, immediate identification and implementation of VHA-directed treatment of traumatic coagulopathy could ensure faster haemostasis and thereby, potentially, reduce bleeding as well as the total transfusion requirements and further improve outcome in paediatric trauma patients. Prospective randomized trials investigating this therapeutic approach in paediatric trauma patients are highly warranted.

[Myocarditis with massive troponin T elevation caused by varicella-zoster infection in a teenager]. / Myokarditis med massivt troponin T-udslip forårsaget af varicella zoster-infektion hos teenager.

Chickenpox is a common childhood infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Complications are rare. We report on a 15-year-old boy who developed myocarditis during a varicella-zoster infection. The patient presented with severe chest pain, examinations revealed significant ST-elevations in the electrocardiogram and elevated troponin T levels up to 690 ng/l. Echocardiography showed decreased left ventricular contractility without coinciding pericarditis. He remained haemodynamically stable on analgesics and aciclovir and was discharged nine days later with normalized echocardiography and troponin T levels.